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.../en/Axis_(anatomy) (accessed 26 June 2018)</ref> The axis is composed of a vertebral body, heavy pedicles, laminae, and transverse processes, which serve as att === Vertebral body ===

...ateral or posterolateral margins of the superior endplates of the cervical vertebral bodies, most commonly found at the levels of C3-C7 <ref name=":1">Moore KL, ...ral margins of the uncinate processes and the inferolateral portion of the vertebral body above <ref name=":1" />.

...transverse or spinous process, or simple compression fractures (&lt;25% of vertebral height). == 3. When the rule is not applicable, what denotes “known vertebral disease”? ==

...imately results in osteoporosis and [[Insufficiency Fracture|insufficiency fractures]].<ref name=":1">Demontiero O, Vidal C, Duque G. Aging and bone loss: new i * Osteoporosis: a major cause of [[Femoral Neck Hip Fracture|hip fractures]] in the elderly, a type of insufficiency fracture

=== Vertebral Bodies === ...ortical shell which surrounds cancellous bone. The posterior aspect of the vertebral body changes from slightly concave to slightly convex from L1 - L5 with an

* It lacks a vertebral body or a spinous process * Makes upto ~7% of cervical spine fractures

* Mobilize at all vertebral levels causing symptoms. ...cillate for 5–10 seconds) at each level, working from superior to inferior vertebral levels.

...'</ref> (when 10 equals worst pain imaginable and 0 equals no pain) or the vertebral bodies are collapsed more than 40%, then kyphoplasty or vertebroplasty is i ...yphosis<ref name="null">EMedicine Nonop treatment of vertebral compression fractures.http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/325872-treatment#TreatmentOtherTreatm

...T., Baker M.D., Morris P.P., Imaging and treatment of sacral insufficiency fractures (review), Am. J. Neuroradiology 31:201-10, February 2010.</ref><ref>Wild A. * This is what happens clinically with the sacrum during insufficiency fractures.

....gov/pmc/articles/PMC4836940/ Management of typical and atypical Hangman's fractures.] Global spine journal. 2016 May;6(03):248-56.</ref> ...ypical''' hangman's fracture, the fracture is in the posterior part of the vertebral body, on one or both sides. In contrary to what everyone thinks, the dens

...steoporosis (especially vertebral fractures and hyperkyphosis arising from vertebral bone loss), ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis and Scheuermann's diseas Compression fracture

...f either severe trauma or pathologic weakening of the bone, see image R L4 compression fracture. * [[Osteoporosis]] is the underlying cause of many lumbar fractures, especially in postmenopausal women.

Sternal [[Fracture|fractures]] Sternal fractures are frequently diagnosed using a lateral chest x-ray or CT scan of the ches

...res (High Voltage Low Amplitude spinal manipulations) the stretches to the vertebral artery are smaller in comparison to the stretches produced during range of • Bone disease – tumours, metastases, infection, fractures, bone weakness (long term steroids/osteomalacia, severe osteoporosis), seve

...to lesions in the spinal structures, including muscle, ligament, osseous / vertebral, and nerve injuries.<ref name=":2" />  The following table, adapted from H |Vertebral fracture

...al analysis. As the lumbosacral region is the most important region in the vertebral column in terms of mobility and weight bearing it is important to look at i ...lied externally to the vertebral column, it produces stresses to the stiff vertebral body and the relatively elastic [[Intervertebral disc|intervertebral disc (

...res are [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Insufficiency_Fracture insufficiency fractures], caused by normal stresses on abnormal bone, often indicating [[Introducti == Classification of Vertebral Fractures ==

...tress Fractures|pathological fractures]], [[Cauda Equina Syndrome|spinal]] compression, and [[bone]] pain, which are associated with poor prognosis<ref>Hiraga T. ...ression of adjacent structures by extraosseous soft tissue mass (e.g. cord compression)

