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...&nbsp;resulting in degenerative joint changes and forming the uncovertbral joints. == <span style="line-height: 1.5em;">Motions Available</span> ==

...ch provide cushioning between the vertebrae and absorb pressure put on the spine. It is a nearly universal condition in those who reach advanced age, but it ...023, July 12. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/249036-overview]</ref>. Although some people experience no symptoms, others may fee

...t Classification|pivot]]''' [[Joint Classification|joint]] and the lateral joints are '''[[Joint Classification|plane]]''' [[Joint Classification|articulatio ...are two '''lateral atlanto-axial joints''' which are concave in an anterior-posterior direction, this allows rotation.

...trachea)<ref name=":0">Lang, J., 1993. ''Clinical anatomy of the cervical spine''. Stuttgart; New York: Thieme.</ref> is located at the anterior aspect of ...Lee, S. and Kim, I., 2013. ''Surgical Anatomy and Techniques to the Spine E-Book''. Elsevier Health Sciences.</ref>

...olled trial. Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy. 2021 May 4;29(3):147-57.</ref> ...re applied at varying speeds and amplitudes, including small-amplitude/high-velocity therapeutic movements”<ref>American Physical Therapy Association

...tion: historical basis and scientific analyses]. Pain Physician. 2003;6:199-205</ref> ...e management of cervical radiculopathy.] J Ortho Sports PT. 2000;30(12):728-744.</ref>

...nt]] Stress Test for hypermobility of the [https://physio-pedia.com/Atlanto-axial_joint?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_in ...: Examination, evaluation, and intervention (2nd ed.). New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.</ref>

Vertebra prominens is the name of the seventh cervical vertebra. ...rocess that protrudes posteriorly toward the [[skin]] at the back of the [[Cervical Anatomy|neck]].

...r articular process of the vertebra directly above it. There are two facet joints in each spinal motion segment. The facet joints are situated between the pedicle and lamina of the same vertebra and form t

...<ref name=":0">Drake R, Vogl AW, Mitchell AW. Gray's Anatomy for Students E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2009 Apr 4.</ref> .... Its attachment sites are the thoracic vertebrae (semispinalis thoracis), cervical vertebrae ([[Semispinalis Cervicis|semispinalis cervicis]]) and occipital b

...ght|frameless]]The Kemp test (also known as the quadrant test and extension-rotation test) is a provocative test useful for diagnosing pain related to [ ...e (used for the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical spine]] or the [[Lumbar|lumbar spine]]).

[[Cervical Anatomy|Cervical]] spine injury (CSI) in children is unique in both the wide anatomic differences an ...c patients]. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 2007 Feb 1;62(2):389-96.</ref>.  

...pital articulations function as bilaterally symmetrical ellipsoid synovial joints between C0 and C1. *[[Posterior atlanto-occipital ligament]]

...he Cervical Flexion-Rotation Test. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2008;31:293-300</ref> ...ve common manual neck pain provocating tests. Scand J Rehab Med 1995;27:131-136</ref> However, these tests involve a high degree of skill on the part of

...tebral joint]: a comprehensive review. Clinical Anatomy. 2014 Apr;27(3):431-40.</ref>. ...able from: <nowiki>https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/uncovertebral-joints</nowiki></ref>.

[[File:Cervical vertebrae lig flavum.png|right|frameless|492x492px]] ...with the tendons and muscles, provides a natural brace to help protect the spine from injury.

== [[Image:532px-Vertebral artery 3D AP.jpg|thumb|right]]Description == ...hough the foramina of the transverse processes of the [[Cervical Vertebrae|cervical vertebrae,]] usually starting at C6 but entering as high as C4<ref name="Ma

.... Below are generally accepted values for a normal ROM for some individual joints as measured in degrees: ...online:https://www.wikem.org/wiki/Range_of_motion_by_joint [accessed 25-10-2021]</ref>

[[File:250px-Longissimus.png|thumb|Longissimus]] ...ilable:https://study.com/academy/lesson/longissimus-muscle-origin-insertion-function.html (accessed 5.2.2022)</ref>:

...control study.] Brazilian journal of physical therapy. 2019 Jul 1;23(4):346-54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6630105/#bi * Stiff upper thoracic spine or rounded upper spine causing cervical spine to hyperextend to see ahead.

[[File:Osteoarthritic Spine (48605563867).png|right|frameless|alt=|476x476px]] ...and intervertebral disc degeneration: Quite different, quite similar.] JOR spine. 2018 Dec;1(4):e1033.Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PM

...sculoskeletal assessment]. Nursing made incredibly easy. 2004 May 1;2(3):46-50.</ref> ...University of Western Ontario. Available from: <nowiki>https://rheum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/The_Musculoskeletal_Screening_Examination_Booklet.pd

...spine. ''journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy'', ''40''(8), 455-463.</ref>. This can cause difficulty in finding accurate data at times. ...verse response. ''Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy'', ''29''(1), 51-58.</ref>:

...region (see [[Cranial Nerves|cranial nerves]]) with a few exceptions eg [[Cervical Anatomy|neck muscles]] are supplied by the spinal nerves. ...nerves Available: https://musculoskeletalkey.com/nerves-innervation-of-the-spine/<nowiki/>(accessed 6.2.2022)</ref>

...Contributors''' -{{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> ...eophyte-2 Osteophyte] Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/osteophyte-2 (accessed 7.9.2022)</ref>

=== Joints and Ligaments of the Skull === Temporo-mandibular joint:<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Muscles of the cervical region multifidus superficial layer Primal.png|right|frameless]] ...ding of this anatomy is essential for assessment and treatment of cervical spine problems.

