Physical Activity and Respiratory Conditions: Difference between revisions

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== Introduction ==


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Chronic respiratory diseases are a group of chronic diseases affecting the airways and the other structures of the lungs. Common chronic respiratory diseases are ([[Asthma]], [[Bronchiectasis]], chronic obstructive pulmonary disease [[COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)|COPD]], Chronic rhinosinusitis, Hypersensitivity pneumonitis,[[Lung Cancer|Lung cancer]], [[Cystic Fibrosis|cystic fibrosis]])<ref>Diseases, C. R. (n.d.). CHRONIC RESPIRATORY, 12–36.</ref>


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Physical activity ('''PA''') is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles which results in energy expenditure. Physical activity in daily life can be categorized into occupational, sports, conditioning, household, or other activities. Exercise is a subset of physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive and has as a final or an intermediate objective the improvement or maintenance of physical fitness.<ref>Caspersen CJ, Powell KE, Christenson GM. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Rep 1985; 100: 126–131.</ref>
 
== Why Exercise? ==
Increased PA is associated with enhanced psychological functioning and quality of life, improved cardiorespiratory fitness, and decreased morbidity.<ref name=":0">Berntsen S, Carlsen KC, Anderssen SA, et al. Norwegian adolescents with asthma are physical active and fit. Allergy 2009;64:421–6.</ref>
 
Increasing physical fitness may be beneficial for children with asthma by increasing exercise tolerance and capacity and, as a consequence, the threshold for inducing a condition called [[Exercise Induced Asthma|exercise-induced bronchoconstriction]] ('''EIB''').<ref name=":0" /> A low level of regular physical activity, in turn, leads to chronic deconditioning. It is not surprising, therefore, that some studies have found that patients with asthma tend to have lower cardiorespiratory fitness than their healthy counterparts. <ref>CLARK, C. J., and L. M. COCHRANE. Assessment of work performance in asthma for determination of cardiorespiratory fitness and training capacity. Thorax 43:745–749, 1988</ref><ref>GARFINKEL, S. K., K. R. KESTEN, and A. S. CHAPMAN REBUCK. Physiologic and nonphysiologic determinants of aerobic fitness in mild to moderate asthma. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 145:741–745, 1992</ref><ref>NEDER, J. A., L. E. NERY, A. C. SILVA, A. L. B. CABRAL, and A. L. G. FERNANDES. Short term effects of aerobic training in the clinical management of moderate to severe asthma in children. Thorax 54:202–206, 1999.</ref>
 
Physical training programs in asthma have been designed to enhance aerobic power, neuromuscular coordination, and self-confidence.<ref>ORESTEIN, D. M. Asthma and sports. In: The Child and The Adolescent Athlete, O. Bar-Or (Ed.). London, UK: Blackwell, 1996, pp. 433–454.</ref>Reduced activity levels observed in asthmatics may also increase the incidence of obesity, with negative consequences on self-esteem .<ref>GIBSON, P. G., G. V. HENRY, and J. H. VIMPANI. Asthma knowledge, attitudes, and quality of life in adolescents. Arch. Dis. Child 73: 321–326, 1995.</ref><ref>NIXON, P. A. Role of exercise in the evaluation and management of pulmonary disease in children and youth. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 28:414–420, 1996.</ref>
 
physical activity levels play a key role in the onset of muscle dysfunction and deconditioning and have been associated with quality of life, hospital admission, comorbidities, lung function decline and mortality.<ref>Schols AM, Ferreira IM, Franssen FM, et al. Nutritional assessment and therapy in COPD: a European Respiratory Society statement. Eur Respir J 2014; 44: 1504–1520.</ref><ref>Vaes AW, Garcia-Aymerich J, Marott JL, et al. Changes in physical activity and all-cause mortality in COPD. Eur Respir J 2014; 44: 1199–1209</ref> Skeletal muscle dysfunction is now recognized as a major problem for COPD patients<ref>American Thoracic Society European Respiratory Society. Skeletal muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999; 159:S1–S40. [PubMed: 10194189]</ref> , and, as such, the use of strength training as a modality to reverse the deleterious effects of the disease is now recommended<ref>Newman AB, Kupelian V, Visser M, Simonsick E, Goodpaster B, Nevitt M, Kritchevsky SB, Tylavsky FA, Rubin SM, Harris TB. Sarcopenia: alternative definitions and associations with lower extremity function. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003; 51:1602–1609. [PubMed: 14687390]</ref> . A recent systematic review demonstrated strength training could improve skeletal muscle strength in COPD patients, and these improvements were associated with increased activities of daily living <ref>O'Shea SD, Taylor NF, Paratz J. Peripheral muscle strength training in COPD: a systematic review. Chest. 2004; 126:903–914. [PubMed: 15364773</ref>
 
Gardiner et al. showed that a strength training program can decrease the atrophy and strength loss associated with steroid use. They also demonstrated that the extent of fast-twitch muscle atrophy resulting from chronic glucocorticoid treatment can be lessened by mild weight-lifting exercise. <ref>Gardiner PF, Hibl B, Simpson DR, Roy R, Edgerton VR. Effects of a mild weight-lifting program on the progress of glucocorticoid-induced atrophy in rat hindlimb muscles. Pflugers Arch. 1980; 385:147–153. [PubMed: 7190273</ref>


