Jump to content

Physiotherapy Treatment After Prostate Cancer

Original Editor - Mandy Roscher Top Contributors - Mandy Roscher, Angeliki Chorti, Kim Jackson, Vidya Acharya, Ewa Jaraczewska, Tarina van der Stockt and Jess Bell

Introduction

Physiotherapy intervention after Prostate Cancer (PCa) treatment is not always widely implemented. Patients and healthcare professionals may not necessarily be aware of the benefits of such interventions, or educated / specialised in cancer prevention and rehabilitation.[1] However, appropriate physiotherapy management can have a significant positive impact on a man’s quality of life by addressing various domains of his health and wellbeing.

In clinical practice, one way of grouping PCa is by classifiying it into localised, locally advanced and metastatic. [2] Appropriate interdisciplinary interventions can be prescribed for comprehensive management when necessary, and these may follow national and international clinical protocols on PCa, science advancements, patient characteristics and individual needs. [3] [4][5]

In general, physiotherapy aims to address common impairments found in patients with genitourinary cancer: [6][7][8]

  • Muscle weakness and overall physical fitness
  • Incontinence and urgency - one of the most common side effects of PCa treatment.
  • Genitourinary dysfunction ( e.g.erectile dysfunction).
  • Pain and discomfort
  • Fatigue
  • Depression and Fear
  • Peripheral Neuropathy
  • Lymphedema

Physiotherapy can be offered before and after treatment for PCa to minimise its impact and toll on patients. [9] The main areas of physiotherapy intervention for PCa and oncology patients can be:


Physiotherapy management and the contribution of physiotherapists to oncology care have also been described in the literature (Table 1): [9]

Table 1. Physiotherapy contributions to PCa care: [9]
Area(s) of Improvement Specifics
Length of stay in acute facilities Early discharge planning, outpatient follow-up, education and councelling, palliative and community care support
Functional capacity Early mobilisation, management of complications, local treatments
Lymphoedema Less hospital admissions, decreased need for other treatment modalities
Exercise and physical capacity Preserving muscle mass and capacity, preventing osteoporosis, minimising side-effects and complications from disease and treatments
Quality of life Less time having complications after clinical procedures, supportive environment

Clinical Reasoning after Assessment

The assessment performed is the most important part of a physiotherapists interaction with their patient. The specific clinical picture with their symptoms and disabilities and experiences thereof will guide your treatment. [9] Every person’s clinical picture is unique, and a comprehensive assessment is the only way to ensure that they can receive effective management.

Education

Education is based on assessment but usually depends on the type of PCa they had. Knowledge of anatomic structures and function of the pelvic floor, the importance of regular screening / follow-up and strategies for symptom management are some examples of areas to increase awareness and competence in PCa, especially in some ethnic groups or communities where medical access is restricted. [9] [10] Every patient is different, but never assume that a patient cannot learn anything new. Your patient may be on top of issues relating to incontinence and erectile dysfunction, or they may be entirely in the dark.

General Management of Incontinence

Incontinence Pads and other Devices

Incontinence pads are the most common way to deal with bladder problems after PCa surgery. Unlike women, men are most likely unfamiliar with sanitary pads. There are specific pads made for incontinence and also more specifically for men. For radical prostatectomy patients, who will most likely have initial incontinence after surgery, it can be helpful to preoperatively prepare them for the use of pads for everyday activities / night use after catheter is removed postoperatively. [11] It can be beneficial to show them the basics of how they work, how the sticky side sticks onto their underpants, the fact they will need to wear underpants and not boxers to use the pads, and which side should go at the front and back. It can also be helpful to show how they should dispose of them and also prepare them to take a bag and extra packets with them if they go out as men’s public toilets often do not have rubbish bins in the stalls. Men have generally not used sanitary pads before and depending on the openness of the women in their household, they may never have seen them being used before.

