Search results

...th the [[Elbow Varus Stress|varus stress test]], this test can be repeated in varying degrees of elbow extension to test different portions of the MCL.<r == Evidence ==

...nt capsule, or to assess [[Shoulder Instability|glenohumeral instability]] in an anterior direction.<br> ...damentals for the evidence-based clinician. Buckner, Kentucky: Evidence in Motion</ref>.&nbsp; Patient apprehension from this maneuver, not pain, is consider

...nctioning normally it produces observable breathing mechanics of abdominal motion, anterior-superior chest expansion, and lateral rib expansion, commonly ref The Hi-Lo Test is used in the assessment of breathing pattern dysfunction, by the observation of abdo

== Evidence == ...tively elevates the arm in the scapular plane and then slowly reverses the motion.&nbsp; A positive test is defined as the patient experiencing pain during t

...ion of Breathing Pattern: Comparison of a Manual Assessment of Respiratory Motion(MARM) and Respiratory Induction Plethysmography. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeed ...relative to the overall lateral motion. Also, the therapist decides if the motion is predominantly upper rib cage, lower rib cage/abdomen or relatively balan

...f>Lindgren KA, Leino E, Manninen H. Cervical rotation lateral flexion test in brachialgia. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 1992 Aug 1;7 * The test is performed with the patient in a sitting.

...and with prolonged gripping or making a fist. Symptoms are most often seen in the ring and long finger.<ref name="text">Donatelli RA, Wooden MJ editors: ...wo tests, then capsular restriction at the PIP joint is implicated. If the motion increases when the MCP joint is flexed, then lumbricale muscle tightness is

...aspects related to wrist and hand function, residual deformities, range of motion and nerve complications. ...s://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1123382/ Colles' fractures. Functional bracing in supination]. The Journal of bone and joint surgery. American volume. 1975 A

...ject.&nbsp;This project was created by and for the students of Evidence in Motion, and is part of the Orthopaedic Manual Physical Therapy Fellowship.&nbsp; ...s use? Provide several case examples that illustrates each of the concepts in SINSS.

...e stage of burn recovery is to preserve and enhance the patient's range of motion. This is crucial for preventing contractures and ensuring optimal function ...ction, and the potential adverse effects of prolonged bed rest on range of motion and overall function (Schneider et al, 2012).

...pinal mechanics. Motion of the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar spine]] is assessed in all [[Cardinal Planes and Axes of Movement|planes]] including flexion, exte Table: Average Healthy Ranges of Motion Measured from Anatomic Position: Lumbar spine<ref>Learn muscles Motions of

...fundamentals for the evidence-based clinician. United States; Evidence in motion: 2008.</ref> <ref>Magee DJ. Orthopedic Physical Assessment: 5th Edition. St == Evidence ==

.... The McKenzie side glide test is an assessment of obstruction of movement in the frontal plane and can be provocation test for patients to determine a c ...w.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2646960/ McKenzie diagnosis and therapy in the evaluation and management of a lumbar disc derangement syndrome: A case

...Buckner, Kentucky: Evidence in Motion</ref>&nbsp; The test can be repeated in varying degrees of elbow flexion, but generally it is positioned between 5

...damentals for the evidence-based clinician. Buckner, Kentucky: Evidence in Motion</ref>. The therapist abducts the patient's shoulder to 90 degrees.&nbsp; Th == Evidence ==

...tt BC, Farhart PJ. The reliability of musculoskeletal screening tests used in cricket. Phys Ther Sport. 2008 Feb;9(1):25-33.</ref> ...m the wall to the tip of the big toe is recorded. The distance is measured in centimeters (cm) with each centimeter corresponding to approximately 3.6°

...Williams &amp; Wilkins, SPINE vol 37, Number 19, pp E1189-E1196 (level of Evidence: 1B)</ref>. .../pmc/articles/PMC4530222/ The anthropometric measurement of schober’s test in normal taiwanese population.] BioMed research international. 2015;2015.</re

...contact of structures resulting in [[Pain Mechanisms|pain]] or restricted motion is impingement<ref name=":1">Kyle P. Lavery, Kevin J. McHale, William H. Ro ...es, compensating for proximal malalignment, and substituting hand function in individuals with upper extremity [[Amputations|amputation]]/paralysis. <ref

...sh the patella backward against the [[femur]]. An increased patella waving motion or spongy joint feeling suggests the test is positive for joint effusion<re == Evidence ==

...acroiliac joint (SIJ) dysfunction. SIJ dysfunction can be a source of pain in the lower back and buttocks.<ref name=":0">Ribeiro RP, Guerrero FG, Camargo ...he PSISs was symmetrical or positive if one side moved more than the other in the cephalic and/or ventral directions . <ref name=":0" />

...s test. The version that provoked arm symptoms the best was with the neck in extension, lateral flexion and axial compression.<ref name="Anekstein et al In some resources there is reference to test A and B, these variations are bot

'''Continuous Passive Motion (CPM) therapy''' uses machines to move a joint passively i.e. without the p ...cs.] J Pediatr Orthop. 1990 Jan-Feb;10(1):120-3. </ref> CPM was introduced in the early post-operative period and was combined with physiotherapy for max

...damentals for the evidence-based clinician. Buckner, Kentucky: Evidence in Motion</ref> == Evidence ==

...motion segment. The C1-C2 motion segment accounts for 50% of the rotation in the cervical spine.<ref name="Hall 2008">Hall TM, Robinson KW, AkasakaK. In ...pecificity to detect the presence or absence of cervical joint dysfunction in neck pain and headache patients.<ref>Sandmark H, Nisell R. Validity of five

...and in a posterolateral direction to assess posterior instability. Normal motion anteriorly is half of the distance of the humeral head, more movement is co == Evidence ==

...educing pain, improving shoulder ROM, and decreasing functional impairment in patients with frozen shoulder. <ref name=":0" /> ...t of Spencer Technique on Pain, Range of Motion, and Functional Disability in Patients With Frozen Shoulder: A Pilot Study]. Cureus. 2024 Jan 30;16(1).</

...damentals for the evidence-based clinician. Buckner, Kentucky: Evidence in Motion</ref><br> == Evidence ==

# Range of Motion (arc of motion of the art. humeroulnaris) ...hen deciding the best post-operative treatment for example: the difference in prognosis between open and closed fractures when operated.

...uction of the uncrossed two-joints muscles of the leg to one-joint muscles in spastic conditions. Acta Chir Scand;1924;56:315-30.</ref>. The Silfverskiö ...(STJ) in neutral, forefoot is supinated and foot is dorsiflexed with knee in full extension. Measurement is taken of the DF range. Then the test is repe

...damentals for the Evidence-based Clinician. Buckner, Kentucky: Evidence in Motion; 2008.</ref>. ...legs over the edge and feet resting on the floor. While the patient rests in this position with the trunk muscles relaxed, the examiner applies posterio

...rder prominence, Coracoid pain and malposition, and DysKinesis of scapular motion)<ref>López-Vidriero E, López-Vidriero R, Rosa LF, et al. Scapular dyskine === Evidence ===

...pists use these as an adjunct to other treatment and management techniques in most situations.[[Image:Tens.jpg|thumb|right|200px|TENS Unit]] *[[Current Concepts in Electrotherapy|Current Concepts in Electrotherapy]]

...odontoid process relative to C1 is torn, C1 will translate forwards on C2 in flexion. ..., Kautiainen H. Active conservative treatment of atlantioaxial subluxation in rheumatoid arthritis. British J Rheum 1998;37:417-420.</ref> Cervical spina

...ch on maximal muscle performance: a systematic review.] Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise.Jan 2012 : 44(1) :154-164.</ref> It is a slow, controlle ...exercise session or main sport events can lead to decrease in performance in these subsequent events.<ref name=":1">I Shrier . [https://insights.ovid.co

...of exercises that were founded in the 1930s for people with low back pain. In comparison with the McKenzie back exercises that based on lumbar extension, # '''The Single Knee To Chest:''' The single knee to chest motion is done with the patient lying on a table or bed. They are then instructed

...patient in sitting or standing, the upper extremity to be tested is placed in 90° of shoulder flexion and 10-15° of horizontal adduction *The procedure is then repeated in a neutral shoulder and forearm position

...and inter-rater reliability and correlation with the flexion rotation test in normal subjects.] Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy. 2019 Mar 15;27( ...upper thoracic spine in complete flexion to localize rotation to the C1-C2 motion segment. Which can be painful for patients with lower cervical spine pain a

...lenohumoral joint. [[Scapular Dyskinesia|Scapular dyskinesis]] is a change in the normal positioning and movement of the [[scapula]] is linked to glenohu ...and quantifying the level of scapular medial border posterior displacement in overhead athletes.] International journal of sports physical therapy. 2011

...of abduction throughout the range of motion as well as a weak contribution in lateral rotation of the [[humerus]].<ref>Redondo-Alonso L, Chamorro-Moriana {{#ev:youtube| uskZIqThlb0|300}}<ref>Young Lae Moon. Shoulder motion with rotator cuff (supraspinatus). Available from: www.youtube.com/watch?v=

This position results in compression of the medial acromial facet against the distal clavicle to pro == Evidence ==

...stic test is to assess the presence of a full-thickness rotator cuff tear. In particular the ERLS is designed to test the integrity of the supraspinatus ...ys Med Rehabil 2008;89:1162-8.</ref>. The magnitude of the lag is recorded in degrees to the nearest 5°. The contralateral side serves as a control, esp

...ligaments|Test]] evaluates the integrity of the deltoid ligament and aids in determining the degree of instability after a medial [[Ankle Sprain|ankle s ...pist while the other hand holds the lower leg. While maintaining the ankle in a neutral position, the clinician applies an abduction force to the [[calca

...A. Mooar. A rationale for assessing sports activity levels and limitations in knee disorders. ''Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research'' 1989: 246: ...veral modifications to include other components that measure range of knee motion, joint effusion, tibiofemoral and patellofemoral crepitus, knee ligament su

The patient extends elbow as far as possible while either supine or in a standing position. The examiner will assess to whether the patient achiev ...sers' guide to the musculoskeletal examination. United States; Evidence in motion:2008.</ref>

...eir residency training. This project is a component of the capstone course in the EIM residency training. The EIM Residents were given an assignment to each produce two articles in Physiopedia.

...veloped by Robin McKenzie, he proposed in 1981, then published in his book in 2000 that "this method of assessment was equally applicable and effective f ...mechanical assessment is performed of the affected area, including ruling in or out of the spine as a source of the symptoms. Following the assessment,

...itis.’, International Journal of Rheumatic Disease 2011, 145-151 (Level of evidence: 1A)</ref>: *Increase range of motion

Scapular assistance test is used to assess scapular motion which may be linked to shoulder pain.<ref name=":2">Ribeiro LP, Barreto RP, It is a symptom alteration test in which the examiner assists the scapula into upwards rotation and posterior

...t can’t be performed because of pain or limited internal rotation range of motion of the shoulder. <ref name=":0">Dutton M, Magee D, Hengeveld E, Banks K, At ...nd shoulder extension. This unconscious compensatory movement would result in the elbow dropping behind the trunk. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

...rd. <ref name=":0">Cameron MH, Monroe LG. 2008. Physical Rehabilitation: Evidence-Based Examination, Evaluation, and Intervention. Elsevier</ref> ...oint planes and axes. It is also the zero position when measuring range of motion.<ref name=":0" /> Watch the 2 minute video (R) to get a grasp of the topic.

...d-Fwiw Normative adductor squeeze tests scores in rugby]. Physical Therapy in Sport. 2015 May 1;16(2):93-7.</ref> Groin injury is more likely to occur in individuals with adductor muscles weakness, especially [[Groin Strain|adduc

...s, it is aimed at health and rehabilitation professionals who are involved in assessment and management of rehabilitation. ...for the Understanding Basic Rehabilitation Techniques that will take place in September/October 2023.

...gles, which in rehabilitation settings refers to the measurement of angles in each plane at the joints of the body. ...nt, and then make sure the intervention is working by using the goniometer in subsequent sessions to assess the effectiveness of the intervention.

...g a downwardly directed force to the arm, the patient tries to resist this motion. This test is considered positive if the patient experiences pain or weakne == Evidence ==

This traumatic dislocation protocol will vary in length for each individual depending on the seven key factors and the arm d <u>Phase 1 - The acute motion phase</u>

...iteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...x.php?title=Fluctuation_test&action=edit&redlink=1 fluctuation test]&nbsp;(in which the examiner is placing his fingers of one hand near the apex and wit

...is intended to evaluate various hip disabilities and methods of treatment in an adult population. The original version was published 1969<ref name=":0"> ...urs|pain]], function, absence of deformity, and [[Range of Motion|range of motion]]<ref name=":1" />.

...Low Back Pain|Low back pain]] is a major clinical and socioeconomic burden in the global health sector .... 2010 http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/94673-overview#a0106 Level of evidence: D</ref> The annulus consists of 10-20 concentric fibrous rings, with fiber

...ist of a combination of medical signs,symptoms and other clinical findings in predicting the probability of specific disease or outcome are determined.<r To assist in the diagnosis of [[Cervical Radiculopathy|cervical radiculopathy]]..

...4. Level of Evidence 3B</ref>&nbsp;that is still used in clinical practice in certain settings round the world. This terminology (and use of the word syn ...of Orthopaedic &amp; Sports Physical Therapy, 2009 39(5):324–333 Level of Evidence 5</ref>. The dominant shoulder is most commonly involved (82%) and pain rad

Currently, tissue flossing is not strongly supported by high levels of evidence. Athletes, physiotherapists or practitioners that use tissue flossing techn ...e flossing on ankle range of motion and jump performance. Physical Therapy in Sport. 2017 May 1;25:20-4.</ref>

...re Kniepijn’, Afstudeeropdracht fysiotherapie HvU, 2005, p. 1-8. (Level of Evidence 2A)</ref> 4. Place the knee in 20° of flexion from full extension to avoid mechanical locking of the

...ontent/344086n229118604/fulltext.pdffckLRLevel of conclusion : 1B
Level of evidence: B</ref> ...arthrodesis_optech_b1000044c3009.pdffckLRLevel of conclusion : 3B
Level of evidence: D</ref>

...rehabilitation, activation and intensity, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, Jan;18(1):62-6</ref><ref name="gabel2013">Charles P. Gabel, Simon Me ...ng is relevant to prehabilitation, rehabilitation and desired improvements in skill based sporting achievement.

...similar problems that cause pain, local signs of inflammation, and loss of motion. * In both cases, bone forms in and around soft tissue (usually muscle).

...udy in developing a clinical prediction rule for the use of this technique in low back patients. #Patient lies relaxed in a supine position.

