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== Clinical Examination == *[[Lumbar Examination|Lumbar Examination]]

...et al">Flynn T, Cleland J, Whitman J. User's Guide to the Musculoskeletal Examination: Fundamentals for the Evidence-based Clinician. Buckner, Kentucky: Evidence ...lature is contracted.<ref name="Flynn et al" /><ref>Dutton, M. Orthopaedic Examination, Evaluation, and Intervention. New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; 2

...teau of the injury, which is usually between 6 - 12 months in the complete spinal cord injury, there are a number of reconstructive surgery options available ...inal Cord Medicine; 1999.</ref> It is therefore important that a thorough examination of the upper limb with regarding to muscle strength, sensation and function

[[International Framework for Examination of the Cervical Region]]<br> ...nt of a package of care offered by physical therapists to individuals with spinal pain.

...quake <ref>Lathia C, Skelton P, Clift Z, Chapter.8 Early Rehabilitation of Spinal Cord Injuries. Lathia C, Skelton P, Clift Z. [https://resources.relabhs.org ...to a Spinal Injury Rehabilitation Centre 3-weeks after sustaining a T12-L1 Spinal Cord Injury managed surgically following Nepal Earthquake.

...e Organization of the Spinal Cord. In: Watson C, Kayalioglu G, editors.The Spinal Cord: A Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation Text and Atlas. London: Acade ...s by association with parasympathetic neurons in the sacral segment of the spinal cord.<ref name=":1" />

== Examination == On examination, she was found to have reduced range of motion of her lumbar spine, positiv

...f flexibility and can even lead to chronic pain when a spinal nerve or the spinal cord becomes irritated or constricted as a result of the deterioration<ref === Examination ===

...to A. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161475408001760 Spinal palpation for lumbar segmental mobility and pain provocation: an interexami [[Category:Sacroiliac Examination]]

...e adjacent vertebral lamina and prevents buckling of the ligament into the spinal canal during extension, preventing canal compression. The lateral portion o ...causes hypertrophy and can lead to spinal canal stenosis (narrowing of the spinal canal), which can sometimes cause pain.

...as [[Facet Arthrosis|facet arthropathy]], [[Lumbar Spinal Stenosis|lumbar spinal stenosis,]] and [[Sacroiliac Joint|sacroiliac joint pain]]. There is a high ...deformity or pathology of the other. This means that hip pathology causes spinal pathology or vice versa.

A complete musculoskeletal examination of the patients gives an over view of patients body structure and function. ...loskeletal_Screening_Examination_Booklet.pdf The Musculoskeletal Screening Examination booklet]. University of Western Ontario. Available from: <nowiki>https://rh

...Main M, Mazzone ES, Montes J, et al. (2017) Revised Hammersmith Scale for spinal muscular atrophy: A SMA specific clinical outcome assessment tool. PLoS ONE [[Category:Paediatrics - Assessment and Examination]]

...rts: of these, the posterior and larger serves for the transmission of the spinal cord, its membranes, and the accessory nerves; the anterior and smaller con ...iew of the literature. Case reports in medicine]. 2011;2011.</ref>, causes spinal cord [[myelopathy]] that may need surgical intervention.

...o evaluate how patients and their parents perceive the appearance of their spinal deformity. [[Category:Paediatrics - Assessment and Examination]]

...for use in patients with [[stroke]]<ref name=":0" />, [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]] and [[Cerebral Palsy Introduction|cerebral palsy]]<ref name=" ...in Spinal Cord Injury|contractures]] and/or a clasp-knife response before examination<ref name=":1" />.

...eads to interruption of normal function of nerve tracts in one half of the spinal cord<ref name=":1">Ranga U, Aiyappan SK. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ See the video below to further understand the anatomy of the spinal cord in relation to BSS.<br>

...s for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury, Revised 2011. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2012;18(1):85-99.</ref> '''Sensory Examination'''

...ow back pain which can come from various structures, notably facet joints, spinal muscles, and ligaments. [[Low Back Pain|Low back pain]] is a major clinical ...matomal numbness), along side, with interventional spinal procedures (e.g. spinal epidural injection, facet joint injection, transforaminal injection) is nec

...this area. This page will give us an overview of assessment of ageing with spinal cord injury to bridge some of the existing gap in the literature. ...ttps://www.physio-pedia.com/Assessment_of_Spinal_Cord_Injury assessment of spinal cord injury]).

