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...ular motion. <ref name=":0">Clarkson Hazel M. Musculoskeletal Assessment - Joint Motion and Muscle Testing. 3rd Edition. Philadelphia. Lippincott Williams & The patient's shoulder is stabilized by the weight of their trunk, when supine.

...ty of joint functions:''' functions of the range and ease of movement of a joint. ...zed; impairments such as in hypermobility of joints, frozen joints, frozen shoulder, arthritis

...mination-of-the-Unstable-Shoulder.pdf Clinical examination of the unstable shoulder.] Sports Medicine. 2002 Jun;32:447-57.</ref><br> ...er instability and laxity tests in subjects with and without self-reported shoulder problems.] BMJ open. 2018 Mar 1;8(3):e018472.</ref><ref>Dutton, M. (2008).

...t is used to assess the stability of the [[Glenohumeral Joint|Glenohumeral joint]]. ...head, more movement is considered to be a sign of [[Glenohumeral Joint|GH joint]] laxity.<br>

...sess the integrity of the [[Acromioclavicular Joint|acromioclavicular (AC) joint]]. ...across the patient's body, bringing their elbow towards the contralateral shoulder <ref name=":0">Park HB, Yokota A, Gill HS, El Rassi G, McFarland EG. [https

Shoulder abduction ...nrestricted shoulder girdle range.<ref>Norkin CC, White DJ. Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. FA Davis; 2016 Nov 18.</ref>

...the shoulder to check for posterior instability of the [[Shoulder|shoulder joint]]. <ref name=":0">Hattam P, Smeatham A. Special Tests in Musculoskeletal Ex The patient lies in a supine position with the shoulder at 90° abduction, with some external rotation, so the arm is horizontal wh

...ell R. Diagnostic values of tests for acromioclavicular joint pain. J Bone Joint Surg. 2004; 86(4):807-812.</ref> *If pain is elicited or increased in the region of the acromioclavicular joint, the test is considered positive

...to test for anterior instability of the [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral joint]]. ...erior glide of the head of the humerus) for risk of [[Shoulder Dislocation|shoulder dislocation]].

...r. Available from http://at.uwa.edu/special%20tests/specialtests/UpperBody/shoulder%20Main%20Page.htm</ref> ...erior shoulder stability]].It assesses [[Humerus|humeral head]] inferior [[Shoulder Subluxation|subluxation.]]<ref name=":2" />

...y of the [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral]] joint capsule, or to assess [[Shoulder Instability|glenohumeral instability]] in an anterior direction.<br> ...pist will flex the patient's elbow to 90 degrees and abducts the patient's shoulder to 90 degrees, maintaining neutral rotation.&nbsp; The examiner then slowly

Each joint has a normal [[Range of Motion|ROM]] range of values, while each person has ...name=":1">Wem [https://www.wikem.org/wiki/Range_of_motion_by_joint ROM by joint] Available online:https://www.wikem.org/wiki/Range_of_motion_by_joint [acce

Shoulder internal rotation (IR) Shoulder external rotation (ER)

...Joint Replacement Available: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/treatment/total-joint-replacement/<nowiki/>(accessed 24.12.2023)</ref> ...oplasty), and various other procedures exist which attempt to realigne the joint (e.g. osteotomies) or resurfacing with tissue.<ref>Radiopedia Arthroplasty

Shoulder horizontal abduction Shoulder is abducted to 90 degrees and elbow is flexed to 90 degrees

The examiner places the patient's arm shoulder in 90 degrees of shoulder flexion with the elbow flexed to 90 degrees and then internally rotates the ...int video - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/study/anatomy-glenohumeral-joint</ref>

...he shoulder to understand the arthrokinematic movement within the shoulder joint. ...>Dashottar A, Borstad J. Posterior glenohumeral joint capsule contracture. Shoulder Elbow. 2012 Oct;4(4):230-6.</ref>

...tify a superior anterior and posterior glenoid labral tear of the shoulder joint.<br> # The patient lies in supine position with affected shoulder slightly over the edge of the bed.