...rity of these fractures occur without spinal cord injury. 20 to 40% of the fractures are associated with neurological injuries. ....com/science/article/pii/S0020138308002829 Epidemiology of traumatic spine fractures]. Injury. 2009 Feb 1;40(2):166-72.</ref> Minor trauma can also cause a thor

...vature of the thoracic spine is normal and present due to the shape of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs, ...of development of [[Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures|vertebral compression fractures]]

...istinct in shape and function from vertebrae found in other regions of the vertebral column. ...ral arch which together with the posterior surface of the body enclose the vertebral foramen. The pedicles are notched on their superior and inferior surfaces,

...are fluid-filled cushions between vertebrae.<ref name=":0" /><br />'''The vertebral column can be divided into 5 regions:''' [[File:Vertebral Column (1).jpg|thumb|600x600px]]

...ted by a cough, sneeze, deep breath, movement of the trunk, palpation, and compression<ref>Hamberg J, Lindahl O. Angina pectoris symptoms caused by thoracic spine - Compression Fractures: Caucasian race, history of smoking, early menopause, thin body build, sede

...ed to a center column comprised of the posterior vertebral body, posterior vertebral disk and posterior longitudinal ligament.<ref>Denis F. [https://europepmc.o ...n spine journal. 2010 Mar;19(1):2-7.</ref> Obviously the classification of fractures is complicated and ongoing.

...er, have typical inferior demifacets for articulation with the second rib. Vertebral prominens name given to long prominent spinous process found at T1 * The intervertebral disc height, is, on average, the least of the vertebral regions.

Excessive motion of vertebral bodies in relation to one another is considered spinal instability (i.e. a ...anisms cause instability, it is important to understand the anatomy of the vertebral motion segment.

...he cervical spinal canal. This narrowing of the spinal canal may result in compression of the spinal cord and/or the nerve roots and affect the function of the sp ...ve changes in the cervical spine) but can also be the result of traumatic (fractures and instability) and inflammatory conditions or caused by herniated discs o

* The spine extends from the skull to the [[Coccyx Fractures|coccyx]] and includes the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]], thoracic, lumbar, ...nsible for the mobility without sacrificing the supportive strength of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs, along with the laminae, pedicles and arti

...able from:https://www.smn.scot.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Vertebral-fractures-in-children.pdf [Accessed 11/3/2023].  </ref> *Unique vertebral architecture

...h associated disorders are minor soft tissue injuries lacking evidence for fractures.<ref>Bragg KJ, Varacallo M. Cervical Sprain. Available from: <nowiki>https: ...stage three the neck is completely extended with a shearing force causing compression of facet joint capsules.

...d of three components: the annulus fibrosus, the nucleus pulposus, and the vertebral endplates. These three components allow for mobility, shock absorption, and ...nitiate delamination of the annulus and loss of proper distribution of the vertebral endplates.<ref name=":2">Nerurkar, N., Elliott, D., & Mauck, R. [https://do

# [[Lumbar Spine Fracture|Vertebral Fractures]] ...e suspected of having a CES. Most of these patients will not have critical compression of the cauda equina. However, in the absence of reliably predictive symptom

...ctures]] and vertebral collapse lead to a reduction in height, spinal cord compression, [[Radiculopathy|radicular]] pain or [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|kyphosis]].  7. [[Spinal cord anatomy|Spinal cord]] compression by vertebral fracture or plasmacytoma is a medical emergency and should be managed aggre

** Bone pain in the [[Vertebral Fractures in Children and Adolescents|vertebral]] column that worsens night: indicates high risk of spinal MBD and imminent * '''Awareness of symptoms that could indicate Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression (MSCC)''' -

...two facet joints (zygapophyseal joints), one at either side and a central vertebral disc joint.]] ...es) or L5 (32% of stress fractures). The remaining percentages account for fractures in multiple locations (Alway et al, 2019).

# Less common includes tumors (neuromas, rhabdoid tumors), intrauterine compression, hemangioma and exostosis of the first rib in the child. # associated injuries clavicular and humerus fractures, torticollis, cephalohematoma, and facial nerve palsy.

