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[[File:Knee flex.jpeg|thumb|Knee Flexion]] ...le in everyday movements, eg [[Running Biomechanics|running]], [[Walking - Muscles Used|walking]].

...icial muscles of the knee posterior aspect Primal.png|thumb|Muscles of the knee (posterior)]] ...[[Outcome Measures|objective assessment]] and is an important component of the physical exam that can reveal information about neurologic deficits. It is

[[File:Knee extension.gif|thumb|200x200px|Knee extension/flexion]] ...al role in human movement. The one agonist muscle that extends the knee is the massive [[Quadriceps Muscle|quadriceps]].

...n the copyright on these images and request that they are not used outside of Physiopedia without special permission. To use the pictures:

...mainly used to analyse the patient's [[gait]] and assess the condition of the joints and bones. Knee flexion

...rform a maximal provocation on the muscle-tendon mechanism of the extensor muscles ([[Quadriceps Muscle|Quadriceps femoris]]). * Is a [[Muscle Strength Testing|manual muscle test]] for strengths of grade 3 to 5, not applicable for lesser grade.

...[https://europepmc.org/abstract/med/28417049 Morphometric study of tensor of vastus intermedius in South Indian population.] Anatomy & cell biology. 201 ...the upper two-thirds of anterior and lateral surfaces of the [[femur]] and the intermuscular septum<ref name=":0" />.

== Muscles Involved: == ...°, Ideally the foot should be suspended off the floor i.e. sitting on edge of high plinth

...on|achilles]] tendon contracture by evaluating ankle dorsiflexion with the knee extended and then flexed<ref>DiGiovanni CW, Kuo R, Tejwani N, et al: Isolat ...degrees. The test is considered positive when DF at the AJ is greater with knee flexed than extended.

== Muscles Involved: == * Grades 3-5 - Test in standing on test leg, knee extended, patient can hold stable object such as a table or bench for balan

...) is excised and replaced by a endoprosthesis incorporating a hinged total knee replacement.<br> The most common indication is a bone tumour located in the distal femur.

...the thigh/lower extremity closer to the body's central axis. Additionally, the Pectineus muscle, while not a primary hip adductor, assists in this movemen ...clelibrary/viewarticle/24169/ . Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, thigh muscles].Available:https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/24169/ (ac

== Muscles Involved: == * Therapist to kneel beside the patient and stabilise the femur on the test-side

...muscles which predominantly act to flex the knee. Hamstrings consist of 3 muscles; ...thin the muscle belly, facilitate transmission and dissipate forces across the MTJ while muscle contraction and relaxation.<ref name=":0">Linklater JM, Ha

== Muscles Involved: == * Provide stabilization at the pelvis in side lying

[[File:Popliteal_picture.jpg|thumb|Popliteal fossa of R leg|center]] The Popliteal Fossa is a diamond-shaped space behind the [[knee]] joint<ref name=":1">Chummy SS, editor. Last's Anatomy. Twelfth Edition. E

...into the quadriceps femoris tendon, which inserts into the upper border of the [[patella]].<ref name=":0">Anatomy.tv | 3D Human Anatomy | Primal Pictures ...nterior view image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/study/main-muscles-of-lower-limb</ref>

...mainly used to analyse the patient's [[gait]] and assess the condition of the joints and bones.<ref name=":0" /> Client lying [[Cardinal Planes and Axes of Movement|supine]].

...weight bearing]] and stability of [[Gait|gait.]] An essential component of the lower [[Closed Chain Exercise|kinetic chain]]. ...hip]] and [[:Category:Knee - Muscles|knee]] that contribute to [[Walking - Muscles Used|walking]] and other propulsive movements.<ref name="Moore">Moore KL, A

[[File:Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment Primal.png|thumb|Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment]] ...[[Outcome Measures|objective assessment]] and is an important component of the physical exam that can reveal information about strength and or neurologic

== Muscles Involved: == ...°, Ideally the foot should be suspended off the floor i.e. sitting on edge of high plinth

...ll as strength and stability. They provide power for and absorb the impact of daily activities such as walking, running, and jumping. ...nterior view image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/study/main-muscles-of-lower-limb</ref>

The gracilis is a spiral unipennate [[muscle]] in the [[Hip Adductors|medial thigh compartment]]. The gracilis:

...ently under review and may not be up to date. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{REVISIONDAY}}/{{REVISIONMONTH}}/{{REVISIONYEAR}}) ...uscles|gluteal]] and [[Abdominal Muscles|abdominal]] muscles to avoid from the pain getting worse. <ref name=":0">Dydyk AM, Sapra A. Williams Back Exercis

...stus medialis and vastus medialis oblique in healthy individuals]. Journal of Applied Physiology. 2018 Jun 1;124(6):1438-46.</ref> ...r-11-AC01.pdf Variation in morphometry of vastus medialis muscle]. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research: JCDR. 2017 Sep;11(9):AC01.</ref>

...extension test to measure hamstring muscle tightness. Scandinavian journal of medicine &amp; science in sports. 1997 Oct 1;7(5):279-82.</ref> ...ive knee extension test in acute hamstring injuries.] The American journal of sports medicine. 2013 Aug;41(8):1757-61.Available:https://journals.sagepub.

...ritical mechanism that play an important role in terminal extension of the knee. * There is an observable rotation of the knee during flexion and extension.