...used to assess the function of [[Supraspinatus]] muscle and tendon of the shoulder complex. <br> ...patient's thumb should be pointing up. The therapist should stabilize the shoulder while applying a downward force to the arm whilst the patient tries to resi

...reference to anterior and posterior drawer tests]. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume. 1984 Aug;66(4):551-6. </ref> '''Step2.''' Relax the affected shoulder by holding patients arm ( or placing hand on axilla) with therapist one han

...k Pain: Clinical Practice Guidelines|neck]], [[Lumbar Anatomy|back,]] or [[shoulder]] pain.<ref>Ghan GM, Babu VS. Immediate effect of cervico-thoracic mobiliza ...ck Pain: Clinical Practice Guidelines|neck]], [[Lumbar Anatomy|back]] or [[shoulder]] pain.<ref name=":0">Gauri Milind Ghan & V. Sarath Babu. [https://www.tan

[[File:Internal impingement of the shoulder.jpg|thumb|High stressors in throwing motion]] ...s.<ref name="Wilk1">Wilk et al. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19194026/ Shoulder Injuries in the Overhead Athlete]. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009;39(2):38

...tor cuff muscles. <ref name=":0">Jeno SH, Munjal A, Schindler GS. Anatomy, shoulder and upper limb, arm supraspinatus muscle. StatPearls Publishing; 2023.</ref ==== Shoulder Stability ====

...e of the 4 muscles which comprise the [[Rotator Cuff|Rotator Cuff]] of the shoulder. ...erior aspect of greater tuberosity of humerus, and the capsule of shoulder joint.<ref name="p2">Wheeles CR. [http://www.wheelessonline.com/ortho/infraspinat

<div class="col-xs-12 col-md-6 col-lg-4">[[Image:Elbow joint Primal.png|200px|center]]<br> Elbow Joint

...al Plexus|brachial plexus]].<ref name="aex">Juneja P, Hubbard JB. Anatomy, shoulder and upper limb, arm Teres minor muscle. StatPearls Publishing; 2023. </ref> ...th [[Infraspinatus]], primarily produces external rotation of the shoulder joint.<ref name="aex" />

...PA: Elsevier.</ref> and can be useful in helping differentiate between AC joint and impingement syndromes.<ref name="Frontera book">Frontera WR, Silver JK, #The patient's shoulder is positioned into 90 flexion and internal rotation, with the placed into 9

...g, there are two patterns of range of motion used in the interpretation of joint motion: ...capsular pattern of restriction is a limitation of pain and movement in a joint specific ratio, which is usually present with [[Osteoarthritis|arthritis]],

[[Image:Grays326.JPEG|thumb|right|Anterior view of the left shoulder and acromioclavicular joints, and proper scapular ligaments.]] ...oint <ref>.Christopher C. Dodson, Frank A. Cordasco, Anterior Glenohumeral Joint Dislocations, Orthopedic Clinics of North America,2008:39(4), 507-518. Avai

This test is used to detect postero-inferior instability of the Glenohumeral joint. ...of Success in Nonoperative Treatment of Posteroinferior Instability of the Shoulder.&amp; Am J Sports Med 2004 32: 1849 </ref>

...erve as a treatment procedure and are commonly administered in cases where joint range of motion is restricted. Specific grades of mobilization are describ ...ion assessment techniques and mobilization techniques for the glenohumeral joint will also be demonstrated and discussed.

...ystematic review of aetiology and treatment of post-stroke hand oedema and shoulder-hand syndrome.] Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 2000;32(1) |Shoulder

...disorders. 2014 Dec;15(1):1-10. </ref><ref>Jeno SH, Schindler GS. Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Arm Supraspinatus Muscle. StatPearls [Internet]. 2019 Jan 4 {{#ev:youtube| uskZIqThlb0|300}}<ref>Young Lae Moon. Shoulder motion with rotator cuff (supraspinatus). Available from: www.youtube.com/w

...ambert SM, Gerber C. Lag signs in the diagnosis of rotator cuff rupture. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 1996;5:307-13.</ref>. The purpose of this clinical diagnostic te ...tion (to avoid elastic recoil of the joint capsule and the scapulothoracic joint). The patient is then asked to maintain the position actively while the exa