[12]

Sheath drainage systems (also known as external catheters) look like condoms with a tube attached to the end draining to a bag and are reported to be more preferable for extended use (e.g. storage and travel) to avoid need for pad changes; ensuring that skin is dry, not smelling and leaking is avoided. [11] Body-worn urinal (BWU) is less convenient than the sheaths, not good for seated activities and is used primarily by men who can not use a sheath (e.g. retracted penis). [11] Penile clamps are suggested to be more suitable for short, vigorous activities but are somewhat uncomfortable and painful. [11]Some men would rather use a mixture of products to meet daytime needs. [11]

Clothing

Simple advice such as wearing darker coloured shorts or long pants that may not show fluid can also be helpful in case of an accident of leakage of urine. [13]

What to drink/what not to

Certain fluids and foods can attribute to the worsening of symptoms. Coffee, green tea, and alcohol, as well as tobacco use are examples of dietary habits that may increase symptoms of incontinence, according to some evidence.[14]Increased fluid intake is associated with urinary urgency and frequency as expected. [14]

General Sexual Rehabilitation

One of the most common complaints after PCa surgery is erectile dysfunction. [15] The main cause of erectile dysfunction after a radical prostatectomy is thought to be neurogenic, because of intraoperative injury to the neurovascular bundle.[16] Penile health relies on regular erections (a man will normally have between 5-8 nocturnal erection every night). The blood flows into the penis during an erection encourages oxygenation into the cavernosal sinuses as well as mobility of the connective tissue and smooth muscle of the penis.[17] However, other domains of sexual health can also be affected: sexual desire, sexuality and masculinity, as well as ejaculation and orgasm. [18]As a result, the rehabilitation of a man’s sexual dysfunction after PCa treatment may require a multi-disciplinary approach.[15] [18] It is a complex process involving pharmacological, physical and behavioural treatments and needs to be undertaken by appropriately trained professionals.[19][20]

Use of Medication to Attain an Erection

Erection enhancing medications are encouraged during and after the rehabilitative phases, especially as it promotes good circulation and tissue health in the penis.[17] There are a variety of erection-enhancing medications, each with their own mechanism of action, and these medications as well as helpful devices need to be communicated to the long-term survivors. [21] Intracavernosal injections to promote an erection can also be used. However, the description and prescription of medication and injections do not fall into the scope of this page.

Vacuum Erection Devices (VEDs)

Vacuum erection devices (VEDs) are approved therapies for erectile dysfunction (ED). [22] A vacuum erection device (VED) is a device used to create an erection manually. It consists of a cylinder with a pump that fits over the entire penis, and a constrictive band that fits around the base of the penis. The pump creates a vacuum effect that allows the penis to become engorged and the constrictive band maintains this.

The use of a VED may be the key to maintaining penile tissue length during the rehabilitative phase. It encourages blood flow to the penis and maintains the connective tissue extensibility as well as smooth muscle integrity. Using a VED may also enable a patient to obtain an erection with enough rigidity to achieve penetration and promote a healthy return to sexual function.[17] VEDs can be used in isolation or in combination for ED; they have demonstrated significant outcomes even for difficult groups of patients, but drop-out rates are still high. [22] More research in this field is required.[17][22]

An example of a VED assembly and application is shown in the video below:

[23]

Psychological Counselling

A diagnosis of cancer is in itself, a significant cause of psychological distress. Pair that with disabling side effects of incontinence and sexual dysfunction from the treatment for cancer and the need for psychological support and counselling is essential in a holistic approach to treatment.[17] While physiotherapy interventions may help a significant amount of men, it is also important to remember that recovery is very dependent on the severity of cancer as well as the treatment they received. Treatment to cure a very severe cancer can often leave a man with severe side effects of sexual dysfunction and incontinence from which they are unable to recover. A lot of men are grateful that their life has been spared and can learn to deal with their disability, but in other men, it can result in depression and other mental health conditions.