...fers to misalignment or abnormal movement of the SIJ, which can cause pain in or around the SIJ.<ref><span style="line-height: 1.5em;">Daniel L Riddle, J ..., “Evaluation of the ability of physical therapists to palpate intrapelvic motion with the stork test on the support side.”, Journal of American Physical t

...985 by&nbsp;Dr John W. House and Dr Derald E. Brackmann, otolaryngologists in Los Angeles.<ref name="p1">House JW, Brackmann DE (1985). "Facial nerve gra The scale is used to determine the severity of facial nerve dysfunction in people with [[Facial Palsy|facial palsy]].

The McCarthy Test is a clinical test used in the diagnosis of a hip labral tear. The shearing force-producing painful po ...um and the labrum. In normal hip joint biomechanics, the labrum is crucial in retaining a layer of pressurised intra-articular fluid for joint lubricatio

...But partial knee replacement is only an option for people with knee damage in just one place, either lateral, medial or the patella<ref name=":0">Health Partial Knee Replacement is also used for used in individuals with joint disease resulting from [[Rheumatoid Arthritis|Rheuma

...Diagnosis, and Treatment, Clin Sports Med. 2010 Apr;29(2):313-23 Levels of evidence : A</ref> ...f the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2010; 18: 546-556 Levels of evidence: A</ref> Further studies showed that the injury occurred more frequently w

...ley M, Proper S (2006). Correlation between Bankart and Hill-Sachs lesions in anterior shoulder dislocation. ANZ J Surg 76 (6): 436–8.</ref> ...of the bony glenoid fractures or breaks off. May lead to notable bone loss in the glenoid, a cause chronic instability.<ref>Facty Health [https://facty.c

...herapist assistant wanting to practice in Oklahoma must apply to the Board in writing.&nbsp; The form is prescribed by the Board and will request infomra '''Physical Therapists Licensed in another state'''

...nts with degenerative lumbar conditions. Phys Ther. 2005 Feb;85(2):120-33. Evidence level: 2a grade of recommendation: B</ref> ...connection between the lower extremity and the trunk, and typically works in a closed kinematic chain<ref>Hip Anatomy. (2017, June 6). ''Physiopedia,''

...ee movements combined result in a clinical pain provocation test to assist in diagnosis of pathologies at the hip, lumbar and sacroiliac region. <ref nam ...connection between the lower extremity and the trunk, and typically works in a closed kinematic chain.<ref>Hip Anatomy. (2017, June 6). ''Physiopedia,'

...ls presenting with acute-onset dizziness, [[vertigo]], [[nystagmus]], head motion intolerance, and nausea/vomiting, also known as acute vestibular syndrome ( ...s://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4593511/ HINTS to diagnose stroke in the acute vestibular syndrome: three-step bedside oculomotor examination mo

...osition Stand. American College of Sports Medicine 2009: 687-708 (level of evidence = 1A)</ref><br> ...gth enhancement manifests itself through enhanced neural function, changes in muscle architecture, increased muscle CSA&nbsp;and possible adaptations to

...ments in addressing movement system impairments.  While the use of 2D slow-motion video can facilitate this process, this technique is under-utilised.<ref na ...sed motion analysis use among sports physical therapists. Physical Therapy in Sport. 2021;50:159–65.</ref>

...rsiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ..., S., HAMMONDS, N., ‘Conservative treatment of a tibialis posterior strain in a novice triathlete: a case report’, The Journal of the Canadian Chiropra

...rris DM, Aquatic Rehabilitation for the Treatment of Neurologic Disorders .In: Cole AJ and Becker BE. Comprehensive Aquatic Therapy. 2nd edition. Philade Hydrotherapy is indicated in children with cererbal palsy. The main benefits of aquatic therapy are:&nbs

...ation: Fundamentals for the Evidence-Based Clinician. Buckner: Evidence in Motion; 2008.</ref><br> == Evidence ==

...f the spine with a [[Cobb's angle]] greater than 10 degrees, when measured in the coronal plane<ref>Choudhry MN, Ahmad Z, Verma R. [http://dx.doi.org/10. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is most common in those 11-18 years old<ref name=":0">Konieczny MR, Senyurt H, Krauspe R. [ht

...tures]] are common in the general population with relative propensity seen in contact-sport athletes (For example, boxers, football players) and manual l * Is a break in one of the five metacarpal bones of either hand.

...do not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!!</div> <div class="editorbox" ...sting. Phys Ther. 2008;88:43-49.</ref><ref name="p9">Huijbregts PA. Spinal motion palpatation: A review of reliability studies. Journal of Manual &amp; Manip

...ately by the [[Vestibular System|vestibular system]].  When the head is in motion or while walking on the streets, we are able to see the surrounding clearly ...VOR generates eye movements that enable clear vision while the head is in motion. The VCR acts on the neck musculature to stabilize the head. The VSR genera

...d the Modified Tardieu Scale are used clinically to measure [[spasticity]] in patients with neurological conditions. ...Modified Tardieu Scale (MTS) in the assessment of wrist flexor spasticity in patients with stroke: protocol for a neurophysiological study. BMJ open. 20

...iteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]]. This windlass mechanism is a mechanical model that describes the manner in which plantar fascia supports the foot during weight-bearing activities and

...can be used to assess '''sacroiliac joint''' dysfunction. It is best used in combination with other specific tests. A synonym is the Vorlauf test. ...f the Sacroiliac Joint. Physical Therapy. 1985; 65: 1671-1675fckLRLevel of evidence: C</ref>

...atients through various stages. There is no specialised training available in this approach. ...e several methods on rehabilitation of stroke patients however very little evidence is present.<ref>Ottosson A. Signe Brunnström’s Influence on US Physical

...used for detecting persons with unilateral peripheral vestibular deficits in 1988<ref>Halmagyi GM, Curthoys IS. A clinical sign of canal paresis. Arch N ...s on the target<ref>Kuo CH, Pang L, Chang R. Vertigo - part 1 - assessment in general practice. Aust Fam Physician. 2008;37(5):341-7</ref>.

...ints, and soft tissues to move through an unrestricted, pain-free range of motion. It involves the capacity of these structures to stretch, lengthen, and con ...luding genetics, age, activity levels, and previous injuries. The range of motion will be influenced by the mobility of the soft tissues that surround the jo

...nd [[User:Krista Dayton|Krista Dayton]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] Pain and symptoms localized in or around elbow. May present with neurological symptoms local or distant to

...ith diagnosing different types of WADs. It is also used to help clinicians in making treatment decisions for a certain severity of WAD. <ref name=":1" /> In 1995, upon development of the Classification model, the Quebec task force e

...10).<ref>Feipel V, Salvia P, Klein H, Rooze M. Head repositioning accuracy in patients with whiplash-associated disorders. Spine 2006;31:E51e8</ref> ...of cervical joint position error to balance and eye movement disturbances in persistent whiplash. Manual therapy, 11(2), 99-106</ref>

...iteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...oint]. British journal of sports medicine.1998; ''32''(1): 73-74. Level of evidence: 5</ref>

...pace that lead to pain and inflammation which in tern leads to difficulty in performing daily living activities.<ref name=":1">Cheung EV, Adams R, Morre ...300px]]The elbow joint is a synovial hinge joint. Three bones are involved in the articulation of the joint: the distal end of the humerus and proximal e

...ormed by the femoral head and the acetabulum of the pelvis. It is involved in flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, internal and external rotation, a '''Step 1.''' Patient is in supine position.

...y. [[Aquatherapy|Hydrotherapy]] is the delivery of physiotherapy treatment in an aquatic environment, utilizing the properties of water (density, buoyanc .../www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8047560 Comparison of the effects of exercise in water and on land on the rehabilitation of patients with intra-articular an

...ute tears frequently result from sports injuries where there is a twisting motion on the partially flexed, weight-bearing knee.<ref>[https://www.sciencedirec ...0.X1000-2</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Waldman,S.D. Painful conditions of the knee, in Pain Management Vol 1., 2007. Saunders. DOI <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.10

...aring the Lachman test, the anterior drawer sign, and the pivot shift test in acute and chronic knee injuries]. The American Journal of Sports Medicine 1 ...fundamentals for the evidence-based clinician. United States: Evidence in Motion; 2008.</ref>Theoretically, the anterior translation if less than 6mm. If it

...ntralateral). It is most visible when the patient is standing and corrects in an unloaded position such as laying down. ...rect the shift with a manual procedure<ref>May, S., & Donelson, R. (2008). Evidence-informed management of chronic low back pain with the McKenzie method. ''Th

...ingle traumatic injury<ref>Devilbiss Z, Hess M, Ho GW. Myositis Ossificans in Sport: A Review. Current sports medicine reports. 2018 Sep 1;17(9):290-5.</ Post-traumatic MO occurs in about 20% of cases reported with large muscle hematoma associated with cont

...th the wide anatomic differences and the variety of mechanisms of injury. In children, ...e to the body, resulting in a higher center of gravity and fulcrum of neck motion

...Camargo PR. Scapular kinematics pre–and post–thoracic thrust manipulation in individuals with and without shoulder impingement symptoms: a randomized co '''Range of Motion ([https://physio-pedia.com/Range_of_Motion ROM]):'''

...plying a downward force to the arm whilst the patient tries to resist this motion. == Evidence ==

...eports of patient harm from OMT in the cervical region have typically been in the practice of cervical manipulation. ...r insufficiency in patients with neck pain: manual therapy decision-making in the presence of uncertainty. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 35(5):300-306.</ref>

...ing, inflammation, or restriction”. It describes hands-on techniques used in rehabilitation to treat various conditions, such as: * passive range of motion

...iteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...ss of the functional integrity of a system which provides stability). Some motion is, of course, normal.

...;12(7):467. </ref> ''“Motion and posture analyses are effective tools used in diagnosis, therapy and prevention of musculoskeletal disorders”''.<ref na ...execution and identify [[Injury Prevention in Sport|injury]] risk factors in order to make the best decisions to reduce the patient’s recovery time an

*[[Template:EIM Fellow Project|Evidence in Motion Fellows Project]] *[[Template:QMU|Queen Margaret University Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice Project]]

...ncet. 2018 Jun 2;391(10136):2189-2190. </ref>. This approach is increasing in popularity<ref name=":2" />. ...ment|FAI]] is a common cause of [[Hip Pain & Mobility Deficits|hip pain]] in young people, and is caused by the of abnormal contact between [[Acetabulum

...ture-musculoskeletal-conditions-review.pdf</ref> However, physiotherapists in particular continue to utilise acupuncture as an adjunct treatment and have Used for facial pain, cervical spine and shoulder restricted range of motion, shoulder arthritis and arm/elbow pain.<ref name=":0" />

..., cervical spinal deformity and instability. Patients can be polysyndromic in their presentation, as well.<ref name=":0">Menger RP, Rayi A, Notarianni C. Image 1: [[X-Rays|X-ray]] showing fused cervical vertebrae as seen in Klippel–Feil syndrome

* [[Exercise and Activity in Pain Management|Analgesics]], ...recovery. This protocol emphasizes the importance of movement and exercise in the early stages of injury rehabilitation, along with the use of [[Pain Me

...rmance in female athletes: a randomized-controlled trial. Physical Therapy in sport. 2005 May 1;6(2):60-6.</ref> ...-019-09717-8 The critical role of development of the transversus abdominis in the prevention and treatment of low back pain]. HSS Journal®. 2019 Oct;15(

...iteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...valence, Mechanisms, and Return to Sport After Isolated Popliteus Injuries in Athletes: A Systematic Review. Orthop J Sports Med 2022.10(2): 232596712110

...iteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] Femoral [[Stress Fractures|stress fractures]] occur in two different regions namely:

A stick (of the right height, with a good ferrule and held in the hand on the opposite side of the worst affected hip or knee) can make a ...‘wear out your joints’ through activity is a dangerous myth, which results in many people becoming inappropriately disabled to the detriment of their gen

...on individuals suffer from MS in the USA alone and seems to be more common in individuals between 20-50 years of age. Women are also 3 times more likely ...rg&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed The effects of robot-assisted gait training in progressive multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial]. Multiple Sc

...keletal treatment targeting a specific area of the body could have effects in another, seemingly unrelated, part of the body<ref name="Wainner et al.">Wa *There is a growing body of evidence to support the treatment of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Low_Back_Pain Low

...nd loss of motion. A contracted muscle will absorb force better and result in a less severe injury. ...nosis and management of quadriceps strains and contusions. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2010 Oct;3(1):26-31. Available: https://www.ncbi.

A series of hop tests are routinely used in the assessment for return to sports post-injury, be it an ankle sprain, [[S ...he heel of the landing leg. The goal is to have a less than 10% difference in hop distance between the injured limb and uninjured limb.

Thoracic [[radiculopathy]] refers to a compressed nerve root in the [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic area]] of the spine. This is the least comm ...al., Physical &amp; Medical Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 2002 (evidence level 3B)</ref><br>

...ed efforts of occupational therapists, patients, and their families result in transformative outcomes—allowing individuals to regain lost abilities, ad ...369719/ Home‐and community‐based occupational therapy improves functioning in frail older people: A systematic review.] Journal of the American Geriatric

...t surgery—successes and obstacles to widespread adoption]. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2017 Jun;10:153-9. Available: https://www.ncbi.nl ...ilable:https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/treatment/artificial-disk-replacement-in-the-lumbar-spine/ (accessed 13.1.2024)</ref>

...rvous system.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> To date, MRT has been used in 28 countries including India, Australia, Germany, and the United Kingdom. ...eport.pdf Effect of Matrix rhythm therapy in B/L adductor muscle tightness in pediatric cerebral palsy: a case report]. J Palliat Care Med. 2018;9(1):1-3

...the vertebra directly above it. There are two facet joints in each spinal motion segment. ...h A. Winkelstein1. Spinal Facet Joint Biomechanics and Mechanotransduction in Normal, Injury and Degenerative Conditions. J Biomech Eng. 2011 July; 133(

...ocused on the contexts that the child will be actively playing and working in.<ref name=":0">Eskay, K. Cerebral Palsy General Assessment and Intervention ...t and bone deformity, functional loss and pain, and is the prime challenge in managing CP.<ref name=":2" /> A multi-factorial approach is used to combat

...lated rupture of the tendon of the subscapularis muscle. Clinical features in 16 cases]. The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume 1991 73- ...cuff]], which provide stability and strength to the shoulder joint during motion. The other 3 muscles include The [[Supraspinatus]], The [[Infraspinatus]],

[[File:Knee braces.png|thumb|Knee braces can be used to offload the joint in acutely painful arthritis]]Joint protection is a self-management approach&n ...increasingly people are&nbsp;referred for intervention and advice earlier in the disease process<ref name="cj" />.