* [[Humerus]] and [[Elbow]] joint ...achialis - flexes and adducts the [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral]] (GH) joint and acts to stabilise the humeral head in the [[Glenoid Labrum|glenoid]] fo

...rmal positioning and movement of the [[scapula]] is linked to glenohumoral joint pathologies. ...at the hip and knee requires extreme stabilization at the scapula-thoracic joint.<ref name=":0">Hong J, Barnes MJ, Leddon CE, Van Ryssegem G, Alamar B. [htt

Stabilize distal end of humerus to prevent flexion of shoulder joint. ...nge of motion due to large biceps.<ref>Norkin CC, White DJ. Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. FA Davis; 2016 Nov 18.</ref>

...ar distance from the the line of action of a force to the rotation axis of joint. Torque is also called a moment of force and is expressed as ...s acting on opposite sides of an axis of rotation that cause the object or joint to produce rotatory force but without linear translation. These forces are

...ulder Unit’s specialist shoulder physiotherapist Marcus Bateman <ref>Derby Shoulder Unit. Results of Derby Instability Rehab Programme published [Internet]. 20 ...sell RD, Robertson WJ. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21808996/ Anterior shoulder instability: a review of pathoanatomy,]

Mr A has a history of persistent and debilitating pain in his shoulder with significant sleep disturbance following time in detention in his home ...worse from day to day. He has became more and more disabled because of his shoulder pain.

...scia]] that produce a synchronous motion and stability of the glenohumeral joint, scapulothoracic joints and upper extremities. ...name=":0" />. Assessment of the upper quadrant muscles is essential in the shoulder problems of athletes and the general population<ref>Donatelli RA. Sports-Sp

...istance test on subacromial space during static arm elevation.] Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. 2012 May 1;21(5):631-40.</ref>  ...a dyskinesis]] or abnormal scapular movement has been associated with many shoulder pathologies.<ref name=":1">Rabin A, Irrgang JJ, Fitzgerald GK, Eubanks A. [

...ests for the different degrees of subacromial impingement syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 87(7), 1446-1455.</ref> <br>See [[Test Diagnostics|test diagnostic [[Category:Shoulder]]

...levation. Infrapinatus muscle is often involved in shoulder pathologies as shoulder impingement and rotator cuff tears.<ref name=":0">Hughes PC, Green RA, Tayl ...n clinical and high resolution ultrasonography examinations of the painful shoulder. Journal of ultrasonography. 2015 Mar;15(60):29.</ref>

...p; Tomlinson JE. Clinical Diagnosis of Tears of the Rotator Cuff. J Bone Joint Surg. May 1991;(74):404-405]</ref><ref name="Cleland">Cleland J. Orthopae [[Category:Shoulder]]

...55582&ei=5lywYu_xEsKN6rQP-9Ca6AM&scisig=AAGBfm1zee7umg5uN42e02OpIHG5FnNW6w Shoulder injuries in overhead athletes: the “dead arm” revisited]. Clinics in sp ...ul serving in tennis, or working with the arm in a strained position above shoulder.<ref name="6a" /><ref name="p0" />The symptoms can exacerbate by the loss o

[[File:Shoulder Joint.png|thumb]] The [[Shoulder|shoulder complex]] is a set of 5 highly mobile and stable mechanically interrelated

...ticle/81/2/799/2829545 Measurement of scapular asymmetry and assessment of shoulder dysfunction using the lateral scapular slide test]: a reliability and valid ...est measures the amount of scapular protraction in 3 positions of shoulder joint abduction, by measuring the distance from the midline to the medial boarder

To test the presence of a shoulder full-thickness rotator cuff tear using the [[Codman's Test|Drop-Arm Sign]], ...ests for the different degrees of subacromial impingement syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg AmfckLR2005 July;87(7):1446-55.</ref> study, the combination of the fo

...20</ref> that makes up the front part of the shoulder. It sits between the shoulder blade and the sternum. There are 2 clavicles in a person, one on the right ...s type of articulation is also known as a ‘double plane joint’ – where two joint cavities are separated by a layer of articular cartilage.