50% of men suffer from depression 1 year after their prostate surgery. [24] 50% of patients undergoing RT have ED after five years.[25]. In the long term, men who have undergone prostatectomy surgery may continue to suffer from sexual dysfunction, depression and anxiety. Understanding the impact of the anticipated side effects, like erectile dysfunction, and assisting patients with treating erectile dysfunction, is imperative to treatment satisfaction. Healthcare providers can improve care and promote intimacy for the man and his partner by providing comprehensive information about sexual issues throughout and after treatment and providing resources addressing sexual dysfunction and depression and anxiety. [26]

Peyronies Disease and the Use of Therapeutic Ultrasound

Peyronies disease "is a symptomatic disorder characterised by a variety of penile symptoms including pain, curvature, shortening, narrowing, indentation, hinge deformity, palpable plaque and erectile dysfunction (ED)".[27] There is a development of a plaque within the penis that results in the curvature. Treatment options for this disease have historically been invasive and painful. Joanne Milios, a physiotherapist in Australia, has been researching the use of therapeutic ultrasound for the use of Peyronies disease and the findings from her randomised control trial of 43 men showed that the use of therapeutic ultrasound as a treatment for Peyronies disease results in reduced penile pain, improved penile deformity and increased erectile function. [28]

Pelvic Floor Muscle Rehabilitation

Verbal Cues to Contract the Pelvic Floor

Pelvic floor exercises are all about technique. Pelvic floor muscle exercise (PFME) refers to the type of exercise that aims to improve pelvic floor muscle strength, power, endurance, relaxation, or a combination of the above. [29]

With optimal motor learning of the pelvic floor, there is more potential for improved continence and ED. [29] An optimal pelvic floor contraction requires closure and lift of the pelvic floor muscles. For a detailed overview of pelvic floor muscles you can visit the page on Pelvic Floor Anatomy.

Research by Stafford et al.[30] showed that verbal cues can alter the degree of motion observable in various pelvic floor muscles. The muscles closest to the urethra itself (i.e. bulbocavernosus and striated urethral sphincter muscles) have an optimal mechanical role in developing urethral closure pressure compared to the more distant levator ani muscle. [30]

Commonly used phrases to help elicit pelvic floor contractions in men are “shorten the penis”, “elevate the bladder”, “elevate the scrotum”, “stop the flow of urine” and “tighten the anus”. [30] However, the cues “shorten the penis” and “stop the flow of urine” are reported to be the best to target the specific muscles involved in urinary continence. [30] While those instructions are helpful, everyone is unique and may respond differently to the various instructions; therefore, it may be best to customise your instruction to each patient and try different methods.[31] Furthermore, for men, particularly in the prostatectomy population, where penile shortening is a side effect of treatment, the cue “shorten your penis” may be distressing.[31] A popular colloquial cue rather than “lift your scrotum” that men seem to respond well to is “nuts to gut.” This cue particularly targets the important lifting action of the pelvic floor.

[32]

Preoperative Pelvic Floor Exercises

Strengthening the pelvic floor muscles before a prostatectomy has been shown to significantly improve post-prostatectomy urinary continence, post-micturition dribble and erectile function.[33] It would be prudent for all men to exercise their pelvic floor muscles preoperatively to maintain normal pelvic floor function postoperatively. One study reported that 18% of patients who received pre-op pelvic floor muscle rehab before their prostate surgery reported sexual bother at 1 year vs 66 % of men who did NOT receive pre-op pelvic floor muscle rehab.[24] Acquisition of early motor skills are achievable within a clinically reasonable amount of time and are more likely to be successful if conducted before prostate surgery.[34]

Pelvic Floor Muscle Training for Erectile Dysfunction (ED)

Physiotherapy has repeatedly been proved successful in treating ED of various etiologies. It is cost-effective, non-invasive, and straightforward and could be used as a first-line approach. [20] A weak pelvic floor, as well as a pelvic floor in spasm, can both contribute to ED, and it is important to determine the exact cause before giving pelvic floor strengthening. Strengthening exercises given to someone with a pelvic floor in spasm will exacerbate symptoms.[20]