...tman JM, Cleland JA, Flynn TW. Regional Interdependence: A Musculoskeletal Examination Model Whose Time Has Come. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2007;37(11):658-660. P == Examination&nbsp; ==

...and Measures for the Physical Therapist Assistant. Chapter 9 Neuromuscular examination. Stacie J. Fruth, Carol Fawcett ...ber of causes like [[Stroke|cerebral hemispheric]] or [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord]] damage. 

...ion of the Lumbar Spine Available: https://musculoskeletalkey.com/physical-examination-of-the-lumbar-spine/ (acessed 20.11.2022)</ref> ...cite_ref-:0_1-2"></span>Tape measure: inexpensive instrument for measuring spinal motion, and possibly the easiest to use.

...of the space where nerve roots exit the spine, which can be a result of [[Spinal Stenosis|stenosis]], bone spurs, [[Thoracic Disc Syndrome|disc herniation]] * 12 pairs of spinal nerve roots,

...ce each skeletal muscle is innervated by nerves derived from more than one spinal cord level.<ref>Earths lab Myotomes Available:https://www.earthslab.com/ana == Spinal Nerves ==

...a [https://radiopaedia.org/articles/osteoarthritis-of-the-vertebral-column Spinal OA] Available: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/osteoarthritis-of-the-verte ..., also contribute to osteoarthritic degeneration.<ref>Lindsey T, Dydyk AM. Spinal Osteoarthritis. Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553190/ (ac

...ich is that portion of a peripheral nerve that “connects” the nerve to the spinal cord. Nerve roots arise from each level of the spinal cord (e.g., C3, C4), and many, but not all, intermingle in a plexus (brachi

..., S., The Human Extremities: Mechanical diagnosis and therapy. Wellington: Spinal publications New-Zealand, 2000.</ref> ...Supp G, Robbins SM. A study exploring the prevalence of Extremity Pain of Spinal Source (EXPOSS). J Man Manip Ther. 2020 Sep;28(4):222-230.</ref>

...axial skeleton. The first two laws solely apply to the lumbar and thoracic spinal regions, but the third applies to the entire vertebral column&nbsp;<ref nam [[Category:Cervical Spine]] [[Category:Cervical Spine - Assessment and Examination]]

...tion, however, 1-2% of cases of low back pain are caused by non-mechanical spinal disorders or visceral diseases such as a [[Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm|abdomi ==Examination Findings==

# Most commonly by a disturbance of the brain or spinal cord (the central nervous system, or CNS), or ...on with infection, [[Traumatic Brain Injury|head]] or [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]], [[stroke]], brain tumors, kidney or liver failure, chemical

.... [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4303793/ Rehabilitation of spinal cord injuries.] World journal of orthopedics. 2015 Jan 18;6(1):8. Available ...L. GUTTMANN, O.B.E., M.D., M.R.C.P.;1953</ref><ref name="Sedgwick et al.">Spinal cord potentials in traumatic paraplegia and quadriplegia; E M SEDGWICK, E E

...considered rare. It encompasses numerous associated pathologies including spinal stenosis, degenerative spondylolisthesis, osteoarthritis, aging, trauma, an ...usually be diagnosed based on a patient's history of symptoms, a physical examination, and imaging tests<ref>[https://myhealth.alberta.ca/Health/Pages/conditions

...Spinal Cord Injuries|spinal cord injury]]. An individual with this form of spinal cord injury (SCI) will have intact motor function and sensations of pain, l ...and tabes dorsalis, but both tend to be generalized to PCS:<ref>Medmaster. Spinal Cord Syndromes: Clinical Recognition & Anatomy Review. Available from: <now