...666. </ref> The main goal of neck collars is to prevent or minimise motion in the cervical spine. * the head in a comfortable gravity aligned position,

...the head and allow the motility of the head and the most important muscles in this region are 1) M. Sternohyoideus 2) M. Omohyoideus 3) M. Sternothyroide ...stic tests (MRI, CT, myelogram) that show a herniated or degenerative disc in the cervical region

...nship Between Generalised Joint Hypermobility and Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adults: A Large, Cross-Sectional, Case Control Comparison.] Front Psychiatr The Hospital Del Mar criteria have been mainly used in paediatric populations. Screening and clinical rheumatological settings may

...ral in form in the lumbar region, and only slightly developed in the neck. In the neck they are often considered part of the nuchal ligament.<ref>Wikiped ...mulation of interspinous ligament produces low back pain and referred pain in the lower limbs.This renders the interspinous ligament as an attractive sou

...iate effect of cervico-thoracic mobilization on deep neck flexors strength in individuals with forward head posture: A randomized controlled trial. Journ ...nual therapy that is used in an effort to reduce pain and improve range of motion<ref>Di Fabio RP . Efficacy of manual therapy. Phys Ther.1992;72:853–864.<

The phalen’s test is a provocative test used in the diagnosis of [[Carpal Tunnel Syndrome|CTS]]. This occurs when the media * numbness in the fingers (specifically the thumb, forefinger and a part of the middle fi

...do not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!!</div></div> Lumbar instability is a pathology of the spine in which there is abnormal mobility or an abnormal joint between two or more c

...a working diagnosis and also serves as an educational tool for the patient in helping them to better understand their condition, and to avoid the specifi ...tension is placed on both the flexors and the extensors of the wrist. The motion of lifting&nbsp;an object, aggravates the tension on the primary affected m

Medial epicondylalgia is usually seen in those ages 35-55.<ref name=":0">Dutton M, Dutton's Orthopaedic Examination, ...ang JF, Roquelaure Y, Study Group on Repetitive Work. Medial epicondylitis in occupational settings: prevalence, incidence and associated risk factors. J

...iteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]]. ...1.</ref><ref name="p2">Clover J. Sports Medicine Essentials: Core concepts in athletic training & fitness instruction. Cengage Learning; 2015 Feb 27.</re

...tabular impingement surgery: are we moving too fast and too far beyond the evidence? Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(12):782-4. </ref> ...R, Wright VJ. A review of femoroacetabular impingement and hip arthroscopy in the athlete. Phys Sportsmed. 2014;42(1):75-87. doi: 10.3810/psm.2014.02.205

...has been developed by Deborah Riczo, a physiotherapist and leading expert in the field of pelvic girdle pain. She has been teaching this method to physi '''''In the PGM method, it is important to screen the innominate first.'''''

...cise that requires putting a body part in a certain position that'll serve in the lengthening and elongation of the muscle or muscle group and thus enhan # Improves performance in physical activities as a result of improved flexibility

...Bieniek ML, Keirns M, Whitman JM. Some Factors Predict Short-Term Outcomes in Individuals with Shoulder Pain Receiving Cervicothoracic Manipulation: A Si == Evidence ==

...Most whiplash associated disorders are minor soft tissue injuries lacking evidence for fractures.<ref>Bragg KJ, Varacallo M. Cervical Sprain. Available from: ...I: Patient exhibits musculoskeletal signs which include decreased range of motion and point tenderness.

...crease in symptoms will begin to be evident. Use of the affected extremity in daily tasks is encouraged throughout rehabilitation to inhibit muscle guard ...affected the person suffering becomes inactive and hence disuse comes up. In order to prevent that and regain normal range of movement and flexibility t

...scular and Genetic Disorders|Congenital]] torticollis (CMT) is a condition in infants commonly diagnosed at or soon after birth. The term torticollis is * Torticollis in infants is most commonly caused by CMT<ref>Amaral DM, Cadilha RP, Rocha JA,

...[Plica Syndrome|patellar plica]]. <ref>Hattam P, Smeatham A. Special Tests in Musculoskeletal Examination. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2010.</ref>< ...t is considered the most problematic causing up to 40° and 80° impingement in knee flexion. <ref name=":0">Abrahams, S., Kern, J.H., 2001. Anterior knee

...arfoush M, Padua L, Coppola G, Sandrini G, Serrao M. Upper body kinematics in patients with cerebellar ataxia. The Cerebellum. 2014 Dec;13:689-97.</ref>. ...ethod for directional instability and loss of balance. It can be summed up in 5 steps:

...om [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University's Evidence Based Practice Project]] ...acture is a benign, progressive disease of the palmar fascia which results in shortening, thickening, and fibrosis of the fascia and aponeurosis of the p

...Examination of the scaphoid; Journal of Hand Surgery, volume: 13A, 657-60. evidence level: F ...hift in the Uninjured Wrist; Journal of Hand Surgery, volume: 19A, 604-606 evidence level: C</ref><br>

Born and raised in Oklahoma&nbsp; Works in a factory&nbsp;

...prediction rules]] (CPRs) are a set of criteria that a patient should meet in order to be placed into a specific treatment group.   ...oping rehabilitation programs for patients unspecified with low back pain. In this type of system, patients are categorized according to general presenta

...the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar spine]] this approach is now well established. In the management of non-specific [[Back Education Program|low back pain]] the ...name=":1" />.Changes in the alignment of the lumbar spine have been noted in subjects with flexion-related lumbar pain<ref name=":1" />.

...orthoses]] (AFOs). They are designed for patients with extensive weakness in the lower limbs. The purpose of these complex orthoses are to: Two types of complex orthoses will be discussed in this page: the knee-ankle-foot orthosis (KAFO) and the hip-knee-ankle-foot

.../onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ccr3.4637 Developmental outcomes in a child with corpus callosum abnormalities and congenital heart disease aft ...mprove motor developmental delay caused by central nervous system disorder in children aged three months and above. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6">Cueva

...sory and motor assessment, with the most recent revised edition published in 2011. The impairment scale involves both a motor and sensory examination to ...nsation and motor function as tested with the ISNCSCI are graded as normal in all segments, and the patient had prior deficits, then the AIS grade is E.

...towards the appropriate training programs. The LESS is also used to assist in deciding return to sport for patients that have undergone anterior cruciate ** 2 cameras at 1 meter height (At 10 feet in front of the landing area and at 10 feet to the right of the landing area)

...articles/PMC7750824/ The Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Concept in Parkinson Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.] Journal of Chiro ...activity or participation.<ref name=":0">Adler SS, Beckers D, Buck M. PNF in practice : an illustrated guide. Heidelberg: Springer Medizin Verlag; 2014.

...k J. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7082248/ Cerebral palsy in children: a clinical overview]. Transl Pediatr. 2020 Feb;9(Suppl 1):S125-S1 ...67/4/4/30 Overview of four functional classification systems commonly used in cerebral palsy]. Children (Basel). 2017 Apr 24;4(4):30. </ref>

...of types of orthotic and prosthetic options are available, there is little evidence supporting one over the other, making achieving desired outcomes challengin .... The tibialis anterior tendon had become increasingly tight and prominent in the absence of resistance from extensor and lateral muscle groups resected

...53846456305189</nowiki></ref> Physiotherapists, therefore, play a key role in the management of these patients. ...peripheral symptoms, it may not be clear if their pain is due to pathology in the lumbar spine or not. It is, therefore, essential that physiotherapists

...|pelvis]], increased flexion of the hips, and a compensatory hyperlordosis in the lumbar spine. ...sversus associated with either increased or decreased superficial activity in the obliques and rectus.<ref name="Ishida" />

...Arthrosc Rehabil Technol. 2015;2(1):27–30.</ref> The rotator cuff muscles, in their role as [[Dynamic Stabilisers of the Shoulder Complex|dynamic stabili ...ator cuff]] provides active stability through a full range of [[shoulder]] motion, including flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, and internal/external ro

...eta‐analysis. Eur J Pain. 2020; 24(9): 1687-702.</ref> The headache begins in the neck or occipital region and can refer to the face and head. The specif ...h CGH, it is important to be able to clearly identify the symptomatic area in the upper cervical spine. Areas to assess are the:<ref name=":0">Kaplan A.

...Injuries of the Hand|distal extensor tendon ruptures]]. Either one results in an inability to extend the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint. * Results in the inability to extend the distal phalanx

...ia Appelmans|Tania Appelmans]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...Clinical orthopaedics and related research. 1981 Jul 1;158:59-69. Level of evidence: 1A</ref>^&nbsp;That process can lead to pain, loose body formati

...particularly evident with overhead and cross-body activities. It is common in middle-aged individuals due to degeneration to the fibrocartilaginous disc ...e patients are asymptomatic, and they may present as an incidental finding in shoulder [[X-Rays|X-Ray]] or [[MRI Scans|MRI.]] <ref name=":1">Chaudhury S,

...stural assessment as part of the screening process is relevant as there is evidence of correlations between injury and posture.<ref name=":1" /> Abnormal [[Pos ...Pelvic Tilt|pelvic tilt]]. This alters the position of the spine resulting in a [[Low Back Pain Related to Hyperlordosis|hyperlordosis]], which then shut

...sshatched [[collagen]] fibres that cover the [[Back Muscles|back muscles]] in the lower [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] and lumbar area before passing thro ...e that surrounds the lower portion of the torso, playing an important role in [[posture]], load transfer and [[Muscles of Respiration|respiration]]. <ref

== Gait Deviations in Children with Cerebral Palsy == ...f>Wren TA, Rethlefsen S, Kay RM. Prevalence of specific gait abnormalities in children with cerebral palsy: influence of cerebral palsy subtype, age, and

...Hillin]], [[User:Rick Wetherald|Rick Wetherald]]&nbsp;as part of the Texas Evidence Based Practice Project. ....1.2023)</ref> It usually results in shoulder pain with decreased range of motion. Diagnosis is made by shoulder x-rays, with visible signs of calcium deposi

...ge]] for further information, or proceed to Step 2 below to understand the evidence.<br> There is low quality evidence available. Definitive recommendations cannot be made from this research.

...T. Fractures of the Calcaneus. In: Saxena, A. (eds) International Advances in Foot and Ankle Surgery, London:Springer. 2012. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10. ...Physiol Ther. 2009;32(1):41-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2008.09.014. (level of evidence 1A)</ref>

* Muscle tension in the [[Chronic Neck Pain|neck]] and shoulders * Discomfort in the [[Thoracic Anatomy|mid back]]

...vibration can have a summative effect, with other pain control strategies, in reducing behavioral and physiological pain responses.<ref>Butler D, Moseley In vibration therapy, the stimulation of muscle spindles and alpha-motor neuro

...of onset is 50 years<ref name="Mulier et. al" />, with rare cases reported in children<ref name="Stanford">Stanford University. Proliferative Myositis. A ...auser ''et. al'' in 2008, approximately 100 cases of PM had been published in the literature<ref name="Fauser et. al" />.&nbsp; According to Jassar and K

Once any signs of [[Red Flags in Spinal Conditions|potentially serious disease]] are excluded, the physiothe ...pulative Therapy. 2008 Oct 1;16(4):217-24.</ref>. One reason the outcomes in the literature may be less than impressive is that many of the studies look

* '''Mobilizing exercises''' to increase or maintain range of motion. ...g VT, Mowinckel P, Norli ES, Kjeken I. Effect of home-based hand exercises in women with hand osteoarthritis: a randomized controlled trial. Annals of th

* In evaluating and treating these fractures positioning the patient with thumb * The articulation is saddle-shaped&nbsp;which allows greater motion. <ref name=":0">C. Brownlie. Bennett Fracture Dislocation: Review and Manag

...n provocation test which stresses the [[Sacroiliac Joint|SIJ]] structures, in particular, the posterior SIJ ligament, to attempt to replicate patient’s ...nt causes forward pressure on the sacrum. An increased feeling of pressure in the sacroiliac joints indicates a possible sacroiliac lesion and /or a spra

...nals worldwide. A page on Physiopedia should be informative, based on best-evidence practice, and contain links to relevant media resources. ...onjunctions (and/but/for). Try not to use ACRONYMS alone as titles, except in parentheses. Example: [[Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)|Anterior Cruciate

...f distal radius fractures: a detailed survey on a large sample of patients in a suburban area]. J Orthop Traumatol. 2022 Aug 30;23(1):43. </ref> ...volar lock in plate screws. It was developed by Australian hand therapists in conjunction with orthopaedic surgeons.<ref name=":0">Thorn, K. Introduction

...igament injuries, the ulnar fovea sign was 95% sensitive and 87% specific. In detecting longitudinal split tears of the ulnotriquetral ligament, the ulna ...tile in a symptomatic patient who has no other clear evidence of pathology in the wrist and who continues to suffer pain despite affective nonsurgical in

...range of shoulder disorders, is commonly advocated to address dysfunctions in mobility, posture, muscle activation, proprioception and strength and is su == The Evidence ==

...ndation study (2010). [https://www.kff.org/other/event/generation-m2-media-in-the-lives-of/ www.kff.org/entmedia/upload/8010.pdf] (Accessed 20 June 2012) ...09;21:107–113</ref>The level of game from simple to difficult is reflected in advancing game levels and the complexity of movements required can also be

...g the [[pelvis]], [[sternum]], [[scapula]], or [[cartilage]] of long bones in the extremities. ...be either slow-growing and form spontaneously, or due to malignant changes in a preexisting (secondary) bone tumour.<ref name="p1" /><ref name=":0">Radio

...rsiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-Based Practice Project]] Any joint in the [[Ankle and Foot|ankle]], [[Foot Anatomy|foot]] and toes can be affecte

..., surgeons use materials such wires, cords, and plates to hold the sternum in place. To promote normal healing and prevent sternal complications, patient === Supporting Evidence ===

...Triceps]] tendon injuries are an uncommon clinical entity poorly described in the literature. Management of triceps [[Tendinopathy|tendinopathies]] depen ...eficits on examination, surgery should be considered. Based on the current evidence, there are no clear guidelines for “best” surgical approach.<ref name="

...rsiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...g and internal/external rotation) outside the initial plane of the scapula in order to follow the changing shape of the thorax as arm movement occurs.

...entralisation is highly specific to discogenic pain and positive SIJ tests in these patients should be ignored.<ref name="laslett 2006" /> ...thritis]], sciatica, or other forms of [[Rheumatoid Arthritis|rheumatism]] in SIJ.

