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...n strategies or techniques for patients with selected upper extremity (UE) disorders.   ...ment. In other words what are the "key impairments" that result from these disorders and how can you as a therapist address these.

...segment or spinal region. They are used to treat different types of spinal disorders ranging from low back pain to complex spine trauma and deformity. ...reasons: congenital disorders, trauma, various disease conditions such as ligamentous, osseous or musculotendinous diseases, and in pain management.

...Adam CJ. Effects of surgical joint destabilization on load sharing between ligamentous structures in the thoracic spine: A finite element investigation. Clinical The [[Costotransverse Disorders|Costotransverse disorders]] and pathologies that involve the Costotransverse ligaments directly inclu

A positive test is usually suggestive of AC joint osteoarthritis or a ligamentous injury to the AC joint (i.e., ligament sprain or joint separation). ...rthritis, and is very uncommonly associated with [[Acromioclavicular Joint Disorders|AC joint pathology]] <ref name=":2">Owens BD. Acromioclavicular joint injur

...amination procedures including sensory-motor function, vascular status and ligamentous integrity ...ropriate for physical therapy management and prevention of musculoskeletal disorders of the cervical spine.

...translation and the eventual weakening of the end feel, changing from hard ligamentous to weak elastic, is observed. An anterior translation greater than 1 cm com ...3D stress MRI in chronic mechanical ankle instability. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2021 Dec;22(1):1-3.</ref>.<br>

* spinal disorders * Provide suitable immobilisation for fractures and ligamentous injury such as backslabs, moon boots and splints <ref>Makal K & Alkhouri H.

...w.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6487254/ Clinical investigation of back disorders in horses: A retrospective study (2002-2017)]. ''Vet World''. 2019;12(3):37 Primary disorders relate to lesions in the spinal structures, including muscle, ligament, oss

Ligamentous structures in the fovea region when the forearm is in a neutral position fo ...st. The severity of the soreness of a positive ulnar fovea sign copies the disorders of the patient <ref name=":0" />

...used to screen for intra-articular hip pathologies including labral tears, ligamentous laxity, and impingement.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":0" /> ...tears include but are not limited to, femoracetabular impingement, trauma, ligamentous laxity, and abnormal bone structure.<ref>Su T, Chen GX, Yang L. Diagnosis a

...rlene Hertling, Randolph M. Kessler, “Management Of Common Musculoskeletal Disorders: Physical Therapy Principles and Methodes” (fourth edition), LippinCott W === 3. Ligamentous injury ===

.../19251687/ Tendon disorders of the foot and ankle, part 1: peroneal tendon disorders]. Am J Sports Med. 2009;37(3):614-25. doi: 10.1177/0363546508331206. (level ...D. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8976936/ MR imaging of peroneal tendon disorders]. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997;168(1):135-40. doi: 10.2214/ajr.168.1.8976936.

...processing of type 1 collagen, and therefore, impacts [[Connective Tissue Disorders|connective tissue]] and [[bone]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">Subramania OI can also cause laxity of ligamentous, joint [[Hypermobility Syndrome|hypermobility]], short stature and individu

...icle before a dislocation of the SC joint.<ref>ALLMAN JR FL. Fractures and ligamentous injuries of the clavicle and its articulation. JBJS. 1967 Jun 1;49(4):774-8 ...oint into two compartments<ref name=":3">Horsley I. Sternoclavicular joint disorders Course. Plus 2020 </ref><ref>Negri JH, Malavolta EA, Assunção JH, Gracite

...C, Pike JM, Goel DP. Diagnoses and imaging utilization for common shoulder disorders by referring physicians in British Columbia. How would you like to die?. 20 ...al complaints in adults—an evidence-based approach—part 2: upper extremity disorders. Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics. 2008 Jan 31;31(1):

...rk-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSD), are any range of inflammatory disorders resulting from injury sustained while completing work duties<ref>McLeod G, ...s://www.cdc.gov/workplacehealthpromotion/health-strategies/musculoskeletal-disorders/index.html</nowiki></ref>.

