Effects of Ageing on Bone: Difference between revisions
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== Ageing == | == Ageing == | ||
[[File:Older person.jpg|thumb|Older person]] | |||
Aging refers to the physiological changes that occur in the human body from the attainment of adulthood, and ending in death. These changes involve a decline of biological functions, and are accompanied by psychological, behavioural, and other changes. Some of these changes are quite obvious, while others are subtle.<ref name="brit">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1354293/human-aging</ref> <br> | Aging refers to the physiological changes that occur in the human body from the attainment of adulthood, and ending in death. These changes involve a decline of biological functions, and are accompanied by psychological, behavioural, and other changes. Some of these changes are quite obvious, while others are subtle.<ref name="brit">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1354293/human-aging</ref> <br> | ||
== The Aging Bone == | == The Aging Bone == | ||
[[File:Bone Comparison of Healthy and Osteoporotic Vertibrae.png|thumb|Bone Comparison: Healthy and Osteoporotic Vertebrae]] | |||
[[Bone|Bones]] undergo a lifelong process of remodeling – mature bone tissue is removed and new bone tissue is formed. Bone remodeling is a highly regulated process that maintains a balance between bone resorption and formation, thus maintaining skeletal integrity.<ref name="remodel">Hadjidakis DJ, Androulakis II. Bone Remodeling. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Dec;1092:385-96.</ref | [[Bone|Bones]] undergo a lifelong process of remodeling – mature bone tissue is removed and new bone tissue is formed. Bone remodeling is a highly regulated process that maintains a balance between bone resorption and formation, thus maintaining skeletal integrity.<ref name="remodel">Hadjidakis DJ, Androulakis II. Bone Remodeling. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Dec;1092:385-96.</ref> | ||
This balance changes with increasing age, resulting in loss of bone tissue. The ageing bone has reduced mineral content, and is prone to [[osteoporosis]] – a condition in which bones are less dense, more fragile, and prone to fractures.<ref name="aaos">http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00191</ref> | This balance changes with increasing age, resulting in loss of bone tissue. The ageing bone has reduced mineral content, and is prone to [[osteoporosis]] – a condition in which bones are less dense, more fragile, and prone to fractures.<ref name="aaos">http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00191</ref> | ||
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== Effects of Changes in Aging Bone<ref>http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/004015.htm</ref> == | == Effects of Changes in Aging Bone<ref>http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/004015.htm</ref> == | ||
*[[ | *[[File:Osteoprosis of Spine.jpg|thumb|Osteoprosis of Spine]]Osteoporosis is a common problem among [[Older People Introduction|older people]], especially post-[[Menopause|menopausal]] women, and is a major cause of [[Hip Fracture|hip fractures]] in the elderly. | ||
*<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">Reduced bone density of the [[Thoracic Vertebrae|vertebrae]], combined with the loss of fluid in [[Biomechanics of Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation|intervertebral discs]], result in a curved and shortened trunk.</span> | *<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">Reduced bone density of the [[Thoracic Vertebrae|vertebrae]], combined with the loss of fluid in [[Biomechanics of Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation|intervertebral discs]], result in a curved and shortened trunk.</span> | ||
*This reduced bone density, and resulting [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|poor posture]], leads to pain, reduced mobility, and other musculoskeletal problems. | *This reduced bone density, and resulting [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|poor posture]], leads to pain, reduced mobility, and other musculoskeletal problems. | ||
*The risk of injury increases because gait changes, instability, and loss of [[balance]] may lead to falls.<ref>https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004015.htm</ref> | *The risk of injury increases because gait changes, instability, and loss of [[balance]] may lead to falls.<ref>https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004015.htm</ref> | ||
== Ageing Joints == | == Ageing Joints == | ||