...ects of manipulations to the cervicothoracic junction on clinical outcomes in patients with [[Rotator Cuff|rotator cuff]] pathology. ...houlder impingement and/or rotator cuff pathology. The quality of evidence in this area is limited and further research is warranted to determine the ext

...nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2941578/ Posterior knee pain.] Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2010 Oct 1;3(1-4):3-10.</ref> ...astrocnemius]] and the hamstring complex are two sets of muscles important in posterior knee anatomy. The hamstring muscle group consists of the medially

...interaction between the scapula and the humerus, first published by Codman in the 1930s. <ref name="p4">Codman EA: The Shoulder,Boston: G.Miller &amp Com ...ref name="Cathcart">Cathcart CW: Movements of the shoulder girdle involved in those of the arm on the trunk. J Anat Physiol 1884; 18:209-218.</ref>

...t Williams and Wilkins Health. Page 26.</ref> After three weeks of matched evidence-based intervention, Ms.&nbsp;X demonstrated a clear positive response with ...ost of the therapists and patients/households in the outpatient department in question.

...iteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] MDT was introduced in 1981 by '''Robin McKenzie''' (1931–2013), a physical therapist from New Z

...https://escholarship.org/content/qt69r5p7g6/qt69r5p7g6.pdf?t=mprzjp Images in Emergency Medicine: Subtalar Dislocation]. Western Journal of Emergency Med ...ocations, and are known as acquired club foot, it happens when the foot is in plantarflexion and the lateral collateral ligaments are under stress when t

...py practice including diagnosis, assessment and interventions for hip pain in adults. ...t between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis. It moves in 3 different axes led by [[Functional Anatomy of the Hip-Muscles and Fascia|

...includes: falling from a height, forceful plantar flexion of the ankle (as in jumping with an extended knee), or using the foot to break a fall if you st ...ysiotherapists will continue to see them for post-operative rehabilitation in their clinics.

...iu KC. [https://sci-hub.se/10.1093/ptj/pzz097 Current low-cost video-based motion analysis options for clinical rehabilitation: a systematic review]. Physica ...to improve objectivity and reduce bias and subjectivity that are inherent in human observation”.<ref>Hendricks S, Till K, Den Hollander S, Savage TN,

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a heterogeneous, non-progressive neuromotor disorder in an immature brain that affects movement and posture.<ref name=":2">Peterson ...0.3389/fneur.2021.738921/full Cerebral palsy: new developments]. Frontiers in Neurology. 2021;12.</ref>

...irect.com/science/article/pii/S0020138310007552 Acute knee dislocation: An evidence based approach to the management of the multiligament injured knee]. Injury ...formation the anatomy and kinematics of the knee. This background will aid in understanding knee dislocations better.

...or an applicant who has not previously held an interim or temporary permit in Washington or another state, may be eligible for an interim permit upon sub (2) Evidence of having obtained a physical therapy degree from a board approved school;

...="p2">Russek LN. Hypermobility Syndrome. Physical therapy . 1999 (Level of Evidence: 2C)</ref>The primary symptom is excessive laxity of multiple joints. <ref ...s Erythematosus]], and [[Marfan Syndrome]].<ref name="p3" /> HMS may occur in chromosomal and genetic disorders such as Down syndrome and metabolic disor

...vances. It is used to supplement or facilitate rehabilitation by assisting in the repetitive labor-intensive manual therapy that is normally administered ...Posteraro F, et al. Recovery of hand function with robot-assisted therapy in acute stroke patients: a randomized-controlled trial. Int J Rehabil Res [In

...[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11688591/ Examining diagnostic tests: an evidence - based perspective.] Phys Ther 2001; 81(9):1546-1564.</ref> == Diagnosis in Physical Therapy Practice ==

...6/ General practitioners miss disability and anxiety as well as depression in their patients with osteoarthritis]. Br J Gen Pract. 2000 Aug 1;50(457):645 ...19)</ref>. Primary glenohumeral osteoarthritis is more common in women and in patients over the age of 60<ref name=":1" />.

*Most people with non-specific neck pain experience a large decrease in pain and disability during the first 6-7 weeks after first noticing the pai **Average decrease in pain intensity: from 62/100 at the start to 34/100 after 6-7 weeks

...nd [[User:Sherin Mathew|Sherin Mathew]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] ...of all major joint dislocations being the most regularly dislocated joint in the body.

...op&needAccess=true isk and associated factors for hemiplegic shoulder pain in people with stroke: A systematic literature review. Physical Therapy Review For more in-depth reading on the anatomy, clinical characteristics and presentation of

...do not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!!</div><div class="editorbox"> ..., MacAuley D. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14754753 The use of ice in the treatment of acute soft-tissue injury: a systematic review of randomize

...iew/3757/3533 Muscle Energy Technique for Sacroiliac Joint Dysfunction--An Evidence Based Practice.] Indian Journal of Physiotherapy & Occupational Therapy. 20 == Evidence for Muscle Energy Technique in the Management of Pelvic Girdle Dysfunction ==

...ar]] motion. This muscle is able to pull the inferior angle of the scapula in various directions, producing movements on the [[Glenohumeral Joint|shoulde ...terior view|right|frameless|500x500px|Latissimus dorsi muscle (highlighted in green) - posterior view]]

...omy]]A craniotomy is an operation where a part of the [[skull]] is removed in order to perform surgery on the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]]<ref>Brain & Spine F A craniotomy may be used in the treatment and/ or diagnosis of a number of conditions including<ref>Joh

...ique in which the therapist does all the work, MET is an active technique in which the patient is also an active participant. MET is based on the concep ...rioceptors located in and around the joints and muscles respond to changes in muscle tension and length, which helps manage muscular control and coordina

...le-Joint Exercises. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine. 2002;1(4):200.</ref> In a closed kinetic chain, this part is stabilised. Both types of kinetic chai ...superior ability to isolate specific muscles. This feature proves valuable in targeted muscle rehabilitation and training for sports that rely on open ch

...nal assessment can be done including both upper-limb, lower-limb and trunk in order to evaluate the patient potential to carry out activities such as tra === Active Range of Motion (AROM) ===

...nee pain or tenderness, locking of the knee, or limitation of the range of motion during knee flexion. <ref name=":0">1. ...ery for hypermobile lateral meniscus in adults: Restriction of paradoxical motion. J Orthop Sci [Internet]. 2018;23(6):1000–4. Available from: <nowiki>http

...toe walking: A systematic review]. Gait Posture. 2019 Jan;67:181-6. </ref> In children aged two or under, toe walking is generally considered a normal ga ...aniz53y71u1s.cloudfront.net/documents/idiopathic-toe-walking-pdf-new-9.pdf Evidence-based Clinical Care Guideline for Management of Idiopathic Toe Walking]. Ci

...an increase in resting energy expenditure and metabolic demand, a decrease in the [[Strength Training versus Power Training|strength]] and power output t ...of muscle proteins into the interstitial space, and circulation and a rise in muscle temperature.<ref>Fatouros IG, Jamurtas AZ. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih

...Davis; 2016 Nov 18.</ref><ref name=":4">Reese NB, Bandy WD. Joint Range of Motion and Muscle Length Testing-E-book. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2016 Mar 31.</r ...nd the length range of active force exertion—a narrative review. Frontiers in Physiology. 2021:1677.</ref>

...son has a pes planus or an over-pronated foot, which can cause compression in the sinus tarsi. Some characteristics are pain at the anterior lateral side ...instability of the subtalar joint due to ligamentous injuries that results in a synovitis and infiltration of fibrotic tissue into the sinus tarsi space.

...ntio. SIGN 108, A National Clinical Guideline, Edinburgh, UK, 2008.</ref>. In addition to widely applicable pharmacological treatment for acute stroke, e ...The role of long-term physical activity in patients who have had a stroke in the prevention of further stroke is less clear.&nbsp;

* It causes an increase in neuronal activity, cognitive function, and synaptic plasticity. <ref name=" * It improves the physical performance of healthy athletes in terms of muscle strength, agility, flexibility, and vertical jump height. <

...axillary nerve and the posterior circumflex humeral artery. Fibrous bands in this space are commonly thought to be the cause of compression. One study s ...der is most often affected, and the syndrome is reported to be most common in active people age 20-40.<ref name=":0" /> QSS can be caused by anything tha

...nct muscles and their tendons, which provide strength and stability during motion to the shoulder complex. They are also referred to as the SITS muscle, with ...e is a bursa which covers and protects the muscle and tendons, as they are in close contact to the surrounding bones.

...wards. In an attempt to compensate for this effect, the individual engages in a lateral tilt of the trunk away from the affected hip. Consequently, the c ...in total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty, 1996; 11 (2): 174-179 Level of evidence: 1b</ref> '''The superior gluteal nerve''' arises from contributions from

...rcises: [[Plank exercise|plank]]; [[Abdominal Muscles|abdominal]] drawing in maneuver (Figure 2). [[File:Drawin.jpg|alt=|right|frameless|492x492px]]The * In order to protect the back, ideally we want to create 360 degrees of stiffne

...of the leading causes of shoulder pain. It can lead to lost workdays and, in some cases, even disability. ...ion more effective in chronic subacromial bursitis?." Medicine and science in sports and exercise 45.12 (2013): 2205-2213.</ref> This shows that bursae d

...mputer hardware and software to present users with opportunities to engage in environments that appear and feel similar to real-world objects and events� ...Brief Review of the Development of Telerehabilitation and its Application in Patients of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res 48(2)-

...that is caused by the rapid division of chondroblast cells which are found in the epiphysis of long bones. They have been described as calcified chondrom ...and ribs. It can also occur in the patella, tarsal bones, and occasionally in craniofacial bones.

...006 Feb;26(4):320-4. Epub 2005 Jun 29</ref>.(Level of evidence 5, Level of evidence 1B) <br> ...ry, 2014. (level of evidence 4)</ref>&nbsp;(Level of evidence 2B, Level of evidence 4)<br>

...nd [[User:Yuliya Bugera|Yuliya Bugera]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] '''Top Contributors' ...gers. It is associated with pain, reduced grip strength, loss of range of motion (ROM), and joint stiffness leading to impaired hand function and difficulty

...injury<ref name=":0" /> are some factors that impact recovery and outcomes in rehabilitation post-ankle injury. According to Lin et al.,<ref name=":2">Li ...plications outside the ankle joint. It can affect an individual's range of motion, balance, movement pattern, proprioception, and muscle strength.<ref name="

...elibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01417.x Current trends in stroke rehabilitation. A review with focus on brain plasticity]. Acta Neuro ...anding from first-and third-person perspectives: an fMRI study]. Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience. 2018 Nov 22;12:283.</ref>. This helps the planning

There are two sets in each finger (except in the thumb, which has only one joint) ...ome minor differences in how the palmar plates are attached proximally and in the segmentation of the flexor tendon sheath, but the major differences are

* be as specific as possible in your assessment and treatment ...e following: avoiding specific postures, reduced / painful active range of motion, sensitivity on neurological testing. Common treatments are manual therapy,

...in this project and earn accreditation for your contributions, please get in touch!</div> <div class="editorbox"> ...radual stretching of the tendon as it heals. A heel wedge may also be used in patient's with fixed platar flexion deformity to increased base of support

...s://www.vox.com/2016/8/8/12404556/rio-olympics-2016-cupping-michael-phelps-evidence Michael Phelps using cups]]] ...gold medal winner, was seen with cupping marks in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil in 2016<ref name=":0">Musumeci G. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/30

...ual of Sports Injuries: An Illustrated Guide to the Management of Injuries in Physical Activity]. Wiley Blackwell. 2012. p 1-24. </ref> A sprain is usua ...H, MacAuley D, Matheson G and Mæhlum S. (2012). Treating Sports Injuries. In Bahr R. (Ed). The IOC Manual of Sports Injuries. Wiley Blackwell 2012.p 25-

...4dXUy5MFRAuYo29TIkQugAkPzg Scar Management in Hand Therapy–is our Practice Evidence Based?.] The British Journal of Hand Therapy. 2005 Jun;10(2):40-6.</ref> ...n a cosmetic and emotional distress. They frequently develop in areas rich in blood supply like the ear lobe or the presternal area.

...keletal disorders, Medical Clinics of North America;Elsevier,2010.Level of evidence: 3A ...3B</ref><ref name=":6">Hurst J.W., Morris D.C., Williams B.R. “Chest Pain” in patients with costochondritis or Tietze's syndrome, Wiley-Blackwell, 2001,

...sis and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders by identifying dysfunctions in movement patterns.<ref name=":0">Riebel M, Crowell M, Dolbeer J, Szymanek E ...ical movements patterns, as the root cause of a painful problem. This will in turn, help guide a treatment plan to restore pain-free movement and functio

...iteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...t blow to the medial malleolus. Or, they present with years of involvement in athletics with a pronated foot.<ref name="William M. Geideman">Geideman WM,

...used such as computer simulations, measurements and mathematical modelling in various sports and exercises. ...ce of explaining how and why the human body moves in the way that it does. In sport and exercise, that definition is often extended to also consider the

...do not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!!</blockquote> ...tanding, at rest and in motion.<ref name=":2">Dutton M. Hip Joint Complex. In: Dutton, M editor. Dutton's orthopedic examination, evaluation, and interve

...raspinatus muscle activity during throwing motion and physical examination in baseball players with throwing disorder.] Isokinetics and Exercise Science In the scapula-spine distance test, the distance from the medial edge of the s

...rospective, open study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of hylan G-F 20 in knee osteoarthritis subjects presenting with pain following arthroscopic me ...lasticity of the synovial fluid can recover.<ref name="p1" /> This results in improved pain control, articular function and mobility.<ref name="p4" />

...neural repair. 2002 Sep;16(3):232-40.</ref>. It is applied clinically and in research to determine disease severity, describe motor recovery, and to pla The scale is comprised of five domains and there are 155 items in total:

...itland Approach]], they can be used to describe assessment techniques used in a variety of approaches. ...specifically target one’s treatment, it is necessary to assess individual motion segments.