...cribe this entity as primarily an instability of the subtalar joint due to ligamentous injuries that results in a synovitis and infiltration of fibrotic tissue in ...vement of the foot and ankle and that sinus tarsi syndrome may result from disorders of nociception and proprioception in the foot.<ref name="Akiyama et al.">Ak

...ystems <ref name="Bravo">Bravo JF, Wolff C. [[Clinical study of hereditary disorders of connective tissues in a Chilean population: joint hypermobility syndrome ...ria, in that it measures hamstring flexibility and anatomic proportions to ligamentous laxity <ref name="Frontera" />. According to the Beighton and Horan criteri

...standard changed? Br J Sports Med. 2010;44:355-360.</ref> Due to a lack of ligamentous support and [[Dynamic Stabilisers of the Shoulder Complex|dynamic stabiliza ...in internal rotation while the arm is abducted. Causes include: Convulsive disorders (most common cause in adults, often bilateral); electrocution; road trauma.

Other research shows that the most important ligamentous structure to maintain correct shoulder position and also to prevent shoulde * [[Acromioclavicular Joint Disorders|Acromioclaviculair joint injuries]]: common and often seen after bicycle wr

...chromosome, making Klinefelter syndrome one of the most common chromosomal disorders seen among newborns. Variants of Klinefelter syndrome (such as 48, XXXY, 49 ...lung disease, varicose veins, and osteoporosis as well as some autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus<ref name=":4" />, [[Rheumatoid Arthrit

....N. Physical injury: Spine. In: Resnick D, ed. Diagnosis of Bone and Joint Disorders. W.B. Saunders Co.; 2002; 2964-2967</ref>. ...racture can be made using x- ray and CT scan. MRI can be done to check for ligamentous and/or soft tissue injury.

Most of the ligamentous injuries are managed by immobilisation. ...der Dislocation|anterior shoulder dislocation]], [[Acromioclavicular Joint Disorders|acromioclavicular joint injury]], and [[Clavicular Fracture|clavicular frac

...Dunning 2001">Dunning CE, Zarzour ZDS, Patterson SD, Johnson JA, King GJW. Ligamentous stabilizers against posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow. J Bon #'''Ligamentous constraints''': Injury to or laxity of the LUCL was initially thought to be

...disc disease]], [[osteoarthritis]], facet joint degeneration/hypertrophy, ligamentous hypertrophy, [[spondylolisthesis]], or a combination of these factors. Ra ...physical examination for chronic lumbar radiculopathy. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2013 Dec;14(1):1-9.</ref>.

...ndylolisthesis]], [[Scoliosis|Scoliosis]], Hypermobility, Various uncommon disorders. ...rauma''': [[Fracture]], [[Stress Fractures|Stress fracture]], Subluxation, Ligamentous injury.

...ral condyles, the balance between vastus lateralis and medialis and by the ligamentous support of the medial and lateral retinaculum<ref name="p3" />^. Patellar malalignment may be the underlining cause for certain disorders like patellofemoral pain syndrome<ref name="p8" /><ref name="p9">Ng GY, Che

== Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Down Syndrome == ...their knees stiff and their feet turned out. They do so because hypotonia, ligamentous laxity and weakness make their legs less stable. Physiotherapy should start

* The spinal cord can be directly compressed by osteophytic bones and ligamentous hypertrophy. ...nisms. The spinal cord can be directly compressed by osteophytic bones and ligamentous hypertrophy. Compression of local vascular structures can lead to ischemia

...icans ligamentosa, senile ankylosing hyperostosis, physiological vertebral ligamentous calcification and others <ref name="p9">Giles LGF, Singer KP, Vol.3: Clinic ...1007/s00586-008-0764-0 Spinal fractures in patients with ankylosing spinal disorders: a systematic review of the literature on treatment, neurological status an

...the midshaft of the clavicle is the thinnest segment and does not contain ligamentous attachments, it is the most easily fractured location.<ref name=":0" /> ...ator Cuff Tendinopathy|rotator cuff injury]], and [[Sternoclavicular Joint Disorders|sternoclavicular]] joint injury.

...Developmental''': [[Scoliosis|Scoliosis]], Hypermobility, Various uncommon disorders. *'''Trauma''': Fracture, Stress fracture, Subluxation, Ligamentous injury.

