Orthotic Design for Foot Pathologies: Difference between revisions
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<div class="editorbox"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher/ Donna Fisher] | <div class="editorbox">'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Carin Hunter|Carin Hunter]] based on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/donna-fisher/ Donna Fisher] | ||
'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}</div> | |||
== AFO == | |||
== TCI’s - Measurement == | |||
o Custom made – usually E.V.A. – High, Medium & Low Density | |||
o Cast, foam box, scan | |||
o Workshop manufactured or Lab | |||
o Intrinsic modification/ extrinsic posting | |||
o Can be bulky | |||
o Support, correct, Accommodate | |||
o Shock absorbing | |||
==== Total Contact Insoles (TCI) ==== | |||
o Design from Examination as per FFO | |||
o Support- through shape and density of materials | |||
o Accommodation - fixed deformities, ground to meet feet or feet to ground, blocks test, easier due to construction than with FFO | |||
o Shock absorption – better than FFO due to materials. | |||
o EVA (Ethyl Vinyl Acetate) | |||
== Functional Foot Orthosis (FFO) == | |||
o Heel Skives- intrinsic (on model) | |||
o Medial (Kirby)- shifts force applied laterally, supinates/inverts – | |||
o PTTD, Plantarfacsitis | |||
o Lateral shifts force applied to heel medially and pronates/everts | |||
o Inversion of the positive cast increases arch height under the base of the first metatarsal resulting in plantarflexion of the first metatarsal - | |||
== Non-pathological Foot == | == Non-pathological Foot == | ||
# No underlying condition | # No underlying condition | ||
# Normal foot structure | # Normal foot structure | ||
Line 9: | Line 45: | ||
# Trauma | # Trauma | ||
# Tendon dysfunction | # Tendon dysfunction | ||
== Congenital Paediatric Problems == | == Congenital Paediatric Problems == | ||
# Flexible [[Pes Planus]] | # Flexible [[Pes Planus]] | ||
# [[Accessory Navicular Bone|Accessory Navicular]] | # [[Accessory Navicular Bone|Accessory Navicular]] | ||
Line 21: | Line 55: | ||
# Cavus Foot | # Cavus Foot | ||
## High arch, CTEV | ## High arch, CTEV | ||
==== Flexible Pes Planus ==== | |||
== Flexible Pes Planus == | [[File:Download (2).jpg|thumb|Pes Planus in a toddler|link=https://www.physio-pedia.com/File:Download_(2).jpg]][[Pes Planus|Pes planus]] also known as flat foot is the loss of the medial longitudinal [[Arches of the Foot|arch of the foot]], heel valgus deformity, and medial talar prominence.<ref>Troiano G, Nante N, Citarelli GL. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28617260/ Pes planus and pes cavus in Southern.] Annali dell'Istituto superiore di sanita. 2017 Jun 7;53(2):142-5.</ref> In lay terms, it is a fallen arch of the foot that caused the whole [[Foot Anatomy|foot]] to make contact with the surface the individual is standing on. The deformity is usually asymptomatic and resolves spontaneously in the first decade of life, or occasionally progresses into a painful rigid form which causes significant disability. All at birth has flat feet and noticeable foot arch are seen at around the age of 3years.<ref>Suciati T, Adnindya MR, Septadina IS, Pratiwi PP. [https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1246/1/012063/meta Correlation between flat feet and body mass index in primary school students.] InJournal of Physics: Conference Series 2019 Jul 1 (Vol. 1246, No. 1, p. 012063). IOP Publishing.</ref> | ||
[[File:Download (2).jpg|thumb|Pes Planus in a toddler]] | |||
[[Pes Planus|Pes planus]] also known as flat foot is the loss of the medial longitudinal [[Arches of the Foot|arch of the foot]], heel valgus deformity, and medial talar prominence.<ref>Troiano G, Nante N, Citarelli GL. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28617260/ Pes planus and pes cavus in Southern.] Annali dell'Istituto superiore di sanita. 2017 Jun 7;53(2):142-5.</ref> In lay terms, it is a fallen arch of the foot that caused the whole [[Foot Anatomy|foot]] to make contact with the surface the individual is standing on. The deformity is usually asymptomatic and resolves spontaneously in the first decade of life, or occasionally progresses into a painful rigid form which causes significant disability. All at birth has flat feet and noticeable foot arch are seen at around the age of 3years.<ref>Suciati T, Adnindya MR, Septadina IS, Pratiwi PP. [https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/1246/1/012063/meta Correlation between flat feet and body mass index in primary school students.] InJournal of Physics: Conference Series 2019 Jul 1 (Vol. 1246, No. 1, p. 012063). IOP Publishing.</ref> | |||