..., Melbourne, 1991, Churchill Livingstone.</ref> and a further modification in position of each joint is done as "sensitiser". The ULTT's are equivalent t ...lder problems. Physiotherapy, 1982; 68: 66-73.</ref>. If pain is provoked in the very initial position, then there is no need to add further sensitisers

...(DOMS) also known as 'muscle fever'. It is a sore, aching, painful feeling in the muscles after unfamiliar and unaccustomed intense exercise. '''DOMS''' ...lements. 2019 Apr 26:1-4.</ref>. This structural disruption has sufficient evidence by histologic studies, electron microscopic examinations and serum enzyme l

...n Academy of Orthopaedic surgeons, nov.-dec. 2001, vol. 9, n°: 6, 389-400. Evidence level: 2A</ref><ref name=":1">Roald Bahr, Sverre Maehlum. Clinical Guide To ...w, forearm and wrist injuries in athlete. Sports Med, 25(2):115-130, 1998. Evidence level: 2C</ref>

...ss.com/articles/neurorehabilitation/nre228012 Vestibulo-ocular dysfunction in mTBI: Utility of the VOMS for evaluation and management–A review]. NeuroR ...ted with a 6.4-times greater risk, relative to any other on-field symptom, in predicting protracted (>21 days) recovery.<ref>Lau BC, Kontos AP, Collins M

...from a neutral position i.e. Subtalar joint neutral to a relaxed position in standing (Fig. 1).<ref name="Vinicombe et al 2001">Vinicombe A, Raspovic A, ...ormed in reverse, i.e. measuring from relaxed position up to talar neutral in standing postion. Many clinicians also choose to perform this test by marki

...ilable from https://www.practo.com/healthfeed/physiotherapy-for-astronauts-in-zero-micro-gravitational-environments-39184/post [Last accessed 4 December ...ypotension while returning to the earth<ref>Convertino V.A. et al. Changes in the size and compliance of the calf after 30days of stimulated microgravity

...i.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7336189/pdf/eor-5-334.pdf Prognostic factors in ankle sprains: a review.] EFORT Open Rev. 2020 Jun 1;5(6):334-338. </ref> T ....nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7745493/pdf/WJO-11-534.pdf Acute ankle sprain in athletes: Clinical aspects and algorithmic approach]. World J Orthop. 2020

...s/medicine-and-dentistry/manual-therapy Manual therapy.] InPain Procedures in Clinical Practice 2011 Jan 1 (pp. 573-596). Hanley & Belfus. Available from ...also encompasses, and is driven by, the available scientific and clinical evidence and the [[Manual Therapy#Biopsychosocial|biopsychosocial]] framework of eac

* Sore spots that are sensitive to pressure - there are primarily located in muscles * Pain is mostly in a specific area and it has a clear epicentre

...orts Science and Medicine. Reference Reviews. 2007 Sep 25;21(7):50-.</ref> In essence, it is the extent to which a part of the body can be moved around a ...atient assessment.<ref name=":0">Norkin CC, White DJ. Measurement of joint motion: a guide to goniometry. FA Davis; 2016 Nov 18.</ref>

...and [[User:Wendy Matson|Wendy Matson]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] ...essary surgeries associated with long recovery period should be beneficial in specific clinical scenarios<ref>Rebolledo BJ, Dugas JR, Bedi A, Ciccotti MG

...were first described by Elvey<ref>Elvey RL: The investigation of arm pain. In Boyling JD, Palastanga N (eds): Grieve’s modern manual therapy: the verte ..., Whitman JM. Users' Guide To The Musculoskeletal Examination. Evidence in Motion; 2008.</ref>

...understanding of cervical anatomy is critical to physiotherapists working in this region. An understanding of this anatomy is essential for assessment a * Transverse foramina – holes in the transverse processes. They give passage to the vertebral artery, vein a

...vailable [[Thoracic Examination|here]], but specific questions to consider in the subjective assessment include:<ref name=":0">Bell-Jenje T. Assessment a ** Is there stiffness for a prolonged period in the morning?

...plates. The medial proximal [[tibia]] fails to develop normally, resulting in genu varum.<ref>Erkus S, Turgut A, Kalenderer O. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. ...causing chondrocytes and delaying in epiphysis ossification. The increase in medial load with obesity usually lead to genu varum.<ref name=":0" />

...cur predominantly in the younger population because their bodies are still in development.<ref name="Hart" /><strike><br></strike> Upper extremity fractures are more common than lower extremity fractures in children.<ref name="Hart" />

...or a variety of musculoskeletal pathologies. However, quality research and evidence-based practice recommendations are extremely lacking with regard to thrust = Evidence Summary Table =

...></ref>. This outcome measure has been reported to be responsive to change in acute stroke and can be used by healthcare professionals to track the progr STREAM is intended for use in the acute, subacute, or chronic stage of a patient’s stroke rehabilitatio

...rsiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...ankle which mostly occurs at the lateral aspect of the medial malleolus or in the foot where avulsion fractures are common at the base of the [[Metatarsa

.../ref>Despite well-known risks of cervical manual therapy, it is one of the evidence based strategies used commonly for cervico-cranial pain.<ref name=":1">Kerr ...rtery are smaller in comparison to the stretches produced during range of motion and diagnostic stretching . <ref name=":0" />

Physiotherapists who work in the field of paediatrics provide support and treatment services to the paed ...4ykElSXlReU|250}} <div class="text-right"><ref> Physical Therapist - A Day in The Life. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4ykElSXlReU [las

...condition in which all acting forces are cancelled by each other resulting in a stable balanced system.&nbsp; == Variation in Terminologies ==

...identify your patient. Otherwise, proceed to Step 2 below to determine the evidence. <br> *The evidence regarding the use of manual therapy and exercise for the treatment of neck

...Syndrome Picture Wikipedia.jpeg|right|frameless|alt=|Compartment syndrome in leg]] ...is increased pressure within a closed osteofascial compartment, resulting in impaired local circulation. Without prompt treatment, acute compartment syn

...d actions that allow the infant to interact with people, things and events in their environment.<ref name=":8">Versfeld, P. SfA Infant Perceptual Motor D ...hing and grasping: The development of manual skills in infancy. InAdvances in psychology 1989 Jan 1 (Vol. 61, pp. 223-258). North-Holland.</ref>

...Ultrasound-guided aspiration and corticosteroid injection of Baker's cysts in knee osteoarthritis: a prospective observational study. American Journal of The cyst can exercise pressure on some anatomical structures, in most cases, the affected anatomical structure is the popliteal vein. Which

...iteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...heumatism 2009 Apr 1 (Vol. 38, No. 5, pp. 361-365). WB Saunders. (Level of evidence: 2B)</ref>. Also, peripheral entheses may be affected: peripatellar ligamen

...ciplinary challenge.] Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2013 Apr;110(16):278-84 (Level of evidence 2A)</ref><br>A difference exists between subjective and objective tinnitus. ...omized controlled study. J Psychosom Res. 2010 Sep;69(3):299-304 (Level of evidence 1B)</ref>

...rapy compared with conventional rehabilitation in upper extremity function in stroke survivors.] Australian occupational therapy journal. 2017 Apr;64(2): ...ttps://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/8/3712 Haptic-enabled hand rehabilitation in stroke patients: a scoping review.] Applied Sciences. 2021 Jan;11(8):3712.<

...n though has a long history of practice it has been consistently advocated in the literature to be practiced routinely after the [[COVID-19|SARS COVID-19 ...020]</ref><ref>CDC CDC confirms person-to-person spread of new coronavirus in the United States. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.cdc.gov/media/releas

...posterior view|right|frameless|500x500px|Supraspinatus muscle (highlighted in green) - posterior view]] ...7/s10195-013-0271-x Supraspinatus rupture at the musculotendinous junction in a young woman.] Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology 2014;15(3):231-4.<

...t. The transverse section of the shaft of the humerus is somewhat circular in shape which gets more flattered as it descends down to meet the distal end ...ea & Febiger; 1878.</ref> The brachial artery which commonly gets involved in supracondylar fracture of humerus lies along the anteromedial aspect of the

...on the right and the other one on the left side. It is the only long bone in the body that lies horizontally. ...e the ones that have been found to provide arterial supply to the clavicle in previous studies. <ref>Hyland S, Charlick M, Varacallo M. [https://europepm

...is or isthmus of the vertebra. It represents a weakness or stress fracture in one of the bony bridges that connect the upper with the lower facet joints It has been confirmed several times in literature that the thoracic spondylolysis is not as common as cervical or

...w=chart</nowiki>.</ref> limitations and difficulties of treating neck pain in the Caribbean. ...mained unchanged but there are now five private practice clinics available in the north part of the island with the number of registered physiotherapists

...knee amputation which resulted in poor wound healing and another infection in his residual limb. He required debridement of the wound and 3 months after *He lives in a two storey house with his wife and has no intention of moving.

...unction with the anterior tibiofibular ligament and holds the fibula tight in the incisura fibularis tibiae. The deep part of the posterior ligament is a ...mosis. In many countries ankle instability is the most common ankle injury in the world of sport. Ankle instability can be the result of tibiofibular syn

...ty or gait conditions.<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":7" /> In-toeing typically resolves with skeletal maturity. However, out-toeing can b In newborns, internal femoral torsion of up to 40° can be considered typical.

...e gender issue: epidemiology of ankle injuries in athletes who participate in basketball. ...f the ankle joint, which explains why the majority of ankle injuries occur in this position.

...rudnicki, Jaroslaw & Kubicz-Chachurska, Małgorzata. (2011). Rehabilitation in lower extremities fractures treated with intramedullary nailing. 15. 21-27. ...Ye SX, Zhang X, Fan SC. Intramedullary nailing for femoral shaft fractures in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Feb 2;2018(2):CD010524. doi: 10.10

...cal question. This step correlates with the Ask component of the 5 'A's of evidence-based practice. ...formation on the evidence-based practice steps, please see: [[Defining the Evidence Based Practice Decision-Making Model]].

...CA. Rehabilitation of Elbow Injuries: Nonoperative and Operative. Clinics in Sports Medicine. 2020 Jul 1;39(3):687-715.</ref> With the translation of clinical information obtained in the assessment of an elbow injury, it is wise to consider the following quo

...Foot and Ankle Surgery. 2022 Aug 18.</ref> found significant heterogeneity in the literature on classification systems for lateral ankle sprains.<ref nam ...emorrhage, no point tenderness, no loss of function, decreased total ankle motion by ≤ 5 degrees, presence of swelling ≥ 0.5 cm.

...ndicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations within three planes. Example: supination involves inversion, inte .... The capsular pattern is "the proportional motion restriction in range of motion during passive exercises due to tightness of the joint capsule."

...Gesthuizen|Yelena Gesthuizen]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...amp; Joint Surgery, December 1978, vol. 60, no. 8, p. 1113-1116. (Level of Evidence 1B)</ref>

...olumn to cushion the bones as the body moves. Ligaments hold the vertebrae in place, and tendons attach the muscles to the spinal column. The cervical sp ...ndicular to the cardinal planes. Therefore, motion at these joints results in rotations within three planes. Example: supination involves inversion, inte

...19078 Randomised controlled trial of exercise to prevent shoulder problems in women undergoing breast cancer treatment: study protocol for the prevention ...TA. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36419084/ The bone-muscle connection in breast cancer: implications and therapeutic strategies to preserve musculos

...de 2011.png|right|frameless]]The most common cause of death and disability in the western world and worldwide is coronary artery disease<ref name=":0">Oj ...recurrent infarctions and have an annual death rate of 5% - six times that in people of the same age who do not have coronary heart disease.<ref name=":1

...l look at popular methods of electrotherapy and the evidence to support it in the use of knee conditons specifically.&nbsp; Pulsed shortwave therapy is an electrotherapy modality that is used in practice, and there are 2 types off effects suggested.

...ing on a body and the changes it produces in body motion.<ref name=":0" /> In terms of this, there are skeletal, muscular and neurological considerations ...is applied, to either support the performance of athletes or solve issues in sport or [[Therapeutic Exercise|exercise]]:&nbsp;

...o lead to osteophyte formation and cartilage loss, but now modern advances in technology show otherwise. The etiology of spine osteoarthritis is now theo ...] change. eg Chondrocytes have a limited number of replications, resulting in the inability to maintain and repair the cartilage extracellular matrix. Ad

== Evidence of Benefits of Physical Activity == ...ubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16534088/ Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence]. Can Med Assoc J 2006;174(6):801-09</ref>.

...living with HIV is highly beneficial as physiotherapy plays a vital role in optimization of life. As [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]] lead ...l therapy and rehabilitation. Physical rehabilitation plays a major role in maintaining physical, mental and social health. <ref name=":2">Brown D. [ht

...do not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!!</blockquote>'''Original Edit ...do not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!!</blockquote>

...yngol Otol 2007; 121:449-454</ref> In many situations, the range of motion in the foot can be used to compensate for a disruption of equilibrium. If the ...ssive stretching: Pilot study of children and youth with sever limitations in self-mobility. Pediatr Phys Ther 2003; 15:167-175</ref>

...x]]Of all the patients who are dealing with low back pain, it appears that in approximately 28 to 40% of these cases, pain is caused by a discogenic affl ...n et al. Intervertebral disc, sensory nerves and neurotrophins: who is who in discogenic pain? J Anat. 2010 July; 217(1): 1–15. </ref>&nbsp;

...herapy Guidelines for Assessment and Treatment of These Structures. Topics in Compan An Med; 29, 1: 1–5. </ref> ...t stabilise the head of ribs 2 to 9 and sometimes the head of the 10th rib in the costovertebral joint.

...herapy; 1996; 1; 149-153</ref><ref name="p3">Jeanette A. Mitchell; Changes in vertebral artery flow following normal rotation of the cervical spine; Jour ...name="p1" /><ref name="p3" /><ref name="bbb" /> of the brain. This results in dizziness, nausea, syncope, dysarthria, dysphagia, and disturbances of the

...dition of International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD)] is an in-depth hierarchical classification of headaches containing explicit diagnost ...nguer T, González ÁA, Vicente-Herrero T. Effectiveness of Physical Therapy in Patients with Tension-type Headache: Literature Review. ''J Jpn Phys Ther

...owever, it is important to remember that the pelvic floor plays a key role in childbirth.<ref name=":0">Afolabi I. Childbirth and the Pelvic Floor Course The term “pelvic floor in birth” refers not only to the pelvic floor muscles, but to the entire [[O

...https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25833901/ The epidemiology of groin injury in senior football: a systematic review of prospective studies]. British journ ....gov/23407439/ Advancing hip and groin injury management: from eminence to evidence]. 2013</ref> The current understanding of [[Hip Anatomy|hip joint]] patholo

...idence suggesting that dysfunction at the hip may be a contributing factor in PFPS.<ref>Meira EP, Brumitt J. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P ...d Hip Strengthening or Traditional Knee-Based Strengthening More Effective in Patients With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome?] A Systematic Review With Meta-

...when the tendon that attaches the quadriceps muscle (a group of 4 muscles in the front part of the femur) to the [[patella]] or kneecap tears. The quadr ...es causes extension of the lower leg. The rectus femoris also plays a role in hip flexion. A rupture of this central tendon drastically hinders knee exte

...y to the specific tissue involved unlike the superficial [[massage]] given in the longitudinal direction parallel to the vessels which enhances circulati In addition to finding the correct location, the massage must also be given th

...d rehabilitation of these injuries is necessary for a satisfactory outcome in the patient with a flexor tendon injury. ...injuries in the hand and wrist: a 10-year population-based study. Clinics in orthopedic surgery. 2014 Jun 1;6(2):196-202.</ref>

...ditors - '''Laurien Henau&nbsp;as part of the Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project. * A bone bruise is differentiated from the alternative fracture types in that only some of the trabeculae are broken.<sub><ref name="p9">Janice Pola

...escribes clinical conditions of tendons that arise from [[Overuse Injuries in Sport |overuse]]<ref name=":0" />. It can be further classified as tendinos [[Tendon Anatomy | Tendons]] enable joint motion and stabilization through force transmission of tensile loads produced by m

...cribed as a degeneration of the lumbar vertebrae. If this condition occurs in the zygapophysial joints, it can be considered facet syndrome. It Encompass * Degenerative changes can be seen on radiographs but are common in all ages, making diagnosis challenging.

