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== Description  ==
==Introduction==
Adductor longus is one of the adductor muscles of the medial thigh.<ref name=":0">Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Clinial oriented anatomy. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2010.</ref> Together with [[Adductor Brevis|adductor brevis]], [[Adductor Magnus|adductor magnus]], [[gracilis]] and [[Obturator Externus|obturator externus]], it makes up the adductor compartement.<ref name=":0" /> This large fan-shaped muscle is situated most anteriorly of this group and covers the middle part of [[Adductor Magnus|adductor magnus]] and the anterior part of [[Adductor Brevis|adductor brevis]].<ref name=":0" />
[[File: Adductor longus.gif|thumb|alt=This is the image of the Adductor Longus muscle which originates from the anterior aspect of the pubic body inferior to the pubic crest and expands into a fan shape, attaching broadly to the linea aspera on the middle third of the femur.  |Adductor longus]]The adductor longus is one of the adductor muscles of the medial thigh.<ref name=":0">Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Clinically oriented anatomy. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2010.</ref> Together with the [[Adductor Brevis|adductor brevis]], [[Adductor Magnus|adductor magnus]], [[gracilis]] and [[Obturator Externus|obturator externus]], it makes up the [[Hip Adductors|hip adductors]].<ref name=":0" />  
[[File:Adductor longus.gif|none|thumb]]


=== Origin ===
This large fan-shaped muscle is situated most anteriorly of this group and covers the middle part of the [[Adductor Magnus|adductor magnus]] and the anterior part of the [[Adductor Brevis|adductor brevis]].<ref name=":0" />
Strong tendon from anterior aspect of pubic body inferior to pubic crest.<ref name=":0" />


=== Insertion  ===
The muscle forms the medial border of the [[Femoral Triangle|femoral triangle]].
Linea aspera on middle third of femur.<ref name=":0" />


=== Nerve ===
The muscles in this compartment are believed to have evolved from hip extensor and flexor columns<ref name=":1">Ken Hub [https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/adductor-longus-muscle Adductor Longus] Available: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/adductor-longus-muscle<nowiki/>(accessed 20.1.2022)</ref>.
Anterior devision of obturator nerve (L2, '''L3''', L4).<ref name=":0" />
===Origin===
A strong tendon from the anterior aspect of the pubic body inferior to the pubic crest.<ref name=":0" />


=== Artery ===
===Insertion===
* Obturator artery<ref name=":1">University of Washington. Department of Radiology. Adductor Longus. Available from: https://rad.washington.edu/muscle-atlas/adductor-longus/ (accessed 11/07/2020).</ref>
Expands into a fan shape, attaching broadly to the linea aspera on the middle third of the femur.<ref name=":0" />
* Medial circumflex femoral artery<ref name=":1" />


== Function ==
This insertion point is between the insertion of the [[Adductor Magnus|adductor magnus]] and the origin of the  [[Vastus Medialis|vastus medialis]] muscle, and inferior to the [[Adductor Brevis|adductor brevis]] insertion.<ref name=":1" />
Adduction of femur.<ref name=":0" />
<gallery widths="250px" heights="350px">
File: Adductor_Longus_attachments.png| muscle insertion
File: Adductor_magnus.png|other muscle  </gallery>


== Clinical relevance  ==
===Nerve===
* [[Adductor Tendinopathy|Adductor tendinopathy]]
Anterior division of [[Obturator Nerve|obturator nerve]] (L2, '''L3''', L4).<ref name=":0" />
* [[Groin Strain|Groin strain]]


== Assessment  ==
== Function==
* [[Manual Muscle Testing: Hip Adduction|Manual muscle testing]]:<ref>Hislop H, Avers D, Brown M. [https://books.google.co.za/books?hl=en&lr=&id=peNOAQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=muscle+testing&ots=mxJRzfX8_q&sig=J-rFmGV3dwKthAW-Q0uYki-B8aI#v=onepage&q=muscle%20testing&f=false Daniels and Worthingham's Muscle Testing: Techniques of manual examination.] Elsevier Health Sciences; 2013.</ref>
The main action of the adductor group of muscles is to adduct the thigh at the hip joint.  
** Patient positioned in side-lying with side being tested resting at the bottom on the bed. The top leg is supported by the examiner in 25 degrees of abduction. The examiner applies manual resistance to the distal femur proximal to the knee joint in the direction of the bed while the patient actively adducts against the examiner's hand.
** Determine strength by using Oxford grades 0-5.
{{#ev:youtube|watch?v=v=LRgcpcuGuZM}}
* [[Adductor Squeeze Test|Adductor squeeze test]]
* Hip adductor length test:<ref>Norris CM. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S003194060567068X Spinal stabilisation: 4. Muscle imbalance and the low back.] Physiotherapy 1995;81(3):127-38.</ref>
** Patient is positioned in crook-lying with a posterior pelvic tilt. The patient abducts the hips by moving the knees outwards towards the sides of the bed.
*** Adductor stiffness:  Patient not able to maintain position, (+) anterior pelvic tilt
*** Inhibition of [[Gluteus Medius|gluteus medius]] and external rotators of hip can be noted,, causing muscle imbalances and compensatory movement patterns.
** Tests for abdominal weakness as well.