It is of two forms; flexible flat foot and rigid flat foot. When the arch of the foot is intact on heel elevation and non-bearing but disappears on full standing on the foot, it is termed flexible flat foot while rigid flat foot is when the arch is not present in both heel elevation and weight bearing.<ref>Wilson DJ. [https://www.news-medical.net/health/Flexible-vs-Rigid-Flat-Foot.aspx Flexible vs Rigid Flat Foot, 2019.] Available from: <nowiki>https://www.news-medical.net/health/Flexible-vs-Rigid-Flat-Foot.aspx</nowiki> (Accessed 29 June 2020)</ref> | It is of two forms; flexible flat foot and rigid flat foot. When the arch of the foot is intact on heel elevation and non-bearing but disappears on full standing on the foot, it is termed flexible flat foot while rigid flat foot is when the arch is not present in both heel elevation and weight bearing.<ref>Wilson DJ. [https://www.news-medical.net/health/Flexible-vs-Rigid-Flat-Foot.aspx Flexible vs Rigid Flat Foot, 2019.] Available from: <nowiki>https://www.news-medical.net/health/Flexible-vs-Rigid-Flat-Foot.aspx</nowiki> (Accessed 29 June 2020)</ref> | ||
'''<u>Tests</u>''': Jacks Test, arch recreates | '''<u>Tests</u>''': Jacks Test, arch recreates{{#ev:youtube|j-mqaiKfsZQ}}'''<u>Treatment</u>''': Off the Shelf (OTS) Insoles | ||
{{#ev:youtube|j-mqaiKfsZQ}} | |||
'''<u>Treatment</u>''': Off the Shelf (OTS) Insoles | |||
# Generally standard neutral position | # Generally standard neutral position | ||
# Standard arch support | # Standard arch support | ||
Line 41: | Line 69: | ||
# No accommodation of deformity | # No accommodation of deformity | ||
# Good starting point | # Good starting point | ||
== Adult Non-pathological Foot – Common Problems == | == Adult Non-pathological Foot – Common Problems == | ||
# Adult Acquired Flat Foot (AAFF)- most common caused by Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction | |||
# [[Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction]] | |||
# [[Plantar Fasciitis|Plantarfasciitis]] | |||
## Inflammation of plantar fascia | |||
## Windlass test +/-, common symptoms, pain , am, n/splints | |||
# [[Hallux Rigidus|Hallux rigidus]]/limitus | |||
## Flexibility of 1 st MTP | |||
## Test, to ax limitus or rigidus, try to encourage flexion by inc p/f 1st ray | |||
# [[Metatarsalgia]] | |||
## Prominent bony structures, pain | |||
# [[Morton's Neuroma]] | |||
## Mulder’s test | |||
# Heel spurs | |||
## Specific heel pain, treat with off load device | |||
# Claw/ hammer toes | |||
## Fixed/mobile | |||
## pain | |||
## callousing | |||
## shoes | |||
# [[Arthritis]] | |||
## shock absorption, support off load | |||
==== Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction ==== | |||
Occurs when the posterior tibial tendon becomes inflamed or torn. As a result, the tendon may not be able to provide stability and support for the arch of the foot, (PTTD) is characterized by degeneration of this tendon and is progressive if not treated. Can be associated with tear or stretching of spring ligament. The spring ligament functions as static restraint of the medial longitudinal arch, it supports the head of the talus from planter and medial subluxation against the body weight during standing. Can be ruptured or torn. | |||
• | * Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction characteristically is a slow onset condition mainly affecting women older than 40 years of age. | ||
* • Risk factors include obesity, hypertension, diabetes, steroid use and seronegative arthropathies. | |||
* • Patients may complain of pain and swelling around the medial ankle, difficulty mobilizing or exacerbation of an existing limp. | |||
* • Examination may show tenderness along the course of the tendon, A change in the shape of the foot. The heel is everted and the arch collapsed. Flexibility reduced | |||
'''<u>Test:</u>''' “too many toes” when feet are viewed standing from behind. and Difficulty performing a single heel raise. Heel remains in everted position | |||