...sess the integrity of the [[Alar ligaments|alar ligaments]] and thus upper cervical stability.<br> ...anjabi<ref>Dvorak J, Panjabi MM. Functional anatomy of the alar ligaments. Spine. 1987;12:183–189.</ref> to result from tension generated in the alar liga

...oney V . [https://www.elsevier.com/books/movement-stability-and-lumbopelvic-pain/9780443101786 Movement, Stability & Lumbopelvic Pain 2nd Edition] . Ph ...ligamentum flavum, causing pretension in the neutral position (interspinous-supraspinous thoracolumbar ligamentous complex)<ref name=":0" />

...ons]] that are applied Antero- cranially along the treatment planes of the joints selected. ...raded according to the tolerance of the patient. They should always be pain-free for the patients. If these are painful despite applying correctly, then

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/daphne-xuan/ Daphne Xuan]<br> ...1;12(2):e053999.</ref>[[File:C-spine-picture.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Cervical spine]]

...al of Physiotherapy. He is also the author of two books:<ref name="mulligan-5">Manual therapy NAGS,SNAGS,MWMS,etc by Brian R.Mulligan, 5th edition, 2004 ...of the extremities and SNAGS (sustained natural apophyseal glides) of the spine were first coined by Brian R. Mulligan <ref>Mulligan, BR: Manual Therapy �

[[File:250px-Longissimus.png|thumb|Longissimus]] ...ilable:https://study.com/academy/lesson/longissimus-muscle-origin-insertion-function.html (accessed 5.2.2022)</ref>

...ation of joint range of motion, alleviation of [[Pain Assessment|pain]] in joints and muscles, and restoring strength due to muscle weakness. This case study ...ns in patients with thyroid disease. Clinical Endocrinology. 2003;59(2):162-7</ref>&nbsp;<br>

...capitis posterior major and the dura mater. Spine. 2011 Dec 1;36(25):E1612-4.</ref> Suboccipital nerve or dorsal ramus of cervical spinal nerve (C1).<ref name="AE" />

...153016392695/Effect-of-standing-postural-deviations-on-trunk-and-hip-muscle-activity.pdf?origin=publication_detail (last accessed 10.12.2019)</ref> ...a M, Kotwicki T. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5836359/ Non-structural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane]. Scoliosis a

...ysiological Intervertebral movements (PPIVMs) and [[PAIVMs of the Cervical Spine - Assessment|Passive Accessory Intervertebral Movements]] (PAIVMs). Althoug .... Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy (Maney Publishing). 2013;21(1):7-17.</ref> In order to specifically target treatment, it is necessary to loca

...a good rehabilitation program incorporating stretches, strengthening and co-ordination and postural training. ...ion (whilst paddling) increases the demands on the structures of the upper spine and associated soft tissues.

[[File:Facet Joints.png|thumb|150x150px]] ...ul [[arthritis]]-like condition of the spine caused by degeneration of the joints between the spinal bones.

The carotid arteries originate posterior to the sternoclavicular joints and in the neck, they are contained within the carotid sheath posterior to ...er of the thyroid cartilage (typically at the level of the fourth or fifth cervical vertebra), the common carotid arteries bifurcate into the ECA and ICA.

...tebrae.png|thumb|right]][[Image:Cervical vertebra.png|thumb|right]][[Image:Cervical Vertebra side view.png|thumb|right]] ...ical Center. http://www.umm.edu/programs/spine/health/guides/cervical-spine-anatomy. Accessed 21 april 2017.</ref><ref name="Gray">Gray H. Gray's Anatom

...ter how healthy an individual is, as they age their [[Joint Classification|joints]] will show some changes in mobility, due in part to changes in the [[Conne == Age-related Changes in Connective Tissue ==

...fractures: an anatomical approach. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol 2008;18:189-195 [Level2]</ref> ...known as the axis, is one of three atypical vertebrae. The axis shows a peg-like odontoid process that projects itself superiorly from the body. The odo

...1. 1981.</ref>. As stated in Maitland's Article , when assessing extremity joints you should try a compression test to see if this produces pain. To do this ...wn within 15-20 seconds (for smaller joints) and 25-30 seconds (for larger joints).

[[File:Chris-benson-yx-iJFybOBQ-unsplash.jpg|right|frameless|400x400px]] ...ture (FHP) is a poor habitual neck posture. It often co-exists with [[Upper-Crossed Syndrome|Upper Crossed Syndrome]]

...he ULTT's are equivalent to the straight leg raise designed for the lumbar spine. ...e diagnosis of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/CPR_for_Cervical_Radiculopathy cervical radiculopathy] is made, the tests can be done to mobilise the entrapped ner

This guide gives a general overview of the anatomy of the thoracic spine. It also includes some facts regarding pathophysiology in this region. The sagittal plane alignment of the Thoracic spine is on average 35% (normal range is 20° to 50°).<ref name=":2" />

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] [[File:SPINE ANATOMY.jpg|thumb]]

...[https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/tanya-bell-jenje/ Tanya Bell-Jenje]<br> [[Category:Thoracic Spine]]

...study. Journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2014 Jul;44(7):475-87.</ref> '''Range of Motion ([https://physio-pedia.com/Range_of_Motion ROM]):'''