== References  ==
#The adductor longus muscle also plays a role in external/lateral rotation and flexion of the thigh.
#Along with the other hip adductors it helps to stabilise the pelvis in standing and aids in balancing the body on the lower limb during walking.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
{{#ev:youtube|U6imQsMgGOI|300}}<ref>.Kenhub. Kenhub - Learn Human Anatomy. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6imQsMgGOI [last accessed 20/12/2023]</ref>


==Physiotherapy Relevance==
[[File:Pulled Groin Muscle.png|thumb|Pulled Groin Muscle|alt=|145x145px]][[Adductor Tendinopathy]] is a common cause of medial leg and [[Groin Strain|groin pain]], especially among athletes. It is common among injuries in such sports as eg ice skating, horse riding, soccer, football, karate, and running. Sudden changes in direction cause a quick adduction against a large abduction force thereby stressing the tendon, most commonly at its origin. It is caused by a disproportional strain of the muscles, often in combination with a poor warm-up and a lack of [[stretching]].<ref name=":2">[[Adductor Brevis]]</ref>
==Assessment and Treatment==
[[File:Soccer kick.jpeg|thumb|142x142px|Soccer, a game with adductor injury .|alt=]]
Adductor injuries are often overlooked. An early assessment is essential to prevent it from becoming a career-threatening injury for an athlete.
For a guide to Physiotherapy treatment and assessment see [[Groin Strain]] [[Adductor Tendinopathy]]
*It is essential to do a thorough assessment of the pelvis and [[Core Strengthening|core]] as well as the thigh muscles. Designing a [[Strength Training|strengthening]] program to address which muscles are weak and which muscles are tight is vital. Treatment should include strengthening the muscles around the pelvis and core, alongside stretches to be completed following all training sessions.<ref name=":2" />
*[[Manual Muscle Testing: Hip Adduction|Manual muscle testing]]:<ref>Hislop H, Avers D, Brown M. [https://books.google.co.za/books?hl=en&lr=&id=peNOAQAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=muscle+testing&ots=mxJRzfX8_q&sig=J-rFmGV3dwKthAW-Q0uYki-B8aI#v=onepage&q=muscle%20testing&f=false Daniels and Worthingham's Muscle Testing: Techniques of manual examination.] Elsevier Health Sciences; 2013.</ref>
*[[Adductor Squeeze Test|Adductor squeeze test]]
{{#ev:youtube|s0gKvvbFX2I|300}}<ref>.
Rehab My Patient. How to strengthen your adductor longus. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s0gKvvbFX2I [last accessed 20/12/2023]</ref>
==References==
<references />
<references />


[[Category:Anatomy]]  
[[Category:Anatomy]]  
[[Category:Muscles]]
[[Category:Muscles]]

Latest revision as of 20:01, 20 December 2023

Original Editor - Leana Louw

Top Contributors - Lucinda hampton, Leana Louw, Memoona Awan, Kim Jackson, Vidya Acharya and Ines Musabyemariya

Introduction[edit | edit source]

This is the image of the Adductor Longus muscle which originates from the anterior aspect of the pubic body inferior to the pubic crest and expands into a fan shape, attaching broadly to the linea aspera on the middle third of the femur.
Adductor longus

The adductor longus is one of the adductor muscles of the medial thigh.[1] Together with the adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis and obturator externus, it makes up the hip adductors.[1]

This large fan-shaped muscle is situated most anteriorly of this group and covers the middle part of the adductor magnus and the anterior part of the adductor brevis.[1]

The muscle forms the medial border of the femoral triangle.

The muscles in this compartment are believed to have evolved from hip extensor and flexor columns[2].

Origin[edit | edit source]

A strong tendon from the anterior aspect of the pubic body inferior to the pubic crest.[1]

Insertion[edit | edit source]

Expands into a fan shape, attaching broadly to the linea aspera on the middle third of the femur.[1]

This insertion point is between the insertion of the adductor magnus and the origin of the vastus medialis muscle, and inferior to the adductor brevis insertion.[2]

  • muscle insertion

    muscle insertion

  • other muscle

    other muscle

Nerve[edit | edit source]

Anterior division of obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4).[1]

Function[edit | edit source]

The main action of the adductor group of muscles is to adduct the thigh at the hip joint.

  1. The adductor longus muscle also plays a role in external/lateral rotation and flexion of the thigh.
  2. Along with the other hip adductors it helps to stabilise the pelvis in standing and aids in balancing the body on the lower limb during walking.[1][2]

[3]

Physiotherapy Relevance[edit | edit source]

Pulled Groin Muscle

Adductor Tendinopathy is a common cause of medial leg and groin pain, especially among athletes. It is common among injuries in such sports as eg ice skating, horse riding, soccer, football, karate, and running. Sudden changes in direction cause a quick adduction against a large abduction force thereby stressing the tendon, most commonly at its origin. It is caused by a disproportional strain of the muscles, often in combination with a poor warm-up and a lack of stretching.[4]

Assessment and Treatment[edit | edit source]

Soccer, a game with adductor injury .

Adductor injuries are often overlooked. An early assessment is essential to prevent it from becoming a career-threatening injury for an athlete.

For a guide to Physiotherapy treatment and assessment see Groin Strain Adductor Tendinopathy

  • It is essential to do a thorough assessment of the pelvis and core as well as the thigh muscles. Designing a strengthening program to address which muscles are weak and which muscles are tight is vital. Treatment should include strengthening the muscles around the pelvis and core, alongside stretches to be completed following all training sessions.[4]

[6]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Moore KL, Dalley AF, Agur AMR. Clinically oriented anatomy. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer, 2010.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Ken Hub Adductor Longus Available: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/adductor-longus-muscle(accessed 20.1.2022)
  3. ↑ .Kenhub. Kenhub - Learn Human Anatomy. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6imQsMgGOI [last accessed 20/12/2023]
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Adductor Brevis
  5. ↑ Hislop H, Avers D, Brown M. Daniels and Worthingham's Muscle Testing: Techniques of manual examination. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2013.
  6. ↑ . Rehab My Patient. How to strengthen your adductor longus. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s0gKvvbFX2I [last accessed 20/12/2023]
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