• 5 stages | |||
II. Flexible (FFO) | # I. Acute | ||
# II. Flexible (FFO) | |||
# III. Fixed –Arizona | |||
# IV. Chronic –AFO | |||
# V. Chronic – surgery | |||
'''<u>Treatment:</u>''' The treatment plan for posterior tibial tendon tears varies depending on the flexibility of the foot. | |||
# PTTD Orthotic Prescription | |||
## Goal - reduce the excessive pronatory forces acting across the subtalar joint (STJ) axis. | |||
## Design - | |||
### The orthoses must control pronation with significant surface area contacting the foot. The modifications should increase supinatory torque across the STJ axis. | |||
### Polypropylene Shell - semirigid | |||
### Deep Heel Cup | |||
### The deep heel cup increases surface area medial to the STJ axis applying a supinatory torque | |||
### Medial Heel Skive – 4mm or 6mm | |||
### The medial heel skive increases force medial to the STJ axis to reduce excessive STJ pronation and heel eversion. | |||
## Measurement of FFO | |||
### Cast, foam box, scan to capture shape of foot | |||
### Modify intrinsically in w/shop or lab | |||
### Extrinsically posting/adaptions can be added | |||
### • Often off site manufacture | |||
### • Low profile- full, 3⁄4, court, sports | |||
### • Limited shock absorption or accommodation | |||
## Design/Prescription of FFO | |||
### o Based on Exam/assessment | |||
## o Main issue- part of gait cycle, ie MS or push off | |||
### o Determine what mechanism for problem | |||
PTTD Orthotic Prescription | ### o Pes planus, arch support | ||
### o STJt rotation, wedging | |||
### o Problems higher up, compensation | |||
### o Weakness/tightness, hips, knees | |||
## Principle of orthotic design | |||
### o Position of heel/forefoot and STJt rotation | |||
### o Medially rotated STJt | |||
### o Increased pronation moment/ decreased supination moment | |||
### o Rebalance by moving GRF medial, increasing supination moment, reducing medial rotn | |||
### o Laterally rotated STJt | |||
### o Increased supination moment, decreased pronation moment | |||
### o Rebalance by moving GRF closer to STJt, to increase pronation moment of GRF | |||
Measurement of FFO | |||
• Often off site manufacture | |||
• Low profile- full, 3⁄4, court, sports | |||
• Limited shock absorption or accommodation | |||
Design/Prescription of FFO | |||
o Based on Exam/assessment | |||
o Main issue- part of gait cycle, ie MS or push off | |||
o Determine what mechanism for problem | |||
o Pes planus, arch support | |||
o STJt rotation, wedging | |||
o Problems higher up, compensation | |||
o Weakness/tightness, hips, knees | |||
Principle of orthotic design | |||
o Position of heel/forefoot and STJt rotation | |||
o Medially rotated STJt | |||
o Increased pronation moment/ decreased supination moment | |||
o Rebalance by moving GRF medial, increasing supination moment, reducing medial rotn | |||
o Laterally rotated STJt | |||
o Increased supination moment, decreased pronation moment | |||
o Rebalance by moving GRF closer to STJt, to increase pronation moment of GRF | |||
o Not this simple, look at tibia and knee hip alignment | o Not this simple, look at tibia and knee hip alignment | ||
=== FnHlimitus === | === FnHlimitus === | ||
# Functional Foot Orthosis (FFO) | |||
## Arch Fill – can increase or decrease arch support, be careful. | |||
## 1st ray /1st met cut out- allows the 1st ray to plantarflex- key for normal gait, windlass. Not always necessary if corrected cast used- FnHl, Plantar flexed 1st ray | |||
# Functional Foot Orthosis (FFO) | |||
Functional Foot Orthosis (FFO) | ## Mortons extension ( not to be confused with Mortons neuroma) | ||
## Extra material added under 1st met heads only to increase plantar pressure and flex 1st met head, Can be Rigid or flexible useful in treating HR, to reduce painful mvt, protect stiff joint also shoe mod can help | |||
# Reverse- extra added under 2-5 to allow plantarflexion of 1st ray- | |||
# FnHR, allows p/flexion of 1st ray and increases flexion MTP, windlass. | |||
FnHR, allows p/flexion of 1st ray and increases flexion MTP, windlass. | |||
== Non-pathological Foot - Injury /Trauma == | == Non-pathological Foot - Injury /Trauma == | ||