...ntarflexion and dorsiflexion(sagittal plane).The talocrural joint receives ligamentous support from a joint capsule and several ligaments, including the anterior ...). It also has an important role as a shock absorber<ref name=":0" />. The ligamentous support of the subtalar joint is extensive, it is divided into 3 groups: (1

...s not a good tool to evaluate change in the clinic for patients with elbow disorders because it is not responsive and specific to the symptoms that the patient <br> Ligamentous Tests:

...ficant disease burden for the individual and the wider community. Headache disorders are ranked as the third most disabling condition in people aged under 50 ye ...Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/headache-disorders (accessed 1/12/2020).</ref> While there are regional variations, headaches

...r axial rotation at the AC joint.<ref>Turnbull JR. Acromioclavicular joint disorders. Med Sci Sports Exerc.1998;30:S26-32.</ref> ...tal shear<ref>Fukuda K, Craig EV, An KN, et al: Biomechanical study of the ligamentous system of the acromioclavicular joint. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1986; 68:434–

...[Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome|Ehlers-Danos Syndrome]] can be prone to congenital ligamentous laxity.<ref name=":3" /> * Other cases tend to be associated with disorders such as [[Spina Bifida]], [[Cerebral Palsy Introduction|Cerebral Palsy]] an

An avulsion fracture is where a fragment of bone is pulled away at the ligamentous or tendinous attachment. It can be caused by traumatic traction (repetitive ...nd Lower Limbs.] Clinical Medicine Insights: Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2018; 11:1179544118809050.</ref>. The typical cause of injury is an invers

.... (LoE:4)</ref> While no tools exists for the assessment of upper cervical ligamentous instability, an approach that takes into account risk factors, patient hist ...pine. Part II. Neutral Zone and Instability Hypothesis.” Journal of Spinal Disorders 5, no. 4: 390–397, December 1992 (LoE:5)</ref><ref name="Olson et al" /><

=== Ligamentous Trigger Points === * Neurological Disorders

...r WO. Scientific monograph of the Quebec Task Force on Whiplash-Associated Disorders: redefining" whiplash" and its management. Spine. 1995;20:1S-73S.</ref><ref Whiplash and whiplash-associated disorders (WAD) affect a variety of anatomical structures of the cervical spine, depe

* Ligamentous laxity ...gration: observations of children with Down syndrome and Autistic spectrum disorders. Disability Solutions 1999;3:31-35.</ref> When sensory feedback is limited,

'''1. Compression disorders''': Entrapment syndromes of the fibular nerve at various locations along it ...the L5 nerve from disc herniations and bony (osteophytes or sacral ala) or ligamentous (sacroiliac ligament and lumbosacral band) compression is known to occur.<r

Tibiofibular diastasis is often associated with extensive ligamentous tears [11]. Consequently, this decreased stability leads to ankle instabili ...uently a physical examination, including the palpation of the malleoli and ligamentous area, is important. So you can exclude some injuries. Afterwards, you can s

...sease|neurodegenerative]], neoplastic vascular, idiopathic and nutritional disorders that result in myelopathy. These causes are much less common than discogeni ...inal cord infarct and epidural hematoma)<ref name=":0" /><br>• Nutritional disorders<ref name=":0" />

...omalies in the growth or texture of bone and cartilage. These rare genetic disorders, collectively termed skeletal dysplasia, impact bone growth and development ...so known as osteochondrodysplasias, constitute a distinct group of genetic disorders characterized by widespread skeletal abnormalities.<ref>Geister KA, Camper

...it velocity (most frequent gait deviation for patients with [[Neurological Disorders|neurological]] deficits) ...lager R. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00508-016-1096-4 Gait disorders in adults and the elderly]. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 2017 Feb;129(3)

...AS use and an increased likelihood of musculoskeletal injury, specifically ligamentous injuries <ref name="Horn">Horn S, Gregory P, Guskiewicz KM. Self-reported a ...erbate anxiety disorders, [[schizophrenia]], and [[Eating Disorders|eating disorders]]<ref name="Piacentino" />.&nbsp; The psychopathology of AAS is theorized t

...y related to body structure can be attributed to intrinsic factors such as ligamentous laxity, hormonal influences, biomechanical alignment, and intercondylar not *Ligamentous laxity has overall been found to be more prevalent in females versus males.

Predominantly seen in young women, jumping sports and ligamentous laxity are also considered to be risk factors for Hoffa's disease<ref name= ...to other pathologies such as [[Meniscal Lesions|meniscus injuries]] and or ligamentous tear. Prevalence is not widely investigated, however, two studies reported