Some concepts of how pelvic floor physiotherapy for ED works:

  • Improving the strength of the ischiocavernosus muscle could potentially help increase the intracavernosal pressure to improve the rigidity of the erection.[35]
  • Spasm in the pelvic floor can restrict blood flow to the penis, thereby reducing erectile function. By teaching relaxation of the pelvic floor and possibly performing manual release of the muscles (through internal release) blood flow can improve, thereby improving erectile function.[20][35]
  • This field has not yet been extensively researched, but it has also been proposed that relaxation of the bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus could help inhibit the ejaculation reflex to help men with issues of premature ejaculation.[35]

Pelvic Floor Muscle Training for Incontinence

Pelvic Floor Muscle Rehabilitation (PFTM) can improve urinary control by increasing the strength, endurance, and coordination of the pelvic floor muscles.[36] Indeed, Pilates and pelvic floor muscle training (with electrical stimulation) have been found to improve urinary incontinence post-prostatectomy, however with inconclusive results for long-term effects.[36] Furthermore, a systematic and meta-analysis examining the effect of preoperative PFMT on postoperative urinary incontinence following radical prostatectomy found that preoperative PFMT improves postoperative urinary incontinence at 3 months but not at 6 months, suggesting it improves early continence but not long-term continence rates.[37]

Pelvic Floor Muscle Training Programme - a specific training programme to optimise pelvic floor function in the treatment of incontinence post-prostatectomy: [38]

Goal 1: Optimise the Pattern of Pelvic Floor Muscle Contraction

This stage includes making sure the correct muscles are being engaged. This involves using the correct verbal cues, using feedback techniques such as EMG biofeedback, real-time ultrasound, visual analysis or palpation. [38]

Biofeedback Training

A prospective, randomised, controlled trial conducted by Prota et al.[39] compared early postoperative biofeedback pelvic-floor biofeedback training (PFBT) to usual care and found early PFBT appears to have a significant impact on the recovery of ED. Other studies have found similar results.[40][41][42][43]

The method used is as follows: [39]

  • an electromyographic apparatus was used, a surface electrode (3M, Sumare, Brazil) was inserted into the anus and the reference electrode was placed on the left lateral malleolus
  • the patients practiced 3 series of 10 rapid contractions while lying on their right side and viewing a computer monitor to improve the phasic musculature component
  • then patients practiced 3 sustained contractions of 5, 7 or 10 seconds depending on ability to maintain the contraction of pelvic-floor muscle tonic component
  • patients were then placed in the supine position, with hips flexed to approximately 60 °, to practice 10 contractions during prolonged expiration, avoiding the Valsalva manoeuvre
  • Verbal and written instructions were used to conduct daily home exercises while lying, sitting and standing

Goal 2: Control into Function

It is very important to progress to functional as soon as they are able to contract and relax their pelvic floor muscle correctly. Pelvic floor muscles need to be exercised in a variety of contexts and specific to the individual's problems. If a man is experiencing leaking when he moves from sitting to standing, it would be prudent to practice pelvic floor muscle contractions during that activity. [38]

Goal 3: Bladder Training

Bladder training is important to maintain bladder compliance and volume. Men often restrict fluids to avoid having urine to leak or else they go to the toilet frequently “just in case”. Both these strategies are harmful to bladder health, and a comprehensive bladder training programme should be implemented from early on. [38]

Goal 4: Low-Intensity Tonic Hold Training for Sustained Tasks

For men post-prostatectomy, the striated muscle (external sphincter) has to learn to maintain the low-intensity hold that the internal sphincter was mostly responsible for prior to its removal. This is especially important for later in the day when general fatigue sets in and leakage is often worse. Low load training involving slow and tonic contractions will help train this muscle. [38]