...ble:https://musculoskeletalkey.com/deep-dry-needling-of-the-hip-and-pelvic-muscles/ (accessed 28.12.2021)</ref> The ITB runs along the lateral thigh and serves as an important structure involved in lower extrem

...pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35155104/ Isolated Meniscotibial Ligament Rupture: The Medial Meniscus "Belt Lesion".] Arthrosc Tech. 2022 Jan 13;11(2):e133-e138. The coronary ligaments support rotational stability of the knee and prevent anterior [[Tibia|tibial]] translation<ref>Feger J, Knipe H, Kni

...cation/266321321_Anatomy_of_the_Triceps_Surae_A_Pictorial_Essay Anatomy of the triceps surae: a pictorial essay]. Foot and ankle clinics. 2014 Dec 1;19(4) ...ee|knee joint]], while the soleus plays part in maintaining stability when the body is standing <ref name=":2" />.

...scle a [[Hip Adductors|hip adductor muscle]], in the medial compartment of the thigh. # Immediately deep to the [[Pectineus Muscle|pectineus]] and [[Adductor Longus|adductor longus]].<ref

...een in hip, [[Flexion Deformity of the Knee|knee]] and [[Flexion Deformity of Elbow|elbow]] joint.[[File:Normal Posture Biomechanics.png|thumb|470x470px] ...hip flexion contractures with psoas recession through the middle window of the ilioinguinal approach. JBJS Essential Surgical Techniques. 2017 Sep 9;7(3).

...t a multistory building or apartment. The variation between the two modes of locomotion(level-ground locomotion and stair locomotion) may be significant ...r level-ground [[Walking - Muscles Used|walking]], it does not ensure that the patient will be able to walk up and down stairs.

...tion is used daily eg when we step to the side, get out of bed, get out of the car. We also use it in walking to stop unsupported leg from falling "into s The Hip abductor muscle group are located on the lateral thigh.

...bend. It is one of the three canonical powerlifting exercises, along with the squat and bench press. ...ailable:https://www.melbourneosteopathycentre.com.au/blog/training/what-is-the-posterior-chain/ (accessed 18.2.2022)</ref>

...itt J. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3445210/ Influence of the hip on patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome: a systematic review]. Sp ...ain Syndrome?] A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 2021 Jul 28;9(7):23259671211017503.Available:https://journ

...plays a key role in muscle attachment and contributes to the stability of the [[Ankle Joint|ankle]] joint. ...se two bones are connected by the tibiofibular syndesmosis, which includes the interosseous membrane.<ref name=":0">Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Clinial

...ervated by single spinal nerve root. Myotome testing is an essential part of [[Neurological Assessment|neurological examination]] when suspecting [[radi ...es into dermatome, sclerotome and myotome|center|900x900px|Differentiation of somites into dermatome, sclerotome and myotome|thumb]]

...MS, Barja RH. The plantaris tendon graft: an ultrasound study. The Journal of hand surgery. 1991 Jul 1;16(4):708-11.</ref>. ...d of the gastrocnemius muscle and the soleus muscle in the middle third of the leg.

The purpose of this test is to detect the presence of patellofemoral joint disorder ([[Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome|patellofemora ...ly contract the quadriceps muscle. A positive sign on this test is pain in the patellofemoral joint<ref name="Baxter">Baxter R. Pocket Guide to Musculoske

...re muscle activation between a prone bridge and 6-RM back squats.] Journal of human kinetics. 2018 Jun;62:43. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc ...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4262933/ The back squat: A proposed assessment of functional deficits and technical factors that limit performance]. Strength

[[File:Hip flexors.png|alt=Hip muscles anterior aspect.|thumb|324x324px|Hip muscles anterior aspect.]] ...4.1.2022)</ref>. Every time you take a step, you are using your hip flexor muscles.

...f the thigh. The semitendinosus is so named due to it having a long tendon of insertion. ..., and is inserted into the upper part of the medial surface of the body of the tibia, nearly as far forward as its anterior crest.

...and passive insufficiency are functional states that occur in multi-joint muscles only. ...xtent at both joints, but also preventing the full [[Range of Motion|ROM]] of each joint it crosses.<ref name=":1">NFPT [https://www.nfpt.com/blog/unders

...Therapy and Manipulation of the Neck] from the Musculoskeletal Association of Chartered Physiotherapists (2014). ...tp://www.jospt.org/doi/pdf/10.2519/jospt.2012.0501 Neck Pain: Manipulation of Your Neck and Upper Back Leads to Quicker Recovery] from JOSPT Perspectives

[[File:Anatomy of Articularis genu muscle.png|alt=GOOGLE IMAGES|thumb|[https://en.wikipedia.o ...rmedius muscle and founded that it has an important mechanical role during knee movement.

[[File:Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment Primal.png|thumb|Muscles of the thigh posterior compartment|alt=]] ...direct.com/topics/neuroscience/hip-extensors Essentials of kinesiology for the physical therapist assistant] e-book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2018 Oct 23

'''Original Editor '''- The [[Open Physio]] project ...plateau, the tibial tuberosity, the soleal line, the medial malleolus, and the fibular notch.

...d the 'long head' (superficial) and the 'short head' (deep). It is part of the [[hamstrings]].<ref name="anatomytv">Primal Pictures. Available from:http:/ *Long head: ischial tuberosity<ref name="Netter">Netter FH. Atlas of Human Anatomy. Philadelphia: Elsevier,2014</ref>

...related to cycling may also increase. But many common cycling injuries of the lower extremity are preventable. ...ttori & Daniel C. Norvell. Non-Traumatic Bicycle Injuries. A Review of the Literature. Sports Medicine volume 36, pages7–18(2006) Published: 27