Joint motion becomes more restricted and flexibility decreases with age because of changes in tendons and ligaments.<br>As the cushioning cartilage begins to break down from a lifetime of use, joints become inflamed and arthritic.<ref>http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00191</ref> | Joint motion becomes more restricted and flexibility decreases with age because of changes in tendons and ligaments.<br>As the cushioning cartilage begins to break down from a lifetime of use, joints become inflamed and arthritic.<ref>http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00191</ref>For more see [[Effects of Ageing on Joints]] | ||
[[ | |||
=== Modifiable Risk factors for Bone loss in Aging Bone<ref name=":0">Andrew A, Rita A, Dale A. Geriatric Physical Therapy. Third Edition. Elsevier Mosby. 2012</ref> === | === Modifiable Risk factors for Bone loss in Aging Bone<ref name=":0">Andrew A, Rita A, Dale A. Geriatric Physical Therapy. Third Edition. Elsevier Mosby. 2012</ref> === | ||
* Calcium intake of less than 1200 mg/day | * [[Hypocalcemia|Calcium intake of less than 1200 mg/day]] | ||
* Excessive intake of alcohol | * Excessive intake of [[Alcoholism|alcohol]] | ||
* Cigarette smoking | * Cigarette [[Smoking and Exercise|smoking]] | ||
* BMI <18.5 | * [[Body Mass Index|BMI]] <18.5 | ||
* Low levels of estrogen | * Low levels of estrogen | ||
* Inactivity and immobilization | * Inactivity and immobilization | ||
* Insufficient protein intake | * Insufficient [[Muscle Function and Protein|protein]] intake | ||
* Inadequate Vitamin D intake | * [[Vitamin D Deficiency|Inadequate Vitamin D]] intake | ||
* Hyperthyroidism | * [[Hyperthyroidism]] | ||
* Hyperparathyroidism | * [[Hyperparathyroidism]] | ||
=== Non-Modifiable Risk Factor for Bone loss in Aging Bone | === Non-Modifiable Risk Factor for Bone loss in Aging Bone === | ||
* Genetic factor | * [[Genetic Conditions and Inheritance|Genetic factor]] | ||
* Caucasian race | * Caucasian race | ||
* Hispanic women | * Hispanic women | ||
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* Premature birth | * Premature birth | ||
* Childhood malabsorption disease | * Childhood malabsorption disease | ||
* Age-related loss of muscle mass | * [[Sarcopenia|Age-related loss of muscle mass]] | ||
* Seizure disorder | * [[Epilepsy|Seizure]] disorder<ref name=":0" /> | ||
Exercise is important for preserving bone density, however care must be taken to avoid high-impact exercises and exercises that present the risk of falling. Useful exercises include: | == Prevention == | ||
[[File:Gym ladies.jpeg|thumb|Ladies gym]] | |||
[[Therapeutic Exercise|Exercise]] is important for preserving bone density, however care must be taken to avoid high-impact exercises and exercises that present the risk of falling. Useful exercises include: | |||
*Weight-bearing exercises e.g. walking | *Weight-bearing exercises e.g. [[Walking: Muscles used|walking]] | ||
*Strengthening exercises using free weights, elastic bands | *[[Strength Training|Strengthening exercises]] using free weights, elastic bands, [[Dumbbell Exercise|dumbbells]] etc. | ||
*[[Balance]] exercises e.g. tai chi | *[[Balance]] exercises e.g. [[Tai Chi and the Older Person|tai chi]]<br> | ||
A healthy diet, including adequate dosage of Vitamin D and Calcium, is also useful for preserving bone mass. And it is important to limit [[Caffeine and Exercise|coffee]], alcohol and tobacco consumption as they may have deleterious effect on bone mineral density<ref>http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000360.htm</ref><ref>Coronado-Zarco R, de León AO, García-Lara A, Quinzaños-Fresnedo J, Nava-Bringas TI, Macías-Hernández SI. Nonpharmacological interventions for osteoporosis treatment: Systematic review of clinical practice guidelines. Osteoporosis and sarcopenia. 2019 Sep 1;5(3):69-77.</ref>. | |||
For more see the informative [[osteoporosis]] page. | |||
== Exercise and Ageing == | == Exercise and Ageing == | ||
Exercise is wonderful for health — but to get gain without pain, you must do it wisely, using restraint and judgment every step of the way. Here are a few tips: | [[Exercise Physiology|Exercise]] is wonderful for health — but to get gain without pain, you must do it wisely, using restraint and judgment every step of the way. Here are a few tips: | ||
*Get a medical check-up before you begin a moderate to vigorous exercise program, particularly if you are older than 40, if you have medical problems, or if you have not exercised previously. | *Get a medical check-up before you begin a moderate to vigorous exercise program, particularly if you are older than 40, if you have medical problems, or if you have not exercised previously. | ||