...tion tests for the assessment of sacroiliac joint dysfunction.] Journal of spinal disorders. 1998 Aug;11(4):341-5.</ref><ref name="Vier">P Vercellini. Chroni ...ests and acceptable intertester reliability to be included in the clinical examination: <ref name="Drie" /><ref name="Zes" />

...D.L.+Skaggs,+J.M.+Flynn.+Staying+out+of+trouble+in+pediatric+orthopaedics.+Examination+of+the+spine.+Philadelphia,+2006.+P20-21.+Level+of+evidence:+D&ots=d_mu8QW6 ...column vertebrae. The examiner looks for indicators of scoliosis, such as spinal asymmetry, unlevel shoulders, scapula asymmetry, unlevel hips, and the head

...ion of the ANS sympathetics, which originate from T1-L2 afferents from the spinal cord.<ref>Benhamou CL, Roux C, Tourliere D, Gervais T, Viala JF, Amor B. Ps ...l O. Angina pectoris symptoms caused by thoracic spine disorders. Clinical examination and treatment. Acta Med Scand Suppl 1981;644:84-86</ref> (Heart surgery, im

...rotational horizontal plane motion. Many nerves innervate the muscles for spinal rotation. * The [[Spinal Manipulation|rotational manipulative technique]] is commonly used for patie

...pain]]. Thoracic back pain is more often due to [[The Flag System|serious spinal pathology]] than neck or low back pain but thoracic back pain is also preva === Examination ===

...ons in nonprimary motor areas may cause a release of inhibitory control by spinal interneurons, leading to a reappearance of the [[Reflexes|reflex]].<ref nam ...ns.pdf Primitive reflexes and postural reactions in the neurodevelopmental examination. Pediatric neurology.] 2004 Jul 1;31(1):1-8.</ref>

These tracts (fibers) cross over upon entering the spinal cord and ascend to the brainstem centers. ...anatomy|nervous system,]] lies anteriolaterally to the ventral horn of the spinal grey matter. This pathway comprises of three neutron sets and forms part of

...z JM, Brennan GP. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17374633 Preliminary examination of a proposed treatment-based classification system for patients receiving Beyond identifying serious pathology [[Red Flags in Spinal Conditions|( red flags]])such as fractures, diagnostic imaging is not often

...cond line of defense, preventing the odontoid process from compressing the spinal cord and by doing so, secondarily limits movement of the craniocervical jun == Examination ==

...M takes into the account the shape of the spinal coloumn. Extension of the spinal column facilitates inhalation in a vertical direction,while slumped posture ...two sides of the body. In case of scoliosis or sideways distortion of the spinal column there is a marked difference in breathing movement between the left

...in the body and its effect on the spine.&nbsp;<ref>Functional Soft Tissue Examination and Treatment by Manual Methods by Warren I Hammer Third Edition.</ref> ...stem and the posture is derived from the fine postural system, through the spinal cord.

== Subjective Examination == == Objective Examination ==

== Spinal Reflex/The Reflex Arc == ...ark Hallett, 'Tendon Reflexes and Pathological Reflexes', ''The Neurologic Examination: Scientific Basis for Clinical Diagnosis'', 1 edn (New York, 2016; online e

...ty, and multiple thoracic compression fracture<ref name=":0">Basu S (2012) Spinal injuries in children. Front. Neur. 3:96. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00096</ref ...SCI on this complex process<ref name=":1">Powell A, Davidson L. Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury. A Review By Organ System. Phy. Med. and Rehab Clinics, 2015;

...complaint.<ref name="Manipulations, Inc">Wainner RS, Flynn TW, Whitman JM. Spinal and Extremity Manipulation: The Basic Skill Set for Physical Therapists. Sa ...n|LBP]] may actually be suffering from disorders of the hip or knee joint. Examination of proximal and distal joints in the same region of the reported pain and d

...ts a deep sulcus on its upper surface for the passage of the corresponding spinal nerve. Vertebral Causes of Spinal Pain:<ref name="Maitland">G.D. Maitland. Vertebral Manipulation. Fourth Edi