Goal 5: High-Level Strength and Endurance Training for High Intensity

This stage involves improving the strength of the contraction, endurance of the contraction, as well as the speed of the contraction. [38]

Goal 6: High-Performance Training for Demand and Unexpected Challenges

The final stage is incorporating pelvic floor rehabilitation into high demand activities that involve increased intra-abdominal pressure with whole-body exercise specific to the individual's needs. [38]

Additional Considerations to Optimise Results

  • Pelvic floor rehabilitation is not a passive intervention and to see improvements patients need to adhere to the exercises
  • Any bowel dysfunction must be managed as this negatively impacts the pelvic floor and bladder
  • Any issues of mental health must be addressed
  • General exercise is very important and has been shown to improve outcomes
  • Weight loss is important in overweight men as obesity has been linked to poorer outcomes

[38]

Additional Videos and Podcasts

[44] Webinar Series on Pelvic Floor Rehabilitation for Post Prostatectomy Incontinence:

[45]
[46]
[47]

Additional Interventions

It is important to treat the patient as a whole, and this may include targeted aerobic training and strengthening exercises for prevention and management of cancer-related fatigue; this strategy has been shown to be efficacious when used during and after treatment in various types of cancer.[48]

Palliative Care in PCa

Another area for physiotherapy intervention in PCa is palliative care. This approach targets patients and families going through long-term and progressive disease; it aims at prevention and relief of suffering from the disease and side-effects of treatment, symptom management and better quality of life. [49] PCa can be particularly inclined to receive palliative care because of its long course of illness and protracted nature. For more information on this topic, you can visit the page Physiotherapy in Palliative Care.

Referral in PCa

Referral for specialist advice and examination may be required, especially in more advanced stages of the disease. [50] Physiotherapists may need to refer patients to other specialists such as oncologists, urologists, radiologists, or other health professionals such as psychologists when needed to manage the various consequences of PCa.