# Shin splints – Med. Tibial Stress Syndrome | |||
# Overuse injury, Tib post./Tib ant- | |||
## Support, reduce overuse by balance, shock absopt and rest | |||
# Inversion injury/Lat ankle sprain- | |||
## Ant/post TaloFibL, CalcFibL- lateral wedge, increase pronation to stabilise. | |||
## Eversion – Deltoid, less common | |||
# [[Lisfranc Injuries|Lisfranc]] Injury/Trauma | |||
# Achilles Tendon injuries- | |||
## relieve with heel post, stretch | |||
== Common Pathological Foot Conditions == | |||
==== 1. Neurological ==== | |||
# [[Cerebral Palsy Introduction|Cerebral Palsy]] | |||
# [[Stroke]] | |||
# [[MS Multiple Sclerosis|Multiple Sclerosis]] | |||
=== | ==== 2. Motor ==== | ||
# [[Ataxia]] | |||
# [[Dystonia]] | |||
# Pathological Foot | |||
==== 3. Sensory/ Neuropathy ==== | |||
# [[Diabetes]] | |||
## Sensory | |||
## Neuropathic issues | |||
## Pressure areas | |||
## PTTD | |||
## Off -Loading Diabetic Ulcers | |||
## Toe fillers amputation | |||
# [[Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease: A Case Study|Charcot Marie Tooth]] | |||
## Orthotic Insoles | |||
# [[Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)|Down Syndrome]] | |||
# [[Autism Spectrum Disorder]] | |||
Off -Loading Diabetic Ulcers | |||
Charcot | |||
Orthotic Insoles | |||
| | |||
== Pathological conditions- more complex as all joints/muscles affected == | == Pathological conditions- more complex as all joints/muscles affected == | ||
Line 290: | Line 201: | ||
• Feet ankles will adapt to ground to support structures higher up and compensate for bony abnormalities | • Feet ankles will adapt to ground to support structures higher up and compensate for bony abnormalities | ||
== Pathological Foot- Valgus Deformities == | == Pathological Foot- Valgus Deformities == | ||
Rocker Bottom Foot- accommodate, support. | |||
Hyper-mobility- if OTS does not work for paediatric hypermobility | |||
Escape Valgus – Accommodate for tight TA | |||
Escape Valgus | Escape Valgus | ||
Compensatory movement- heel pulls into valgus/eversion | |||
Over pronates mid foot | |||
Driven by tight TA | |||
Can alter foot structure | |||
Can result in long term issues | |||
=== Cavus/Varus Deformity === | === Cavus/Varus Deformity === | ||
Cavo Varus deformity can be the result of a plantar flexed first ray (forefoot-driven), a deformity of the hindfoot (hindfoot-driven), or a combination of both. | |||
Weakness in tibialis anterior & peroneal brevis ( which dorsiflex and evert) | |||
Tight plantar fascia | |||
Over-active peroneus longus, pulls 1st ray into p/flexion | |||
Plantar-flexed first ray | |||
C.T.E.V./HMSN | |||
=== Fore foot v Hind foot Deformity === | === Fore foot v Hind foot Deformity === | ||
In midstance, plantarflexion of the first ray leads to a compensatory varus heel, supination of STJt and reduced shock absorption. | |||
During heel-off (terminal stance), the plantarflexed first ray causes a supination of the forefoot that increases the varus deformity of the hindfoot. | |||
In hindfoot-driven cavo-varus deformity, the subtalar joint may compensate for varus deformities above the ankle joint. | |||
changes (eg, medial ankle osteoarthritis, midfoot arthritis) may occur over time. | Overload of the lateral soft tissue structures (eg, lateral ligament complex, peroneal tendons) and degenerative changes (eg, medial ankle osteoarthritis, midfoot arthritis) may occur over time. | ||
Coleman Block Test | Coleman Block Test | ||
Line 355: | Line 257: | ||
oOrthotics in combination with other MDT treatments | oOrthotics in combination with other MDT treatments | ||
<references /> | |||
[[Category:Physioplus Content]] | [[Category:Physioplus Content]] | ||
[[Category:Course Pages]] | [[Category:Course Pages]] |
Revision as of 17:47, 3 January 2022
AFO[edit | edit source]
TCI’s - Measurement[edit | edit source]
o Custom made – usually E.V.A. – High, Medium & Low Density
o Cast, foam box, scan
o Workshop manufactured or Lab
o Intrinsic modification/ extrinsic posting
o Can be bulky
o Support, correct, Accommodate
o Shock absorbing
Total Contact Insoles (TCI)[edit | edit source]
o Design from Examination as per FFO
o Support- through shape and density of materials
o Accommodation - fixed deformities, ground to meet feet or feet to ground, blocks test, easier due to construction than with FFO
o Shock absorption – better than FFO due to materials.