* Vertebral/burst fractures : ** Resulting in forces coming from above or below the vertebral body (depending on the injury)

...s|zygapophyseal]] joint capsules, [[ligamentum flavum]], dimensions of the vertebral bodies. ...on causes - [[Ribs|Rib]] or [[Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures|compression fractures]], [[Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)|thoracic outlet syndrome]] and [[T4 Syn

...osing patients to low-impact, [[Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures|fragility fractures]]. In 2004, the WHO operationally defined osteoporosis based upon the bone ...can population is expected to triple the number of osteoporotic [[Fracture|fractures]].<ref name=":1">Joann L. Porter; Matthew Varacallo 19.12.2019 [https://ww

...–2000 and projections for the future.] Bone. 2002 Sep 1;31(3):430-3.</ref> Fractures of the foot are less common.<br> === Fractures of the ankle ===

...is most commonly found in older adults<ref name="p2" /><ref name="p2" />. Compression of neurologic structures within the spine can occur from soft tissue (disc, ...y and physical examination in patients suspected of lumbosacral nerve root compression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2002;72:630–634'''

The classification of the [[odontoid fractures]] is known as the Anderson/Alonzo classification: ...eased atlantoaxial translation potentially leads to upper cervical cord or vertebral artery impingement<ref name="Mintken" />.

...[Accessed on 18 June 2019] </ref> which affects the intervertebral discs, vertebral bodies, intervertebral ligaments, the hyaline cartilage, the underlying bon ...cet articular surface area is about two-thirds the size of the area of the vertebral endplate. The facet joint has features typical of a synovial joint: articul

...itis ossificans ligamentosa, senile ankylosing hyperostosis, physiological vertebral ligamentous calcification and others <ref name="p9">Giles LGF, Singer KP, V ...er FC. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00586-008-0764-0 Spinal fractures in patients with ankylosing spinal disorders: a systematic review of the li

...e pars interarticularis of the vertebral arch, which can be accompanied by vertebral displacement in the lumbar region <ref>Lumbar Spondylolysis. Contemporary S ...The arcus is formed by two pedicles which attach to the dorsal side of the vertebral body and two laminae, which complete the arch. The area between the pedicle

...can lead to functional limitations, increased risk of falls and vertebral fractures, and low quality of life. <ref name=":0" />[[File:Cushing's Syndrome.webp.p ...ractic therapy consists of spinal manipulative therapy, cervical extension-compression traction, and Guasha ([[Instrument Assisted Soft Tissue Mobilization|instru

...thesis|spondylolisthesis,]] [[Insufficiency Fracture|vertebral compression fractures]] etc).<ref name=":4">Will JS, Bury DC, Miller JA. Mechanical Low Back Pain ...auma - could there be a [[fracture]] or a risk of [[Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures|osteoporotic]] fracture?

* Inverted thoracic spine (also known as a lordotic thoracic spine) with compression forces on the facets ...ajor contributor to stress fractures.<ref name=":7">Karlson KA. Rib stress fractures in elite rowers. A case series and proposed mechanism. Am J Sports Med. 199

...neurological injury combined with detailed radiological assessment of the vertebral column injury. <ref name=":3">Kirshblum SC, Burns SP, Biering-Sorensen F, D ...ulges, combined with spondylitic joint changes in the anterior part of the vertebral column with thickening of the [[ligamentum flavum]] posteriorly. Predomina

# Compression of spinal cord caused by trauma eg. vertebral fractures

...d supine position due to the ventral intra-thoracic structures like heart, compression of subjacent lung parenchyma and also due to displacement of abdominal cont * Unstable [[Vertebra Prominens|vertebral]] [[Fracture|fractures]]

...within the canal to: 1) expand (decompress); 2) change the contour of the vertebral column; or 3) permit access to deeper tissue inside the spinal canal. ...s of the traversing nerve roots (that is, the nerve roots that exit at the vertebral level below the surgical level).