References

  1. ↑ Özdemir K, Keser İ, Şen İ, Tan MÖ.The Importance of Preventive Physiotherapy in Patients Diagnosed with Prostate Cancer. J Urol Surg 2016;3(4):123-6.
  2. ↑ Cancer Research UK. Stages, types and grades of prostate cancer. [May, 15 2025]. Available from: https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/prostate-cancer/stages [accessed 30/8/2025]
  3. ↑ Sternberg CN, Krainer M, Oh WK, Bracarda S, Bellmunt J, Ozen H, Zlotta A, Beer TM, Oudard S, Rauchenwald M, Skoneczna I, Borner MM, Fitzpatrick JM. The medical management of prostate cancer: a multidisciplinary team approach. BJU Int. 2007 Jan;99(1):22-7.
  4. ↑ Gomella LG, Lin J, Hoffman-Censits J, Dugan P, Guiles F, Lallas CD, Singh J, McCue P, Showalter T, Valicenti RK, Dicker A, Trabulsi EJ. Enhancing prostate cancer care through the multidisciplinary clinic approach: a 15-year experience. J Oncol Pract. 2010 Nov;6(6):e5-e10.
  5. ↑ Cirne F, Sedelaar M, Narayan V, Macedo A, Koo C, de Jesus J, Ng A, Bastos D, Briganti A, Dent SF, Shah NP, Lopes RD, Lenihan DJ, Leong DP. Principles of optimal multidisciplinary management of prostate cancer in clinical practice. Cardiooncology. 2025 Mar 15;11(1):28.
  6. ↑ Alappattu MJ, Coronado RA, Lee D, Bour B, George SZ. Clinical characteristics of patients with cancer referred for outpatient physical therapy. Physical Therapy 2015 April;95(4):526-38.
  7. ↑ American Cancer Society. Surgery for prostate cancer. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/prostate-cancer/treating/surgery.html
  8. ↑ Baumann FT, Zopf EM, Bloch W. Clinical exercise interventions in prostate cancer patients--a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Support Care Cancer. 2012 Feb;20(2):221-33.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 Bernardo-Filho M, Barbosa Júnior ML, da Cunha Sá-Caputo D, de Aguiar Ede O, de Lima RP, Santos-Filho SD, de Paoli S, Presta GA, de Oliveira Bravo Monteiro M, Tavares A. The relevance of the procedures related to the physiotherapy in the interventions in patients with prostate cancer: short review with practice approach. Int J Biomed Sci. 2014 Jun;10(2):73-84.
  10. ↑ Ashorobi OS, Frost J, Wang X, Roberson P, Lin E, Volk RJ, Lopez DS, Jones LA, Pettaway CA. Prostate Cancer Education, Detection, and Follow-Up in a Community-Based Multiethnic Cohort of Medically Underserved Men. Am J Mens Health. 2017 Jan;11(1):82-91.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Macaulay M, Broadbridge J, Gage H, Williams P, Birch B, Moore KN, Cottenden A, Fader MJ. A trial of devices for urinary incontinence after treatment for prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2015 Sep;116(3):432-42.
  12. ↑ drummeruss. Prostatectomy guide to incontinence pads. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NwOIB7pzz-U&feature=emb_logo [accessed 29/8/2025]
  13. ↑ Milios JE. Therapeutic interventions for patients with prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy: A focus on urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction and Peyronie’s disease. Thesis Document University of Western Australia. 2019
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Bradley CS, Erickson BA, Messersmith EE, Pelletier-Cameron A, Lai HH, Kreder KJ, Yang CC, Merion RM, Bavendam TG, Kirkali Z; Symptoms of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction Research Network (LURN). Evidence of the Impact of Diet, Fluid Intake, Caffeine, Alcohol and Tobacco on Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms: A Systematic Review. J Urol. 2017 Nov;198(5):1010-20.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Vanderhaeghe D, Albersen M, Weyne E. Focusing on sexual rehabilitation besides penile rehabilitation following radical prostatectomy is important. Int J Impot Res. 2021 May;33(4):448-456.