o EVA (Ethyl Vinyl Acetate)
Functional Foot Orthosis (FFO)[edit | edit source]
o Heel Skives- intrinsic (on model)
o Medial (Kirby)- shifts force applied laterally, supinates/inverts –
o PTTD, Plantarfacsitis
o Lateral shifts force applied to heel medially and pronates/everts
o Inversion of the positive cast increases arch height under the base of the first metatarsal resulting in plantarflexion of the first metatarsal -
Non-pathological Foot[edit | edit source]
- No underlying condition
- Normal foot structure
- Pain
- Musculoskeletal issues
- Trauma
- Tendon dysfunction
Congenital Paediatric Problems[edit | edit source]
- Flexible Pes Planus
- Accessory Navicular
- Congenital 12% pop., pain, redness, PTTD
- Vertical talus
- Congenital, may have other conditions, rocker bottom foot
- Freibergs Disease
- Forefoot pain, stiffness, 2nd MPT, rare
- Cavus Foot
- High arch, CTEV
Flexible Pes Planus[edit | edit source]
Pes planus also known as flat foot is the loss of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot, heel valgus deformity, and medial talar prominence.[1] In lay terms, it is a fallen arch of the foot that caused the whole foot to make contact with the surface the individual is standing on. The deformity is usually asymptomatic and resolves spontaneously in the first decade of life, or occasionally progresses into a painful rigid form which causes significant disability. All at birth has flat feet and noticeable foot arch are seen at around the age of 3years.[2]
It is of two forms; flexible flat foot and rigid flat foot. When the arch of the foot is intact on heel elevation and non-bearing but disappears on full standing on the foot, it is termed flexible flat foot while rigid flat foot is when the arch is not present in both heel elevation and weight bearing.[3]
Tests: Jacks Test, arch recreates
Treatment: Off the Shelf (OTS) Insoles
- Generally standard neutral position
- Standard arch support
- Different densities
- Low profile
- Shock absorption
- Minimal correction
- No accommodation of deformity
- Good starting point
Adult Non-pathological Foot – Common Problems[edit | edit source]
- Adult Acquired Flat Foot (AAFF)- most common caused by Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction
- Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction
- Plantarfasciitis
- Inflammation of plantar fascia
- Windlass test +/-, common symptoms, pain , am, n/splints
- Hallux rigidus/limitus
- Flexibility of 1 st MTP
- Test, to ax limitus or rigidus, try to encourage flexion by inc p/f 1st ray
- Metatarsalgia
- Prominent bony structures, pain
- Morton's Neuroma
- Mulder’s test
- Heel spurs
- Specific heel pain, treat with off load device
- Claw/ hammer toes
- Fixed/mobile
- pain
- callousing
- shoes
- Arthritis
- shock absorption, support off load
Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction[edit | edit source]
Occurs when the posterior tibial tendon becomes inflamed or torn. As a result, the tendon may not be able to provide stability and support for the arch of the foot, (PTTD) is characterized by degeneration of this tendon and is progressive if not treated. Can be associated with tear or stretching of spring ligament. The spring ligament functions as static restraint of the medial longitudinal arch, it supports the head of the talus from planter and medial subluxation against the body weight during standing. Can be ruptured or torn.
- Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction characteristically is a slow onset condition mainly affecting women older than 40 years of age.
- • Risk factors include obesity, hypertension, diabetes, steroid use and seronegative arthropathies.
- • Patients may complain of pain and swelling around the medial ankle, difficulty mobilizing or exacerbation of an existing limp.
- • Examination may show tenderness along the course of the tendon, A change in the shape of the foot. The heel is everted and the arch collapsed. Flexibility reduced
Test: “too many toes” when feet are viewed standing from behind. and Difficulty performing a single heel raise. Heel remains in everted position
• 5 stages
- I. Acute
- II. Flexible (FFO)
- III. Fixed –Arizona
- IV. Chronic –AFO
- V. Chronic – surgery
Treatment: The treatment plan for posterior tibial tendon tears varies depending on the flexibility of the foot.
- PTTD Orthotic Prescription
- Goal - reduce the excessive pronatory forces acting across the subtalar joint (STJ) axis.
- Design -
- The orthoses must control pronation with significant surface area contacting the foot. The modifications should increase supinatory torque across the STJ axis.