...anadian Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviour Guidelines were released in January 2011 by the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology (CSEP) and rep ...has endorsed these new guidelines and Participation has played a key role in their promotion and dissemination. All the guidelines are available [http:/

...o not often play a significant role in the management of forelimb injuries in horses. These injuries tend to require veterinarian management. However, eq Questions to include in the subjective interview are:<ref name=":1">Legg K. Physiotherapy Assessmen

...ects have been contributing to the growth of Physiopedia since it launched in 2009. ...It was a great experience for learning how to contribute to our profession in a very accessible way.” Anonymous student feedback, [https://www.bellarmi

...AP, Luchies CW, et al. Early biomechanical markers of postural instability in Parkinson’s disease. Gait Posture. 2009;30:538–542</ref>.<br> == Typical Gait Pattern in Parkinson's ==

...577.pdf Prediction Model for Various Treatment Pathways of Upper Extremity in Tetraplegia.] Front Rehabil Sci. 2022 Jun 30;3:889577. </ref> Prevention mu # Innervated upper limb muscles in C6 spinal cord injury are:

...t 13.8 injuries per 1000 A-E in games, and about 4.0 injuries per 1000 A-E in practice.&nbsp; ...tive equipment. In: Nicholas JA, Hershman EB, editors. The Upper Extremity in Sports Medicine. St.Louis, MO: Mosby; 1995</ref>.&nbsp;

...ogether the research evidence and highlight what best practice ought to be in selecting these different approaches <ref name="Pollock">Pollock A, Baer G, ...inical guidelines that provide a comprehensive review of all the available evidence to date for multidisciplinary management of individuals post-stroke <ref na

...do not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!!</blockquote> ...ion, oedema and connective tissue extensibility. Thermotherapy can be used in rehabilitation facilities or at home. <ref name="Hurley">Hurley MV, Bearne

...iteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...y of the patella to be translated out of the trochlear groove of the femur in a passive manner. Moreover, patellofemoral instability can be a symptom, wh

...Journal of Orthopadic Sports Physical Therapy. 2007;37(6):290-302.</ref>. In 2012, Low Back Pain Clinical Practice Guidelines were published.<ref name=" * Describes evidence-based physical therapy practice, including diagnosis, prognosis, interventi

...rsiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...le pain associated with weightbearing. Impaired function, limited range of motion, stiffness, catching, locking and swelling may be present. These symptoms p

...o the spheroid shape of the glenohumeral joint but this (i.e. a large ball in a small socket) renders it prone to dislocation and other injuries.<ref>Rad ...ce, allowing the greatest [[Range of Motion|range of motion]] of any joint in the body.<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2">Veeger HE, Van Der Helm FC. [http

<blockquote>The mnemonic L-M-N-O-P-Q-R-S-T highlights the key areas to cover in a patient history.<ref name=":1" /></blockquote>'''L: location of symptoms ...oms can help you develop hypothetical diagnoses based on which tissues are in the area. Remember to first consider if radiating symptoms are coming from

...ears, significant progress has been made in the field of injury prevention in multiple sports. However, there is an ongoing debate on our ability to trul * [[Range of Motion|Range of movement]]

...In PLRI, the proximal radius and ulna externally rotate together as a unit in relation to the humerus (Figure 1), causing posterior subluxation or disloc ...help prevent posterolateral laxity of the elbow. If a patient is deficient in one or more of these key supporting structures, they may be predisposed to

...i P, Mobasheri A. [https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/16/3/6093 Osteoarthritis in the XXIst century: risk factors and behaviours that influence disease onset ...face area when the facets are brought into contact with one another during motion, and slide during flexion of the joint to cover articular surfaces exposed

...ersus Conventional Therapy on Spasticity Reduction and Upper Limb Function in Tetraplegic Patients]. Asian Spine J. 2021 Aug;15(4):498-503. </ref> ...city management. These strategies can help to maintain upper limb range of motion and facilitate function.

...juries are classed as overuse injuries and relate to faulty [[Biomechanics In Sport|biomechanics]]. The most common swimming injury regions are the shoul ...mc/articles/PMC3435931/ Epidemiology of injuries and prevention strategies in competitive swimmers]. Sports health. 2012 May;4(3):246-51. Available from:

...iteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...rnet] 2021 Jul 25. StatPearls Publishing.</ref>It is common in men who are in their 30's and 40's<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><br>

...) bone tumor.<ref name="p8" />&nbsp;In &gt;50% of cases, the lesion occurs in the metaphysis and diaphysis of the long bones, particularly the femur and ...eoid osteomas are the 2nd most common benign primary bone tumors resulting in 10-12% of all benign tumors.<ref name="p1" />

...d [[cytokines]] and [[enzymes]] develop, furtherer damaging the cartilage. In the final stages of OA, the cartilage wears away and bone rubs against bone [[File:Osteoarthritis in the Hip.jpg|thumb|219x219px|OA hip]]

A Romanian Deadlift (RDL) is a deadlift in which the body is bent at the [[Hip|hips]] and the [[Knee|knees]] are not b ...] and the erector spinae muscles. When these muscles are strong it results in a decreased risk of both sporting and general injury.<ref>Melbourne osteopa

....springer.com/article/10.1007/s00415-020-10228-4 Vestibular rehabilitation in Europe: a survey of clinical and research practice]. Journal of neurology. * Decrease the patient’s motion sensitivity

[[File:Woman in high heels.jpeg|right|frameless|350x350px]] ...e inversion injuries, and [[osteoarthritis]]. There can also be deviations in foot and [[Ankle Joint|ankle]] kinematics, kinetics, knee and hip flexion,

...of arthritis of unknown cause, where symptoms last for more than 6 weeks, in individuals aged under 16 years at the time of onset.<ref>Rigante D, Bosco JIA ranges in severity. It affects the joints, as well as other structures such as the ey

...c encephalopathy can occur due to a cardiopulmonary arrest. LAS can occur in patients who suffer a cardiorespiratory arrest, subsequently regain consci * Despite advanced practices in [[Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation|cardiopulmonary resuscitations]], the outco

...iteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] * Centrally placed in the posterior compartment of the forearm

...iteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...ty<ref name="p1">English S, Perret D. Posterior knee pain. Current reviews in musculoskeletal medicine. 2010 Oct 1;3(1-4):3-10.</ref>, as well as to diff

...001.0698 Risk factors associated with the development of plantar heel pain in athletes]. The foot. 2001 Sep 1;11(3):119-25. ...qOQE Coexistence of plantar calcaneal spurs and plantar fascial thickening in individuals with plantar heel pain]. Rheumatology. 2019 Feb 1;58(2):237-45.

...er.<ref name=":1">Howell, D, Gait Deviation Associated with Pain Syndromes in the Pelvis and Knee. Gait Analysis. Plus. 2022</ref> ...ty.<ref>Ataullah AHM, De Jesus O. Gait Disturbances. [Updated 2021 Feb 7]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 J

...it indicates an abnormal condition caused by a little bone posterolateral in the knee joint. Posterolateral knee pain can be associated with the presenc ...unctionally, the fabella is believed to have a role similar to the patella in redirecting extension forces of the knee joint from one point to another wh

* For people with hip arthritis, physiotherapy may assist in conditioning and obtaining endurance of the surrounding muscles that suppor ...18.70 per 100,000 persons. The burden of hip osteoarthritis has increased in almost all countries over the past 30 years, this increasing trend is exp

Whether you identify as a student, clinician or researcher having confidence in what you use as a professional is important. Clinicians and researchers us ...-Herold C. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/030802260506800803 An Evidence-Based Approach to Choosing Outcome Measures: A Checklist for the Critical A

...and integrative veterinary medicine as well as nonclinical ancillary roles in canine care such as exercise physiology, athletic training, and others. can ...tionality, improving physical abilities, and promoting optimal performance in working dogs and canine athletes.<ref>Ronald B. Koh, Janice Huntingford, [h

...ment''' falls within manipulative therapy - a group of techniques that aid in pain relief and restoration of function<ref>Vicenzino B, Collins D, Wright ...lossing is also seen by some as a stretch, they are generally more dynamic in nature.<ref name=":0" />

...the thumb. The CMC joint of the thumb, or TMC joint plays a critical role in the normal [[Hand Function|functioning]] of the thumb. It is the most impor * Narrowing of the joint space as in stage 3

...are elicited and important conditions are not missed. Information gathered in this process can help guide decisions about the need for special tests or i ...e from the [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral joint]]. Movement also occurs in the [[Acromioclavicular Joint|acromioclavicular (a.c.) joint]], [[Sternocla

...rauma<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" />. In recent literature, it can also be referred to as  Morel-Lavallée seroma o ...al Therapy Rehabilitative Approach in Improving Activities of Daily Living in a Patient With Morel-Lavallée Syndrome: A Case Report]. Cureus. 2022 Sep 2

In principle, any of the structures within the lumbar spine that receive inner ...in is reduced and the patient experiences symptomatic relief. This results in gentle mobilisations being used for pain relief while more forceful, deeper

...State University Evidence-based Practice Project|Texas State University's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...referred to as cervical dystonia or spasmodic torticollis, is a condition in which the [[Muscle|muscles]] that control the neck are locked into a sustai

...://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23243113/ 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091941. Erratum in: Br J Sports Med. 2013 Feb;47(3):184. PMID: 23243113].</ref>. *Symptoms in 3 or more of the following symptom categories:

...eeds to conduct a thorough subjective assessment of the vestibular patient in order to determine the nature and potential cause of his / her symptoms. Th * Fixation in primary and eccentric gaze

...accompanied by vertebral rotation in the transverse plane and hypokyphosis in the sagittal plane. Cases of scoliosis can be categorised as: ...he age of 3. This category represents about 1% of all idiopathic scoliosis in children with about 60% of those diagnosed being male<ref name=":0">Koniecz

...ed with this injury, cuboid syndrome remains a poorly understood condition in both athletic and non-athletic populations,therefore it is a often mistreat ...this population.<ref name=":1">Marshall P, Hamilton WG. Cuboid subluxation in ballet dancers. The american journal of sports medicine. 1992 Mar;20(2):169

== Value Added Practice and Considerations for Enhancement in Migrant Care == ...mplete activities, either as standalone or in a care chain as difficulties in context allow, for patients and the care team monitored by clinical practi

...nd then progress to the next position so your runner does not have to move in and out of too many positions.<ref name=":1" /> ...assess any imbalances, weaknesses or changes in gear that need to be made in order to optimise their training and prevent injury.<ref name=":1" />

...). 2020 Jan 7(155):e60412.</ref><ref name=":4" /> The aim of physiotherapy in a NICU setting is to limit these negative neuroplastic changes through calm ...tion in the NICU may alter neuroplasticity and reorganisation of the brain in preterm infants.<ref name=":2" /> The theory behind neonatal therapy is thr

<blockquote>"The best available evidence supports a classification approach that de-emphasizes the importance of ide These classifications are discussed in more detail here: [[Treatment-based Classification System for Low Back Pain

...|pain]] in the area of the metatarsophalangeal joints. This is often seen in clinical practice, the deformity and pain can deteriorate gait function and ...lp form the [[Arches of the Foot|arches of the foot]], which are essential in both weight-bearing and walking.<ref name=":3">https://www.kenhub.com/en/li

...t secondary complications such as swelling and contractures from occurring in addition to developing tenodesis function.   In the first days following injury, immobilization results in structural changes to the muscle characterized by:

...lance. <ref>Das SP, Ganesh GS. Evidence-based approach to physical therapy in cerebral palsy. Indian journal of orthopaedics. 2019 Jan;53(1):20.</ref> ...uality of life of the child and their family who have a major role to play in the process.&nbsp;<ref name="Gunel">Günel MK. Physiotherapy for children w

...the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...as a whole, together with surrounding postural muscles and allow cervical motion. They also provide proprioceptive information throughout the spinal nerve s

...the scarring tissues prevent the production of spinal fluid in that area. In some cases, the scar tissue calcifies and is then termed Arachnoiditis Ossi ...sease may also lead to arachnoiditis. This may result in blood penetration in the subarachnoid space causing inflammation<ref>Arachnoiditis: What it is,

...Z M. 28 Medial: Flexor-Pronator Tendon Injury. Shoulder and Elbow Injuries in Athletes: Prevention, Treatment and Return to Sport. 2017 Oct 17:461.</ref> ...dialis''' and '''pronator teres'''. But large diffuse tears can also occur in the palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor carpi ulnari

...rsiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...mioclaviculaire luxatie, huisarts &amp; wetenschap, november 2010(level of evidence 5)</ref>

Exercise and Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT)-BIG in moderate stage Parkinson's Disease: a case study ...ced parkinsonism. His confidence has improved, and he is much less worried in general than during his initial assessment.

...004 Oct 1;8(4):297-306.</ref> Dysfunction in one can lead to a dysfunction in the other (co-dependency). ...n&#x20;humans Respiratory effects of the scalene and sternomastoid muscles in humans]

...and behave. It is not designed to remove any problems but help manage them in a positive manner <ref name="Beck 1995">Beck, J., 1995. Cognitive Therapy: ...er, the main evidence today focuses on CBT, after the merging of BT and CT in the late 80’s <ref name="Roth 2005">Roth, A., Fonagy, P. “What works fo

...lative Physiol Ther, 15(2), 93-102.</ref><ref name=":2">Laslett M, (2008). Evidence-Based Diagnosis and Treatment of the Painful Sacroiliac Joint. J Man Manip ...symptoms. However, Laslett (2008) does not suggest any timings or changes in force.

...daal D, Van Den Bekerom MP. Physical examination of the elbow, what is the evidence? A systematic literature review. British journal of sports medicine. 2018 O ...ref name=":6">Vicenzino w, Scott A, Bell S, Popovic N. Elbow and arm pain. In: Brukner P, Clarsen B, Cook J, Cools A, Crossley K, Hutchinson M, McCrory P

...k J. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7082248/ Cerebral palsy in children: a clinical overview.] Translational pediatrics. 2020 Feb;9(Suppl ...of CP during the first 1-2 years of life. During this time period, delays in development can be part of normal variation and may resolve. A more reliabl

...decision‐making tool is evidence‐informed and where there is insufficient evidence, expert‐informed. It is not intended to replace the clinician’s clinica ...in collaboration with the authorship team to support the information found in the toolkit.