*Eat and drink appropriately. Don’t eat for | *Eat and drink appropriately. Don’t eat large meals for one hour before you exercise, drink plenty of water before, during, and after exercise, particularly in warm weather. | ||
*Warm up before you exercise and cool down afterward. | *Warm up before you exercise and cool down afterward. | ||
*Dress simply, aiming for comfort, convenience, and safety rather than style. | *Dress simply, aiming for comfort, convenience, and safety rather than style. | ||
*Use good equipment, especially good shoes. | *Use good equipment, especially good shoes. | ||
*Exercise regularly. | *Exercise regularly. | ||
*Listen to your body. Learn warning signals of heart disease, including chest pain or pressure, disproportionate shortness of breath, fatigue, or sweating, erratic pulse, lightheadedness, or even indigestion. Do not ignore aches and pains that may signify injury; early treatment can often prevent more serious problems. Do not exercise if you are feverish or ill. Work yourself back into shape gradually after a layoff, particularly after illness or injury.<ref>http://www.health.harvard.edu/newsweek/Exercise_and_aging_Can_you_walk_away_from_Father_Time.htm</ref> | *Listen to your body. Learn warning signals of [[Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)|heart disease]], including chest pain or pressure, disproportionate [[Dyspnoea|shortness of breath]], fatigue, or sweating, erratic [[Pulse rate|pulse]], lightheadedness, or even indigestion. Do not ignore aches and pains that may signify injury; early treatment can often prevent more serious problems. Do not exercise if you are feverish or ill. Work yourself back into shape gradually after a layoff, particularly after illness or injury.<ref>http://www.health.harvard.edu/newsweek/Exercise_and_aging_Can_you_walk_away_from_Father_Time.htm</ref> | ||
It is important to note that in other to improve bone mineral density it requires combination of several types of exercises majorly resistance training. Kawao & Kaji <ref>Kawao, N., & Kaji, H. (2017). Influences of resistance training on bone. ''Clinical calcium'', ''27''(1), 73-78.</ref> noted that while in healthy bone resistance training maintains and improves bone mineral density(BMD)and bone strength, however, in [[osteoporosis]] | It is important to note that in other to improve bone mineral density it requires combination of several types of exercises majorly resistance training. Kawao & Kaji <ref>Kawao, N., & Kaji, H. (2017). Influences of resistance training on bone. ''Clinical calcium'', ''27''(1), 73-78.</ref> noted that while in healthy bone resistance training maintains and improves bone mineral density(BMD)and bone strength, however, in [[osteoporosis]] patients it takes resistance training with other types of exercises to maintain BMD.<br> | ||
<br> | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
Revision as of 05:56, 30 May 2022
Original Editor Oyemi Sillo
Top Contributors - Lucinda hampton, Esraa Mohamed Abdullzaher, Oyemi Sillo, Andeela Hafeez, Tolulope Adeniji, Kim Jackson, Lauren Lopez, Jasrah Javed, Tony Lowe, Scott Buxton and WikiSysopAgeing[edit | edit source]
Aging refers to the physiological changes that occur in the human body from the attainment of adulthood, and ending in death. These changes involve a decline of biological functions, and are accompanied by psychological, behavioural, and other changes. Some of these changes are quite obvious, while others are subtle.[1]
The Aging Bone[edit | edit source]
Bones undergo a lifelong process of remodeling – mature bone tissue is removed and new bone tissue is formed. Bone remodeling is a highly regulated process that maintains a balance between bone resorption and formation, thus maintaining skeletal integrity.[2]
This balance changes with increasing age, resulting in loss of bone tissue. The ageing bone has reduced mineral content, and is prone to osteoporosis – a condition in which bones are less dense, more fragile, and prone to fractures.[3]
As people age the rate of bone resorption by osteoclast cells (multinucleated cells which contain mitochondria and lysosomes that is responsible for bone resorption) exceeds the rate of bone formation so bone weaken.[4]
And this all happens due to:
Effects of Changes in Aging Bone[6][edit | edit source]
- Osteoporosis is a common problem among older people, especially post-menopausal women, and is a major cause of hip fractures in the elderly.
- Reduced bone density of the vertebrae, combined with the loss of fluid in intervertebral discs, result in a curved and shortened trunk.
- This reduced bone density, and resulting poor posture, leads to pain, reduced mobility, and other musculoskeletal problems.