  16. ↑ Dubbelman YD, Dohle GR, Schröder FH. Sexual function before and after radical retropubic prostatectomy: a systematic review of prognostic indicators for a successful outcome. Eur Urol. 2006 Oct 1;50(4):711-20.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 Salonia A, Adaikan G, Buvat J, Carrier S, El-Meliegy A, Hatzimouratidis K, McCullough A, Morgentaler A, Torres LO, Khera M. Sexual rehabilitation after treatment for prostate cancer—part 2: recommendations from the Fourth International Consultation for Sexual Medicine (ICSM 2015). J Sex Med. 2017 Mar 1;14(3):297-315.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Chung E. Male sexual dysfunction and rehabilitation strategies in the settings of salvage prostate cancer treatment. Int J Impot Res. 2021; 33:457–63.
  19. ↑ Salonia A, Adaikan G, Buvat J, Carrier S, El-Meliegy A, Hatzimouratidis K, McCullough A, Morgentaler A, Torres LO, Khera M. Sexual rehabilitation after treatment for prostate cancer—part 1: recommendations from the Fourth International Consultation for Sexual Medicine (ICSM 2015). J Sex Med. 2017 Mar 1;14(3):285-96.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Rudolph E, Boffard C, Raath C. Pelvic Floor Physical Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction—Fact or Fallacy?. J Sex Med. 2017 Jun 1;14(6):765-6.
  21. ↑ Miller DC, Wei JT, Dunn RL, Montie JE, Pimentel H, Sandler HM, McLaughlin PW, Sanda MG. Use of medications or devices for erectile dysfunction among long-term prostate cancer treatment survivors: potential influence of sexual motivation and/or indifference. Urology. 2006 Jul;68(1):166-71.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Wang R, Martins FE, Ralph D, Hatzichristodoulou G, Osmonov D, Parker J, Park SHS, Moncada I, Bettocchi C, Munarriz R, Köhler T. Vacuum erectile devices for erectile dysfunction: recommendations from the 5th international consultation on sexual medicine. Sex Med Rev. 2025 Apr 14;13(2):172-183.
  23. ↑ MenMD. Vacuum Erection Device Assembly & Demo with Urologist Eric Chenven, MD. Available from: https://youtube.com/watch?v=ifpAVmCrh9s [accessed 30/8/2025]
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Teloken PE, Mulhall JP. Erectile function following prostate cancer treatment: factors predicting recovery. Sex Med Rev. 2013 Jul 1;1(2):91-103.
  25. ↑ Gaither TW, Awad MA, Osterberg EC, Murphy GP, Allen IE, Chang A, Rosen RC, Breyer BN. The natural history of erectile dysfunction after prostatic radiotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sex Med. 2017 Sep 1;14(9):1071-8.
  26. ↑ Albaugh JA, Sufrin N, Lapin BR, Petkewicz J, Tenfelde S. Life after prostate cancer treatment: a mixed methods study of the experiences of men with sexual dysfunction and their partners. BMC urology. 2017 Dec;17(1):45.
  27. ↑ Milios JE. Therapeutic interventions for patients with prostate cancer undergoing radical prostatectomy: A focus on urinary incontinence, erectile dysfunction and Peyronie’s disease. Thesis Document University of Western Australia. 2019
  28. ↑ Milios JE, Ackland TR, Green DJ. Peyronie’s disease and the role of therapeutic ultrasound: A randomized controlled trial. J Rehab Therapy.2020;2(2):32-9.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Cho ST, Kim KH. Pelvic floor muscle exercise and training for coping with urinary incontinence. J Exerc Rehabil. 2021 Dec 27;17(6):379-87.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 Stafford RE, Ashton‐Miller JA, Constantinou C, Coughlin G, Lutton NJ, Hodges PW. Pattern of activation of pelvic floor muscles in men differs with verbal instructions. Neurourol Urodyn. 2016 Apr;35(4):457-63.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Shelly B, Kirages D, Milios J, Andrews E, Erickson K, Franczak J, Gaglani V, Haag S, Lukert V, Molloy C, Strauhal MJ. Summary of Pelvic PT Distance Journal Club - Male Study Group 2015. Available from: male-study-group-final-2015-1.pdf [accessed 31/8/2025])
  32. ↑ Michelle Kenway. How to Kegel for Men - Professional Guide to Effective Kegel Strength Exercises. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=dSqK4_3YSMI&feature=emb_logo [accessed 31/8/2025]
  33. ↑ Goonewardene SS, Gillatt D, Persad R. A systematic review of PFE pre-prostatectomy. J Robot Surg. 2018 Sep 1;12(3):397-400.
