Skeletal Muscle: Difference between revisions
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== Endocrine Organ == | == Endocrine Organ == | ||
Skeletal muscle is now identified as an [[Endocrine System|endocrine]] organ. Skeletal muscle releases myokines, which have the ability to regulate some physiological processes. Additionally skeletal muscle | Skeletal muscle is now identified as an [[Endocrine System|endocrine]] organ. Skeletal muscle releases myokines, which have the ability to regulate some physiological processes. Additionally skeletal muscle plays a large role in maintaining body [[homeostasis]] as it is responsible for greater than 3/4's of all [[insulin]]-mediated glucose use. Changes that may occur in skeletal muscle differentiation and function cause dysfunctional expression and secretion of myokines. These altered myokines contribute to the pathogenesis of [[obesity]], type 2 [[Diabetes Mellitus Type 2|diabetes]], and other [[Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders|metabolic diseases.]]<ref>Feraco A, Gorini S, Armani A, Camajani E, Rizzo M, Caprio M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8430804/ Exploring the role of skeletal muscle in insulin resistance: lessons from cultured cells to animal models.] International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021 Aug 28;22(17):9327. Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8430804/ (accessed 17.4.2023)</ref> | ||
== Abnormalities == | == Abnormalities == | ||
Revision as of 13:33, 17 April 2023
Original Editor - Lucinda hampton
Top Contributors - Lucinda hampton
Introduction[edit | edit source]
Skeletal muscle attaches to the bone by tendons, and together they produce all body movements. However it has important roles in health beyond voluntary movement. Human skeletal muscle is an extremely dynamic and responsive tissue. Humans skeletal muscle constitutes roughly 40% of total body weight and a huge 50-75% of all the bodies proteins. Our muscle mass muscle mass depends on the dynamic process of protein synthesis and loss, this activity being responsive to factors including nutritional status, hormonal balance, physical activity/exercise, and injury or disease. As such it has important roles in health beyond voluntary movement.[1][2]
Skeletal muscle fibers are crossed with a orderly pattern of fine red and white lines, hence its name striated muscle. For more on anatomical structure see Muscle Cells (Myocyte)
Biomechanical Organ[edit | edit source]
Muscle can be viewed as a biomechanical organ requiring the coordination between diverse factors both intrinsic (e.g., genetic) and extrinsic (e.g., environmental stressors, circulatory factors, etc.) to function normally, with each of these components cross talking. Abnormal molecular mechanisms can lead to disease and muscle research at many levels (genomic, molecular and mechanistic) is helping in the prevention and management of skeletal muscle health and disease.[3]
Immune Function[edit | edit source]
Research shows the importance of regular exercise and physical activity by boosting the body’s capacity to fight opportunist infections, and as a "medicine" to fight established diseases. This interaction is credited to glutamine, a non-essential amino acid made by the active skeletal muscle and used by rapidly dividing cells, including lymphocytes and monocytes/macrophages, as their main source of energy.[4]
Endocrine Organ[edit | edit source]
Skeletal muscle is now identified as an endocrine organ. Skeletal muscle releases myokines, which have the ability to regulate some physiological processes. Additionally skeletal muscle plays a large role in maintaining body homeostasis as it is responsible for greater than 3/4's of all insulin-mediated glucose use. Changes that may occur in skeletal muscle differentiation and function cause dysfunctional expression and secretion of myokines. These altered myokines contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and other metabolic diseases.[5]
Abnormalities[edit | edit source]
Many medical conditions occur due to abnormalities in skeletal muscles' function.
- These include myopathy, paralysis eg spinal cord injury, myasthenia gravis, urinary and/or bowel incontinence, ataxia, weakness, tremors, and others.
- Neuronal disorders can cause neuropathy and cause alterations in skeletal muscles function.
- Skeletal muscle/tendon ruptures also occur acutely and cause serious disability in patients regardless of how active they are.[1]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Frontera WR, Ochala J. Skeletal muscle: a brief review of structure and function. Calcified tissue international. 2015 Mar;96:183-95.Available:https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25294644/ (accessed 16.4.2023)
- ↑ Graham ZA, Lavin KM, O’Bryan SM, Thalacker-Mercer AE, Buford TW, Ford KM, Broderick TJ, Bamman MM. Mechanisms of exercise as a preventative measure to muscle wasting. American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology. 2021 Jul 1;321(7):C40-57.Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8424676/ (accessed 16.4.2023)
- ↑ Mukund K, Subramaniam S. Skeletal muscle: A review of molecular structure and function, in health and disease. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Systems Biology and Medicine. 2020 Jan;12(1):e1462.Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6916202/ (accessed 16.4.2023)
- ↑ Rogeri PS, Gasparini SO, Martins GL, Costa LK, Araujo CC, Lugaresi R, Kopfler M, Lancha Jr AH. Crosstalk between skeletal muscle and immune system: which roles do IL-6 and glutamine play?. Frontiers in Physiology. 2020 Oct 16;11:582258.Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7596683/ (accessed 17.3.2023)
- ↑ Feraco A, Gorini S, Armani A, Camajani E, Rizzo M, Caprio M. Exploring the role of skeletal muscle in insulin resistance: lessons from cultured cells to animal models. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2021 Aug 28;22(17):9327. Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8430804/ (accessed 17.4.2023)