- The risk of injury increases because gait changes, instability, and loss of balance may lead to falls.[7]
Ageing Joints[edit | edit source]
Joint motion becomes more restricted and flexibility decreases with age because of changes in tendons and ligaments.
As the cushioning cartilage begins to break down from a lifetime of use, joints become inflamed and arthritic.[8]For more see Effects of Ageing on Joints
Modifiable Risk factors for Bone loss in Aging Bone[9][edit | edit source]
- Calcium intake of less than 1200 mg/day
- Excessive intake of alcohol
- Cigarette smoking
- BMI <18.5
- Low levels of estrogen
- Inactivity and immobilization
- Insufficient protein intake
- Inadequate Vitamin D intake
- Hyperthyroidism
- Hyperparathyroidism
Non-Modifiable Risk Factor for Bone loss in Aging Bone[edit | edit source]
- Genetic factor
- Caucasian race
- Hispanic women
- Older than 50 years of age
- Family history of osteoporosis
- Premature birth
- Childhood malabsorption disease
- Age-related loss of muscle mass
- Seizure disorder[9]
Prevention[edit | edit source]
Exercise is important for preserving bone density, however care must be taken to avoid high-impact exercises and exercises that present the risk of falling. Useful exercises include:
- Weight-bearing exercises e.g. walking
- Strengthening exercises using free weights, elastic bands, dumbbells etc.
- Balance exercises e.g. tai chi
A healthy diet, including adequate dosage of Vitamin D and Calcium, is also useful for preserving bone mass. And it is important to limit coffee, alcohol and tobacco consumption as they may have deleterious effect on bone mineral density[10][11].
For more see the informative osteoporosis page.
Exercise and Ageing[edit | edit source]
Exercise is wonderful for health — but to get gain without pain, you must do it wisely, using restraint and judgment every step of the way. Here are a few tips:
- Get a medical check-up before you begin a moderate to vigorous exercise program, particularly if you are older than 40, if you have medical problems, or if you have not exercised previously.
- Eat and drink appropriately. Don’t eat large meals for one hour before you exercise, drink plenty of water before, during, and after exercise, particularly in warm weather.
- Warm up before you exercise and cool down afterward.
- Dress simply, aiming for comfort, convenience, and safety rather than style.
- Use good equipment, especially good shoes.
- Exercise regularly.
- Listen to your body. Learn warning signals of heart disease, including chest pain or pressure, disproportionate shortness of breath, fatigue, or sweating, erratic pulse, lightheadedness, or even indigestion. Do not ignore aches and pains that may signify injury; early treatment can often prevent more serious problems. Do not exercise if you are feverish or ill. Work yourself back into shape gradually after a layoff, particularly after illness or injury.[12]
It is important to note that in other to improve bone mineral density it requires combination of several types of exercises majorly resistance training. Kawao & Kaji [13] noted that while in healthy bone resistance training maintains and improves bone mineral density(BMD)and bone strength, however, in osteoporosis patients it takes resistance training with other types of exercises to maintain BMD.
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1354293/human-aging
- ↑ Hadjidakis DJ, Androulakis II. Bone Remodeling. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006 Dec;1092:385-96.
- ↑ http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00191
- ↑ https://www.boundless.com/physiology/textbooks/boundless-anatomy-and-physiology-textbook/appendix-b-development-and-aging-of-the-organ-systems-1417/bone-development-1497/bone-tissue-and-the-effects-of-aging-1500-11222/
- ↑ https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/ageing-muscles-bones-and-joints
- ↑ http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/004015.htm
- ↑ https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/004015.htm
- ↑ http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=A00191
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Andrew A, Rita A, Dale A. Geriatric Physical Therapy. Third Edition. Elsevier Mosby. 2012
- ↑ http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000360.htm
- ↑ Coronado-Zarco R, de León AO, García-Lara A, Quinzaños-Fresnedo J, Nava-Bringas TI, Macías-Hernández SI. Nonpharmacological interventions for osteoporosis treatment: Systematic review of clinical practice guidelines. Osteoporosis and sarcopenia. 2019 Sep 1;5(3):69-77.
- ↑ http://www.health.harvard.edu/newsweek/Exercise_and_aging_Can_you_walk_away_from_Father_Time.htm
- ↑ Kawao, N., & Kaji, H. (2017). Influences of resistance training on bone. Clinical calcium, 27(1), 73-78.