...result in secondary complications secondary to excessive sweating, changes in blood pressure and inability to tolerate heat and gastrointestinal symptoms ...,]] and lacerations.<ref>Ginny, G, Chapter 18 - Peripheral Nerve Injuries. In Editors: Cameron, MH and Monroe, LG. Physical Rehabilitation, W.B. Saunders

...oad and leads to tearing of the fibers. It is a contraction-induced injury in which muscle fibers tear due to extensive mechanical stress. This mostly oc ...on is separated from the muscle belly or the muscle belly is actually torn in 2 parts. Severe swelling and pain and a complete loss of function are chara

...d pain gradually worsening with increase in pain and reduction in range of motion (ROM) and it's getting difficult to use crutches also affecting her activit ...ction, fracture, cancer. She had no sudden or abnormal weight loss, change in appetite, fever, fatigue, breathing problems, problem with urination. She r

...on. 2008 Nov 1;89(11):2048-56.</ref> reported an improved clinical outcome in patients with chronic sacroiliac region pain, through directing the [[Thera ...s useful to detect early inflammation and soft tissue pathology of the SIJ in patients with [[Spondyloarthropathy--AS|spondyloarthropathy]].<ref name=":2

...a M, Gill TJ, Li G. Function of posterior cruciate ligament bundles during in vivo knee flexion. Am J Sports Med. 2007 Sep;35(9):1507-12. doi: 10.1177/03 ...cur when a flexed knee is subjected to a posterior force while the foot is in plantar flexion<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Senese M, Greenberg E, Lawre

...is available [[Introduction to Cervicogenic Headaches|here]]. Dysfunction in the upper cervical spine is recognised as the source of CGH.<ref name=":0"> Common trapezius referral patterns are shown in the video below.

...do not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!!</blockquote> ...imus muscle is responsible for hip extension, which is the action involved in the Ober test.

...f Relationship between capabilities of upper extremity and quality of life in chronic spinal cord injury]. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Ed ...r neurological classification of spinal cord injury: revised 2019]. Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation. 2021;27(2):1-22.</ref> </blockquote>

...Stimulation with External Shoulder Support during Routine Daily Activities in Patients with Post-Hemiplegic Shoulder Subluxation]: A Randomized Controlle ...ulder subluxation in post-stroke hemiparesis: a systematic review]. Topics in stroke rehabilitation. 2018 Jan 2;25(1):68-81.</ref>.

...n diaphragmatic function. This article discusses the role of the diaphragm in detail and how mechanical ventilation affects it. It offers examples of bre ...tive effects of diaphragmatic breathing on physiological stress reactivity in varsity athletes.] Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology. 2018 Mar 1;12(1):2

...e of this condition when there is ''restriction'' in the sagittal plane of motion.<ref name=":1">Finch R. Hallux Rigidus. Plus Course 2023</ref> This article ...o the sesamoids. They stabilise and centralise the extensor tendons during motion.

...neurological disorder. The cases of CTS are on the rise as its incidence in the working population can reach 8%.<ref name=":10">Joshi A, Patel K, Moham ...ws in musculoskeletal medicine. 2020 Apr;13(2):141-7.</ref> Symptoms occur in the thumb, index finger, middle finger and the radial half of the ring fing

...Aug;52(8):1863-1877.</ref>. Thus, runners have sought numerous strategies in hopes of reducing injury and running faster. One strategy is to run without ...that running in minimalist shoes is linked to higher running-related pain in the ankle, knee, calf and shin <ref>Knapik JJ, Orr R, Pope R. Update on Min

...1360-8592(20)30148-0/fulltext#secsectitle0040 Role of fascial connectivity in musculoskeletal dysfunctions: A narrative review.] Journal of Bodywork and ...myofascial chains of the upper limb,<ref name=":0" /> which are described in more detail below:

...en S. The role of paraspinal muscle spindles in lumbosacral position sense in individuals with and without low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000 Apr ...cle spindle concentrations in large and small human epaxial muscles acting in parallel combinations. Am Surg. 1986 May;52(5):273-7.</ref>The smaller inte

...ith ADL, IADL, mobility, regulate emotions, reduce pain/edema, sensitivity in residual limbs and improve overall cognitive ability. Pt has potential to i KP is a 45 y/o women war veteran. KP lives with her husband, Sam, in a two-story house with no elevator. They have no children or pets. They liv

...Physical Therapy , pp. 218-224. Level of evidence: 2b</ref>&nbsp;(Level of evidence: 2b) ...s of 20 repetitions instead of three sets. Patients can experience fatigue in the posterolateral hip region when they are performing the internal hip rot

...and [[User:Nick Tainter|Nick Tainter]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] ...te 10 percent of the total power in [[shoulder]] abduction when the arm is in external rotation<ref name=":11">Varacallo M, Mair SD. [https://www.ncbi.nl

Physiotherapy has an important role to play in the management of pain and dysfunction around the elbow joint. Physiotherap ...is individualised to the specific problems and contributing factors found in the assessment.

...tionnaire for the assessment of severity of symptoms and functional status in carpal tunnel syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1993; 75: 1585-1592</ref> ...ies, such as buttoning, writing, and ADL tasks evaluated for a typical day in the past 2 weeks. <ref>Von der Heyde R, Droege K. Fundamentals of Hand Ther

...cle Strength Testing|muscle strength]], limited [[Range of Motion|range of motion]], and [[Cognitive Impairments|cognitive]] decline could adversely affect t ...-in-adults merican Heart Association recommendations for physical activity in adults and kids. Retrieved August.] 2018;23:2020.</ref>.

...ed one of the most complex joints in the body. It plays a significant role in dental occlusion and the neuromuscular system.<ref name=":0">Chang CL, Wang ...condyle (Figure 1).<ref name=":0" /><ref>Starr CL, McGrew C. TMJ Disorders in Athletes. Current Sports Medicine Reports. 2023 Jan 1;22(1):10-4.</ref>

...iming and activation of dynamic stabilisers are the most important factors in achieving functional stability.<ref name=":11" /> ...the body becomes off-balance, the muscles respond by counteracting changes in the centre of gravity. However, if imbalance persists, the completion of ea

...php#Author_Info Is there a role for the Girdlestone resection arthroplasty in modern orthopedic trauma surgery? Case series from a medically underserved The first documented surgery of this kind, in 1928, involved radical excision of the femoral head and neck to drain the t

Olecranon bursitis is a condition in which there is an [[Inflammation Acute and Chronic|inflammation]] of the [[ .../pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8894865/ Septic and non-septic olecranon bursitis in the accident and emergency department--an approach to management]. Emergenc

Lower limb amputations for people brought a considerable decrease in the performance of their activities and without proper management by health ...n team, together with the amputee and his/her carer(s)to gain independence in ADL(activities of daily living) was key to success.

...y|cervical]] region (neck), 12 in the thoracic region (middle back), and 5 in the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar region]] (lower back).   ...en-in-our-bodies/ Collagen] Available from:https://www.peptan.com/collagen-in-our-bodies/ (last accessed 27.1.2020)</ref>

...iteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...be treated and the complications averted or minimized if diagnosed early. In most of the cases surgery is necessary to stabilize the [http://www.physio-

...mc/articles/PMC3711706/ Snapping scapula syndrome: current concepts review in conservative and surgical treatment]. Muscles, ligaments and tendons journa ...mboid]] weakness, multidirectional instability, voluntary action, and pain in the [[shoulder]] which can cause reverse scapulohumeral rhythm.

...s S. Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb: Extensor Hallucis Longus Muscle. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 J ...arsophalangeal and interphalangeal joints of the big toe and assist in the in the inversion of the foot and dorsiflexion of the ankle.<ref name="Muscles:

...ttps://www.intechopen.com/chapters/73680 Non-Pharmacological Interventions in Preventive, Rehabilitative and Restorative Medicine.] InAlternative Medicin ...tion and Counselling 2018;101:295-303.</ref>. See also [[Patient Education in Pain Management]] [[Patient Education for Parkinson's Drugs]]

...acroiliac joint. Sacroiliac joint syndrome is a significant source of pain in 15% to 30% of people with mechanical [[Low Back Pain|low back pain]]. ...s, whereas sacroiliac joint dysfunction is a condition caused by abnormal motion or slight mispositioning of the SI joint.

...e service recipients so they have equal opportunities to fully participate in society."<ref name=":4">International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics ...ases individuals may have dual training, while some may have training only in prosthetics or orthotics. Currently there is a global shortage of prostheti

...including testing balance ability when perturbed and stepping reactions. In this way it is possible to identify those at risk for falls and to direct a ...ope, S. J., & Morton, S. M. (2009). Impaired reactive stepping adjustments in older adults. ''The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences

[[File:Clinicians in Intensive Care Unit.jpg|thumb|Clinicians in Intensive Care Unit]] ...pathy (CIP) is the acute or subacute onset of extensive symmetric weakness in critical ill patients , usually with [[sepsis]], [[Respiratory Failure|resp

...of thickened areas of the flexor tendon sheath and plays an important role in:  ...A255&ots=EevZTJNbWs&pg=PA255#v=onepage&q&f=true Magnetic resonance imaging in orthopedic sports medicine.] Springer Science & Business Media; 2008 Oct 6.

...p.org.uk/sites/files/csp/secure/bacpar_amputee_rehab_guidelines_2012_1.pdf Evidence Based Clinical Guidelines for the Managements of Adults with Lower Limb Pro ...prosthetic choice made for&nbsp;the patient. A person with an amputation, in the prosthetic phase, can continue&nbsp;to improve greatly if he is taught

...NBK545158/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Ankle Joint.] 2020 Aug 16. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2020 J ...the deep layer is intraarticular and is covered by synovium. Anatomically, in general, the superficial components arise from the anterior colliculus of t

...a and participation restrictions, emphasizing the role of physiotherapists in motivating patients towards a hopeful return to their communities. ...are informed about treatment goals and encouraged to promote independence in everyday tasks.

...las-Peñas C, editor. Manual therapy for musculoskeletal pain syndromes: An evidence-and clinical-informed approach. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2015 Jun 17</ref> ...p after ankle inversion trauma. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports. 2002 Jun;12(3):129-35.</ref>.

...ed as the third most disabling condition in people aged under 50 years old in the Global Burden of Disease Study.<ref>Stovner LJ, Nichols E, Steiner T, A ...nt of people reporting that they have experienced a headache at some point in time.<ref name=":11">Stovner Lj, Hagen K, Jensen R, Katsarava Z, Lipton R,

...Kay CS, Almeida LG, Teive HA, Scola RH, Werneck LC. Dropped head syndrome in motor neuron disease. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria. 2006 Mar;64(1):118.</r ...s makes it difficult for individuals diagnosed with DHS to keep their head in an upright position while walking, standing, and talking. Many individuals

...t Orthop 2011; 35(3): 355–358. (2)</ref> Prepatellar bursitis often occurs in specific jobs which involves a position where they work on their knees for ...lla is a triangular-shaped bone in front of the knee. It moves up and down in the groove of the [[femur]] when you bend and straighten your knee. The pat

...Katherine Burdeaux|Katherine Burdeaux]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project]] ...humeral joint]] of the shoulder has the highest [[Range of Motion|range of motion]] of the human body and the most inherently unstable, often developing recu

...of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma. 2021 Oct 1;21:101564.</ref> Included in this family of diseases are:<ref name=":9" /> ...cular disease risk need to be addressed.<ref name=":0">Martey C. Treatment in Spondyloarthropathy Course. Plus 2020. </ref> This page will explore both t

...ies, large forces are transmitted across the wrist joint. The carpal bones in the distal row distribute axial loads relatively evenly, 50% of the axial l Scapholunate ligament is the most commonly injured ligament in the hand. SLL injuries, also referred to as ligament sprains are most often

...corporates a postural assessment of the user in their existing wheelchair, in supine, and sitting on a firm surface. Throughout the wheelchair assessment ...that they have a pressure area, always ask to see it. Ensure this is done in a private area. <ref name=":0" />

...w M, Tanrprawate S, Nudsasarn A. Profiling the Extent and Location of Pain in Migraine and Cervicogenic Headache: A Cross-sectional Single-Site Observati ...nerators for CGH, a number of other structures also play an important role in the CGH, including [[Superior Scapula and Cervicogenic Headaches|upper trap

...nonbacterial prostatitis is a condition with long-term pelvic pain without evidence of a bacterial infection.<ref name=":1">Shrikhande AA. CHRONIC PELVIC PAIN Pain experienced varies from person to person in ranging severity, type and perpetuity. CPPS-related pain can spread to the

...avaggi P, Theologis T, Stebbins J. Multi-segment foot models and their use in clinical populations. Gait & Posture. 2019;69:50-9.</ref> ...with their applicability and functionality. Four models will be discussed in this page: Root theory, Sagittal Plane Facilitation Theory, Subtalar Joint

...oi:  10.1186/1471-2474-8-118</ref> and recent guidelines published by NICE in the UK<ref>National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Low back pain and sciatica in over 16s: assessment and management. NICE guideline [NG59]. London: NICE, 2

...syndromes or if it is possible to cluster or sub-classify gait deviations in order to improve clinician analysis and patient outcomes. ...EylLVO1fgs Running-related biomechanical risk factors for overuse injuries in distance runners: a systematic review considering injury specificity and th

...time and this joint space narrows, leading to increased friction resulting in pain.<ref name=":1">Mora JC, Przkora R, Cruz-Almeida Y. [https://www.ncbi.n ...=":2" /> There is tenderness on joint palpation and reduced joint range of motion due to stiffness.<ref name=":3" />

...r professional sports<ref name=":0">Hame SL, Melone CP Jr. Boxer’s knuckle in the professional athlete. Am J Sports Med 2000;28(6):879–82.</ref>. ...op Trauma Surg. 2008;129(3):369-72. doi: 10.1007/s00402-008-0655-1.</ref>. In boxing, blunt trauma is usually the cause<ref name=":2">Loosemore MJ, Ansde

...training and therapeutic activities to regain the prior level of function in the patient with post-operative complex meniscus repair. ...n:''' This patient is a 31-year-old male post-op status of meniscus repair in the maximum protection phase is 12-14 weeks, with rehabilitation occurring

...iteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...as bursa is the largest bursa of the human body and is bilaterally present in 98% of adults. This bursa is bounded by the musculotendinous junction of th

...rt De Henau|Lennert De Henau]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...oblems related to the discoid meniscus. Such as vague pain in the knee and in some cases there will be an annoying “click” on the lateral side of the

....] Arthritis Care & Research. 2017:69(2):183-191.</ref>. In fact, there is evidence to prove that the opinion of running causing osteoarthritis is not correct. ...symptoms such as joint line tenderness, reduced [[Range of Motion|range of motion]], crepitus with movement, joint effusion, and/or joint space deformity, a

...rning process that is based on “operant conditioning” techniques. It is an evidence-based approach to improve the ability to modify involuntary processes consc ...t gets to know his own body signs and that he can control them consciously in the first place using biofeedback equipment, afterwards even without.<ref>B

...[User:Kristen Templin|Kristen Templin]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] ...blade, clavicle, lumbar spine and pelvis as well as connections to organs in the rib cage and abdomen.