...es or bony outgrowths from the spinal ligaments as they attach to adjacent vertebral bodies.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/medgen/780898#:~:text=Definition, * [[Fracture|Fractures]] and/or dislocation

...actors for failure of nonoperative treatment for unilateral cervical facet fractures.] Asian Spine Journal. 2017 Jun;11(3):356-64.</ref> ...lls, violence, and sports activities. On this page, we will be focusing on fractures in the cervical vertebrae in sports that involve physical contact. Although

* Traumatic: fractures. * [[Spondylolisthesis]]: The 5th lumbar vertebra with the above vertebral column is pushed forward while the promontory is pushed backward and the ti

...urs following over-stretching of the upper trunk of the brachial plexus or compression of the C5/C6 nerve root, depending on the mechanism of injury. Recurrences ...ntly narrows the intervertebral foreman at the cervical spine, causing the compression of the nerve root <ref>Bowles DR, Canseco JA, Alexander TD, Schroeder GD, H

...09">Langdon J, Way A, Heaton S, Bernard J, Molloy S. Vertebral compression fractures: new clinical signs to aid diagnosis. Annals Royal College Surgeons England To objectively test for a compression fracture in the lumbar spine the examiner stands behind the patient. The pa

* Acute traumatic fractures. * Vertebral osteomyelitis.

...cancellous/trabecular bone. It is very resistant to bending, torsion, and compression. It is much more dense and has a minimal role in metabolism. It is seen mos ...namic. It occurs in areas that are more subject to compression such as the vertebral body, [[pelvis]], and the metaphyses.<ref name=":3" />

...galrg9BgYYc0F9CLA The effect of costovertebral adjustment versus ischaemic compression of rhomboid muscles for interscapular pain], university of johannesburg, 20 * The head of ribs 2 to 9 and sometimes the 10th articulate with the vertebral body of two thoracic vertebrae at the costovertebral joint. The head of rib

...slippage (Meyerding Classification) of one vertebral body on the adjacent vertebral body.<ref name=":1">Tenny S, Gillis CC. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books ...gh it was not related to the severity of clinical symptoms or the grade of vertebral slip<ref>Iguchi T, Wakami T, Kurihara A, Kasahara K, Yoshiya S, Nishida K.

*Fractures &amp; bone pain&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ...nemia), and bone defects such as deep pain felt in the bone, arthritis and fractures.<ref name="Two" />

* '''Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression''' - symptoms include spine pain with band-like referral, gait changes and * '''[[Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures|Insufficiency fracture -]]''' sudden onset of pain, most commonly in the th

[[Spondylolysis]] describes a unilateral/bilateral defect (separation) in the vertebral pars interarticularis, usually the lower lumbar vertebrae (particularly L5) ...ation]][[Spondylolisthesis]] occurs when bilateral pars defects permit the vertebral body to slip anteriorly. The most common spondylolytic defects occur at the

...e include disc herniation, facet joint hypertrophy or slippage of adjacent vertebral bodies, all narrowing the space for neural tissue to pass through. ...the lumbar structures, CT is especially useful for investigating potential fractures or arthritic changes. Note that Imaging is useful for identifying stenotic

| Vertebral Artery Insufficiency ...assess for fractures; however cervical CT is more sensitive for ruling out fractures. Patients with rapidly worsening neurological signs and symptoms should be

[[Lumbar Radiculopathy|Lumbar radiculopathy]] is commonly caused by compression of a lumbar nerve root, resulting in symptoms which radiate down the legs. ...ology, such as [[Cauda Equina Syndrome|cauda equina syndrome]], cancer, or fractures. When considering prevalence, there are a few things to keep in mind:<ref>G

|Compression of Lung Tissue ...traindicated for example individuals with chest trauma, unstable vertebral fractures, extensive burns, smoke inhalation, neuromuscular diseases, etc.

...ght and move the most, rendering them vulnerable to injury. In between the vertebral bodies, are the intervertebral discs that provide flexibility to the spine ...osis (i.e. neurologic compromise, inflammatory disease, infection, trauma/ fractures, and cancer which may require emergency attention). <ref name=":7">NICE. Re