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Revision as of 11:22, 14 October 2017

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Introduction[edit | edit source]

Chronic respiratory diseases are a group of chronic diseases affecting the airways and the other structures of the lungs. Common chronic respiratory diseases are (Asthma, Bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD, Chronic rhinosinusitis, Hypersensitivity pneumonitis,Lung cancer, cystic fibrosis)[1]

Physical activity (PA) is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles which results in energy expenditure. Physical activity in daily life can be categorized into occupational, sports, conditioning, household, or other activities. Exercise is a subset of physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive and has as a final or an intermediate objective the improvement or maintenance of physical fitness.[2]

Why Exercise?[edit | edit source]

Increased PA is associated with enhanced psychological functioning and quality of life, improved cardiorespiratory fitness, and decreased morbidity.[3]

Increasing physical fitness may be beneficial for children with asthma by increasing exercise tolerance and capacity and, as a consequence, the threshold for inducing a condition called exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB).[3] A low level of regular physical activity, in turn, leads to chronic deconditioning. It is not surprising, therefore, that some studies have found that patients with asthma tend to have lower cardiorespiratory fitness than their healthy counterparts. [4][5][6]

Physical training programs in asthma have been designed to enhance aerobic power, neuromuscular coordination, and self-confidence.[7]Reduced activity levels observed in asthmatics may also increase the incidence of obesity, with negative consequences on self-esteem .[8][9]

physical activity levels play a key role in the onset of muscle dysfunction and deconditioning and have been associated with quality of life, hospital admission, comorbidities, lung function decline and mortality.[10][11] Skeletal muscle dysfunction is now recognized as a major problem for COPD patients[12] , and, as such, the use of strength training as a modality to reverse the deleterious effects of the disease is now recommended[13] . A recent systematic review demonstrated strength training could improve skeletal muscle strength in COPD patients, and these improvements were associated with increased activities of daily living [14]

Gardiner et al. showed that a strength training program can decrease the atrophy and strength loss associated with steroid use. They also demonstrated that the extent of fast-twitch muscle atrophy resulting from chronic glucocorticoid treatment can be lessened by mild weight-lifting exercise. [15]

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Resources[edit | edit source]

The Motivate2Move website, created by Wales Deanery, has a useful section on physical activity and respiratory disease.

References[edit | edit source]

References will automatically be added here, see adding references tutorial.

  1. ↑ Diseases, C. R. (n.d.). CHRONIC RESPIRATORY, 12–36.
  2. ↑ Caspersen CJ, Powell KE, Christenson GM. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public Health Rep 1985; 100: 126–131.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Berntsen S, Carlsen KC, Anderssen SA, et al. Norwegian adolescents with asthma are physical active and fit. Allergy 2009;64:421–6.
  4. ↑ CLARK, C. J., and L. M. COCHRANE. Assessment of work performance in asthma for determination of cardiorespiratory fitness and training capacity. Thorax 43:745–749, 1988
  5. ↑ GARFINKEL, S. K., K. R. KESTEN, and A. S. CHAPMAN REBUCK. Physiologic and nonphysiologic determinants of aerobic fitness in mild to moderate asthma. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 145:741–745, 1992
  6. ↑ NEDER, J. A., L. E. NERY, A. C. SILVA, A. L. B. CABRAL, and A. L. G. FERNANDES. Short term effects of aerobic training in the clinical management of moderate to severe asthma in children. Thorax 54:202–206, 1999.
  7. ↑ ORESTEIN, D. M. Asthma and sports. In: The Child and The Adolescent Athlete, O. Bar-Or (Ed.). London, UK: Blackwell, 1996, pp. 433–454.
  8. ↑ GIBSON, P. G., G. V. HENRY, and J. H. VIMPANI. Asthma knowledge, attitudes, and quality of life in adolescents. Arch. Dis. Child 73: 321–326, 1995.
  9. ↑ NIXON, P. A. Role of exercise in the evaluation and management of pulmonary disease in children and youth. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 28:414–420, 1996.
  10. ↑ Schols AM, Ferreira IM, Franssen FM, et al. Nutritional assessment and therapy in COPD: a European Respiratory Society statement. Eur Respir J 2014; 44: 1504–1520.
  11. ↑ Vaes AW, Garcia-Aymerich J, Marott JL, et al. Changes in physical activity and all-cause mortality in COPD. Eur Respir J 2014; 44: 1199–1209
  12. ↑ American Thoracic Society European Respiratory Society. Skeletal muscle dysfunction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999; 159:S1–S40. [PubMed: 10194189]
  13. ↑ Newman AB, Kupelian V, Visser M, Simonsick E, Goodpaster B, Nevitt M, Kritchevsky SB, Tylavsky FA, Rubin SM, Harris TB. Sarcopenia: alternative definitions and associations with lower extremity function. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003; 51:1602–1609. [PubMed: 14687390]
  14. ↑ O'Shea SD, Taylor NF, Paratz J. Peripheral muscle strength training in COPD: a systematic review. Chest. 2004; 126:903–914. [PubMed: 15364773
  15. ↑ Gardiner PF, Hibl B, Simpson DR, Roy R, Edgerton VR. Effects of a mild weight-lifting program on the progress of glucocorticoid-induced atrophy in rat hindlimb muscles. Pflugers Arch. 1980; 385:147–153. [PubMed: 7190273
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