  34. ↑ Doorbar-Baptist S, Adams R, Rebbeck T. Ultrasound-based motor control training for the pelvic floor pre-and post-prostatectomy: Scoring reliability and skill acquisition. Physiother Theory Pract. 2017 Apr 3;33(4):296-302.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Cohen D, Gonzalez J, Goldstein I. The role of pelvic floor muscles in male sexual dysfunction and pelvic pain. Sex Med Rev. 2016 Jan 1;4(1):53-62.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Gomes CS, Pedriali FR, Urbano MR, Moreira EH, Averbeck MA, Almeida SH. The effects of Pilates method on pelvic floor muscle strength in patients with post‐prostatectomy urinary incontinence: A randomized clinical trial. Neurourol Urodyn. 2018 Jan;37(1):346-53.
  37. ↑ Chang JI, Lam V, Patel MI. Preoperative pelvic floor muscle exercise and postprostatectomy incontinence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Urol. 2016 Mar 1;69(3):460-7.
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.5 38.6 38.7 Hodges PW, Stafford RE, Hall L, Neumann P, Morrison S, Frawley H, Doorbar-Baptist S, Nahon I, Crow J, Thompson J, Cameron AP. Reconsideration of pelvic floor muscle training to prevent and treat incontinence after radical prostatectomy. Urol Oncol. 2020 May;38(5):354-371.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Prota C, Gomes CM, Ribeiro LH, de Bessa J Jr, Nakano E, Dall'Oglio M, Bruschini H, Srougi M. Early postoperative pelvic-floor biofeedback improves erectile function in men undergoing radical prostatectomy: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Int J Impot Res. 2012 Sep;24(5):174-8.
  40. ↑ Sighinolfi MC, Rivalta M, Mofferdin A, Micali S, De Stefani S, Bianchi G. Potential effectiveness of pelvic floor rehabilitation treatment for postradical prostatectomy incontinence, climacturia, and erectile dysfunction: a case series. J Sex Med. 2009 Dec;6(12):3496-9.
  41. ↑ Van Kampen M, De Weerdt W, Claes H, Feys H, De Maeyer M, Van Poppel H. Treatment of erectile dysfunction by perineal exercise, electromyographic biofeedback, and electrical stimulation. Phys Ther. 2003 Jun 1;83(6):536-43.
  42. ↑ Lin YH, Yu TJ, Lin VC, Wang HP, Lu K. Effects of early pelvic-floor muscle exercise for sexual dysfunction in radical prostatectomy recipients. Cancer Nurs. 2012 Mar 1;35(2):106-14.
  43. ↑ Dorey G, Speakman M, Feneley R, Swinkels A, Dunn C, Ewings P. Randomised controlled trial of pelvic floor muscle exercises and manometric biofeedback for erectile dysfunction. Br J Gen Pract. 2004 Nov 1;54(508):819-25.
  44. ↑ Continence Foundation of Australia. Prostate Cancer surgery and pelvic floor exercises. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E0U7x_oiyO0&feature=emb_logo [accessed 31/8/2025]
  45. ↑ ProstateCancerCanada. Pelvic Floor Rehabilitation for Post Prostatectomy Incontinence (1/3) with Bill Landry. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=U10K6V-hAKs&feature=emb_logo [accessed 31/08/2025]
  46. ↑ ProstateCancerCanada. Pelvic Floor Rehabilitation for Post Prostatectomy Incontinence (2/3) with Bill Landry Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rPe6eQyaQ4k&feature=emb_logo [accessed 31/08/2025]
  47. ↑ ProstateCancerCanada. Expert Angle: Pelvic Floor Rehabilitation for Post Prostatectomy Incontinence (3/3) with Bill Landry. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=9&v=Ngj7ymhedts&feature=emb_logo [accessed 31/08/2025]
  48. ↑ Alappattu MJ, Coronado RA, Lee D, Bour B, George SZ. Clinical characteristics of patients with cancer referred for outpatient physical therapy. Phys Ther 2015 April;95(4):526-38.
  49. ↑ Sanford MT, Greene KL, Carroll PR. The argument for palliative care in prostate cancer. Transl Androl Urol. 2013 Dec;2(4):278-80.
  50. ↑ Bryce AH, Agarwal N, Beltran H, Hussain MH, Sartor O, Shore N, Antonarakis ES, Armstrong AJ, Calais J, Carducci MA, Dorff TB, Efstathiou JA, Gleave M, Gomella LG, Higano C, Hope TA, Iagaru A, Morgans AK, Morris DS, Morris MJ, Petrylak DP, Reiter RE, Rettig MB, Ryan CJ, Sellinger SB, Spratt DE, Srinivas S, Tagawa ST, Taplin ME, Yu EY, Zhang T, McKay RR, Koo PJ, Crawford ED. Implementing evidence-based strategies for men with biochemically recurrent and advanced prostate cancer: Consensus recommendations from the US Prostate Cancer Conference 2024. Cancer. 2025 Jan 1;131(1):e35612.
Retrieved from "https://www.physio-pedia.com/w/index.php?title=Physiotherapy_Treatment_After_Prostate_Cancer&oldid=372015"