...User:Kristen Tsuei|Kristen Tsuei]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{ ...s|spinal stenosis]] is a narrowing of the spinal canal in the neck, mostly in adults 50 years and older, and can cause pain and other problems.<ref>WebMd

...rally referred to as an "externally applied apparatus that can be inserted in a shoe to help support or improve the function of the foot and/or ankle."<r ...doi/full/10.1111/joa.13173 Evolutionary anatomy of the plantar aponeurosis in primates, including humans.] Journal of anatomy. 2020 Jul;237(1):85-104.</r

...g, the microdamage will increase and the crack will enlarge. This increase in damage can cause the bone to break on a macroscopic level.<ref name="Mafful ...athon runner: a case report. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports. 2011;21:330-332.</ref> It has been reported that females have a 1.5

...04/art00005 Quantitative measures utilized in determining pointe readiness in young ballet dancers.] Journal of Dance Medicine & Science. 2018 Dec 1;22(4 ...ics Analysis in Dance. InScientific Perspectives and Emerging Developments in Dance and the Performing Arts 2021 (pp. 25-44). IGI Global.</ref>, but atte

...y when they are in their 40s, and females are more likely to experience it in their 50s and 60s.<ref name=":3" /> There are many different treatments utilised in the management of lumbar radiculopathy. It is still not clear which treatme

...[[User:Courtney Smith|Courtney Smith]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] ...roach. A component of this decision is determining whether the patient is, in fact, appropriate for physical therapy management<ref name=":0" />. To do t

...eogenic sarcoma. Osteosarcoma is a malignant primary cancer of long bones. Evidence of malignant osteoid bone and/or cartilage formation with destructive lesio ...years old. Osteosarcoma accounts for approximately 5% of childhood tumors. In children and adolescents, more than 50% of these tumors arise from the bone

.... Edinburg. Elsevier. 2013</ref>Massage therapy helps in relieving tension in specific muscles that have built up due to injury or stress. Massage therap ...only basic guidelines and it may be that because of the environment you're in, adjustments may need to be made.

'''Posture''' refers to the way one positions the body in space and the way the body reacts or is influenced by the force of gravity, ...or correct motion, including flexion and extension with a healthy range of motion<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16284634/ Swartz EE, Floyd RT, Cendoma

...[User:Christian Filer|Christian Filer]] as part of the [[Temple University Evidence-Based Practice Project|Temple University EBP Project]] ...t to so many activities of daily living. A hand and wrist examination done in a structured manner will help to facilitate the most appropriate working di

...is normally taken as a hindrance in everyday life, holds an important role in physiotherapy. It serves as a fundamental concept guiding movement mechanic ...surfaces in contact and parallel to each other. In our body, it manifests in various scenarios, such as the interaction between joint surfaces, the cont

...User:Emily Anthony|Emily Anthony]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...lation that reproduces symptoms outside the normal physiologic translation in an individual and only accounts for about 5% of all patients with shoulder

...himself in a [[Wheelchair Assessment|wheelchair]]. He needed a major help in all [[Activities of Daily Living|ADL]] except eating. <br> The treatment was aimed to improve physical impairments found in the examination, while the main purposes were functional - regaining as muc

...ten a diagnostic enigma. The challenge is to make an appropriate diagnosis in a timely fashion without exposing the child to unnecessary diagnostic studi ...tation professionals can differentiate between different causes of limping in children and know when to refer to medical colleagues.

...le/S0161-4754(04)00255-6/fulltext Relief of internal snapping hip syndrome in a marathon runner after chiropractic treatment.] Journal of Manipulative an ...of this condition is typically an overuse injury, with a higher occurrence in activities that involve repetitive [[hip]] flexion and extension, such as d

...Points trigger points] (MTrPs) - hyperirritable spots palpable as nodules in the taut bands of skeletal muscles.<ref name="Dommerholt et al">Dommerholt ...referred pain. They cause muscle '''weakness''', '''restricted [[range of motion (ROM)]]''' and '''autonomic phenomena'''.

...der girdle reaches a large range of motion. Because of this large range of motion, the shoulder girdle is less stable.<br>The limited passive stability indic ...cuff muscles act together to stabilize the humeral head within the glenoid in a process known as concavity compression.

...phy is caused by absent or defective glycoproteins in the muscle membrane. In each type of muscular dystrophy, different genes are deleted or mutated. Th ...Muscle Signaling: Roles of Ca2+, Reactive Oxygen Species, and Nitric Oxide in the Development of Muscular Dystrophy]. Physiol Rev. 2016; 96(1): 253–30

...iteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]]. ...s and Wilkins, 2006, p. 21.</ref> It can cause a slipping of the vertebra, in which case the term spondylolytic [[Spondylolisthesis|spondylolysthesis]] i

...ge:ClavicleFracture2.jpg|thumb|right]]&nbsp;The clavicle is the first bone in the human body to begin intramembranous ossification directly from mesenchy ...ntly causes a clavicle fracture. Radiographs confirm the diagnosis and aid in further evaluation and treatment. While most clavicle fractures are treated

...paresis or paralysis of the digital and thumb extensor muscles, resulting in an inability to extend the thumb and fingers at their metacarpophalangeal j ...earm and hand extensors. Damage to this branch of the radial nerve results in posterior interosseous nerve syndrome.

...ensively described in baseball pitchers. More recently, muscular stiffness in infraspinatus and teres minor has been described as a possible source but t ...ing change in internal rotation range following a soft tissue intervention in the dominant arm of asymptomatic subjects.

...motor, and cognitive systems are influenced to promote functional outcomes in individuals with physical and psychosocial disabilities and impairments.<re ...ient's strength, muscle coordination and tone, and sensory processing used in mobility, talking, and the use of fine motor skills for activities of daily

...rtebrae, nerves and fascia are some of the structures that may be involved in the pain mechanism. Fortunately these niggles can often be rectified with s ...n with neck in extension. Prolonged extension of the cervical facet joints in a closed packed position (whilst paddling) increases the demands on the str

== Injuries in High School Rowing Athletes: == ...t rowers, there have been few studies assessing the prevalence of injuries in high school rowers.

...Rehabilitation|Vertigo]] is defined as the illusion of movement occurring in the environment. Acute vertigo can be caused by the following conditions:<r ...5094/ Vestibular rehabilitation for peripheral vestibular hypofunction: An evidence-based clinical practice guideline: FROM THE AMERICAN PHYSICAL THERAPY ASSOC

...uscles group run laterally from the transverse process and attach medially in the spinous process, filling the groove on either side of the spinous proce ...S, Imbrasiene D. Effects of core stability exercises on multifidus muscles in healthy women and women with chronic low-back pain. Journal of back and mus

...ew of clinical guidelines for the management of non-specific low back pain in primary care]. Eur Spine J 2010;19:2075–94</ref><ref name="Delitto">Antho ...lly indicated. However if you do so be aware that the technical terms used in reports often alarm patients. Translate appropriately, examples: “normal

...s P, Ebert J, Joss B, Bhabra G, Ackland T, Wang A. Exercise rehabilitation in the non-operative management of rotator cuff tears: a review of the literat ...s soon as possible. Advice can be effectively supported by offering simple evidence-based educational materials.

...habilitation is an evidence-based approach to managing dizziness, vertigo, motion sensitivity, [[balance]] and postural control issues that occur due to [[Ve ...ith vestibular impairment typically experience issues with gaze stability, motion stability, and balance and postural control. Vestibular rehabilitation is,

...ebral disc|intervertebral discs]]; therefore they possess a wider range of motion than the rest of the vertebral column. The odontoid process and anterior ar ...g patients due to a high-energy trauma (e.g. a motor vehicle accident) and in elderly patients due to a low-energy trauma (e.g. a fall). The underlying m

...State University Evidence-based Practice Project|Texas State University's Evidence-based Practice project space]] Each hand digit can move freely throughout a full range of motion (ROM) into flexion and extension.

[[File:Tibia - frontal view.png|thumb|Pain generally in the inner and lower 2/3rds of tibia.|alt=|240x240px]] ...ise-induced pain over the anterior [[tibia]] and is an early stress injury in the continuum of tibial [[Stress Fractures|stress fractures]].<ref name=":9

...ies. In: Lotke PA, Lonner JH, eds. ''Knee Arthroplasty, Masters Techniques in Orthopaedic Surgery.'' 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, * the gait should be observed, in order to identify other dynamic instabilities.

...atic arthritis]], and [[Parkinson's|Parkinson's disease]]) that are common in the elderly population<ref name=":0">Carmeli E, Patish H, Coleman R. [https ....gov/pmc/articles/PMC4331509/ Age and grip strength predict hand dexterity in adults.] PloS one. 2015;10(2):e0117598</ref>

...ard-Blaise Goyrand (1746-1814) and is commonly known as a Goyrand fracture in French literature<ref name=":0">Schroeder JD, Varacallo M. [https://www.ncb ...sing Robotics|upper limb]], accounting for the second most common fracture in the elderly. Smith fracture makes up approximately 5% of all combined radia

...involve chronic (long-standing) muscle inflammation, muscle weakness, and, in some cases, muscle pain. [[Myopathies|Myopathy]] is a general medical term ...treatment of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies]. Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease. 2011 Dec;3(6):315-24. Available from:https://www.n

...ce outcomes from a 10-week proprioceptive and resistance training protocol in individuals with Parkinson’s disease. ...pective studies have shown evidence for the promotion of physical activity in PD<ref name=":1" />. 

...A, De Simone V, Lustig S, Neyret P, Flanigan DC. Treatment of patella alta in patients with episodic patellar dislocation: a systematic review. ''Knee S ...atellofemoral joint. International sports medicine journal. 2001. Level of evidence D</ref> ==

[[File:Plagiocephaly.jpg|Example of plagiocephaly in infant. ...ticollis|congenital muscular torticollis]], position of the head and lying in the same position for prolonged periods.<ref name=":4">Jung BK, Yun IS. Dia

...patient admitted to an intensive care unit? How many days was the patient in the intensive care unit? Were diagnostic tests done to determine if the pat ...ist may need to apply the responses about the patient's timing of COVID-19 in order to be adequately prepared to assist the patient.The science around le

...at form the forearm. The radius articulates with the ulna, the second bone in the forearm. These two bones and their articulations form the radioulnar an ...portion of the radius, the neck, and head. This type of fracture is common in adults. Proximal radial fractures occur when falling on an outstretched han

...iteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]]. ...ar Joint|subtalar joint]]. In both joints, osteoarthritis can be diagnosed in the medial and lateral compartments.&nbsp;

...</ref>. These injuries can affect the proximal, middle, or distal phalanx. In most cases of phalanx fractures, effective realignment can be achieved thro ...of the middle phalanx. This significant anatomical relationship can result in a swan neck deformity, characterized by a hyperextended PIPJ and a flexed D

...:Emma Guettard|Emma Guettard]] as part of the [[Vrije Universiteit Brussel Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...f the radius and obvious deformity. It is commonly called a “broken wrist” in spite of the fact that the distal radius is the location of the fracture, n

...tic review of necrotising fasciitis in children from its first description in 1930 to 2018. BMC infectious diseases. 2019 Dec;19(1):317.</ref> At first ...cedirect.com/science/article/pii/S073567570700304X Predictors of mortality in patients with necrotizing fasciitis.] American Journal of Emergency Medicin

...u C. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32125915/ Quality of palliative care in identified palliative care beds.] International Journal of Palliative Nursi ...goals attainable.<ref name="Kumar 2010">Kumar SP, Jim A. Physical Therapy in Palliative Care: From Symptom Control to Quality of Life: A Critical Review

...fascia, increasing the local pressure and causing circulatory disturbance in that space. This can lead to ischaemia and necrosis if left improperly diag ...ctually 9 compartments, however, it is more practical to think of the foot in 4 compartments.<ref name="BRON 2">Ortho Info. Compartment syndrome. Availab

#Stage motor recovery to classify individuals in terms of clinical characteristics #Measure clinically important change in physical function<ref name=":0" /><br>

..., there is a bursa that covers and protects the muscle tendons as they are in close contact to the surrounding bones.<ref>Di Giacomo G., Pouliart N.,Cost ...is an increased incidence of shoulder pain in individuals who participate in repetitive overhead activities including repetitive throwing sports like ba

...[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1323394/ Neurologic injuries in the athlete’s shoulder]. Journal of Athletic Training. 2000;35(3):316-328 * Loss of movement and/or lack of sensation in the shoulder area

...er:James Passmore|James Passmore]] as part of the [[Texas State University Evidence-based Practice Project]] ...euve fracture. <ref name="Clanton">5. Clanton T. Syndesmotic ankle sprains in athletes. International SportMed Journal. 2003;4 (4):1-10.
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...ielo.br/j/rbfis/a/7XDTVZYkJK6sQJLhSvGJQFz/ Prevention of shoulder injuries in overhead athletes: a science-based approach.] Brazilian journal of physical ...lise scapula in early pull through of freestyle swimming or at ball impact in volleyball and tennis <ref>5.

The term “text neck” was introduced by a chiropractor in US.<ref name=":0">Neupane S, Ifthikar Ali UT, Mathew A. [http://www.imperia ...[Forward Head Posture|forward head posture]], while the upper neck is held in flexion rather than extension.<ref name=":2">Fiebert I, Kistner F, Gissenda

...nificant improvements in all measured outcomes including cervical range of motion, the [[Community Balance and Mobility Scale]], and the [[Post-Concussion Sy ...Vis S, Reimer K, Leiter J, Russell K, et al. Vestibulo-ocular dysfunction in pediatric sports-related concussion. Journal of neurosurgery Pediatrics [In

...surgeons, and neurologists, each playing a distinct yet collaborative role in managing the unique challenges presented by CP. ...not be confirmed until several months to a year after birth, or even later in cases with milder symptoms. During this time, the child's growth and develo

...ndergoes remodeling and maturation, and addressing limitations to range of motion is crucial, given that patients may experience continuing challenges long t ...006). Moreover, reduced muscular strength and lean body mass, particularly in exercises requiring high velocity, pose additional challenges, persisting b

...in the centre of the cell between the soma and axon terminals. Each neuron in your [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] has an axon that snakes away from the main par ...represent over 95% of the total volume of the neurone. Axons greatly vary in length - many are just a millimetre or so, but the longest ones, such as th

...team field and court sports: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and best evidence synthesis. Sports Medicine. 2021 Apr;51(4):759-76.</ref> Risk factors such ...df Understanding injury mechanisms: a key component of preventing injuries in sport.] Br J Sports Med 2005: 39: 324-329.</ref> described risk factors for