- Polypropylene Shell - semirigid
- Deep Heel Cup
- The deep heel cup increases surface area medial to the STJ axis applying a supinatory torque
- Medial Heel Skive – 4mm or 6mm
- The medial heel skive increases force medial to the STJ axis to reduce excessive STJ pronation and heel eversion.
- Measurement of FFO
- Cast, foam box, scan to capture shape of foot
- Modify intrinsically in w/shop or lab
- Extrinsically posting/adaptions can be added
- • Often off site manufacture
- • Low profile- full, 3⁄4, court, sports
- • Limited shock absorption or accommodation
- Design/Prescription of FFO
- o Based on Exam/assessment
- o Main issue- part of gait cycle, ie MS or push off
- o Determine what mechanism for problem
- o Pes planus, arch support
- o STJt rotation, wedging
- o Problems higher up, compensation
- o Weakness/tightness, hips, knees
- Principle of orthotic design
- o Position of heel/forefoot and STJt rotation
- o Medially rotated STJt
- o Increased pronation moment/ decreased supination moment
- o Rebalance by moving GRF medial, increasing supination moment, reducing medial rotn
- o Laterally rotated STJt
- o Increased supination moment, decreased pronation moment
- o Rebalance by moving GRF closer to STJt, to increase pronation moment of GRF
o Not this simple, look at tibia and knee hip alignment
FnHlimitus[edit | edit source]
- Functional Foot Orthosis (FFO)
- Arch Fill – can increase or decrease arch support, be careful.
- 1st ray /1st met cut out- allows the 1st ray to plantarflex- key for normal gait, windlass. Not always necessary if corrected cast used- FnHl, Plantar flexed 1st ray
- Functional Foot Orthosis (FFO)
- Mortons extension ( not to be confused with Mortons neuroma)
- Extra material added under 1st met heads only to increase plantar pressure and flex 1st met head, Can be Rigid or flexible useful in treating HR, to reduce painful mvt, protect stiff joint also shoe mod can help
- Reverse- extra added under 2-5 to allow plantarflexion of 1st ray-
- FnHR, allows p/flexion of 1st ray and increases flexion MTP, windlass.
Non-pathological Foot - Injury /Trauma[edit | edit source]
- Shin splints – Med. Tibial Stress Syndrome
- Overuse injury, Tib post./Tib ant-
- Support, reduce overuse by balance, shock absopt and rest
- Inversion injury/Lat ankle sprain-
- Ant/post TaloFibL, CalcFibL- lateral wedge, increase pronation to stabilise.
- Eversion – Deltoid, less common
- Lisfranc Injury/Trauma
- Achilles Tendon injuries-
- relieve with heel post, stretch
Common Pathological Foot Conditions[edit | edit source]
1. Neurological[edit | edit source]
2. Motor[edit | edit source]
3. Sensory/ Neuropathy[edit | edit source]
- Diabetes
- Sensory
- Neuropathic issues
- Pressure areas
- PTTD
- Off -Loading Diabetic Ulcers
- Toe fillers amputation
- Charcot Marie Tooth
- Orthotic Insoles
- Down Syndrome
- Autism Spectrum Disorder
Pathological conditions- more complex as all joints/muscles affected[edit | edit source]
• Look at hip knee position
• Feet ankles will adapt to ground to support structures higher up and compensate for bony abnormalities
Pathological Foot- Valgus Deformities[edit | edit source]
Rocker Bottom Foot- accommodate, support.
Hyper-mobility- if OTS does not work for paediatric hypermobility
Escape Valgus – Accommodate for tight TA
Escape Valgus
Compensatory movement- heel pulls into valgus/eversion
Over pronates mid foot
Driven by tight TA
Can alter foot structure
Can result in long term issues
Cavus/Varus Deformity[edit | edit source]
Cavo Varus deformity can be the result of a plantar flexed first ray (forefoot-driven), a deformity of the hindfoot (hindfoot-driven), or a combination of both.
Weakness in tibialis anterior & peroneal brevis ( which dorsiflex and evert)
Tight plantar fascia
Over-active peroneus longus, pulls 1st ray into p/flexion
Plantar-flexed first ray
C.T.E.V./HMSN
Fore foot v Hind foot Deformity[edit | edit source]
In midstance, plantarflexion of the first ray leads to a compensatory varus heel, supination of STJt and reduced shock absorption.
During heel-off (terminal stance), the plantarflexed first ray causes a supination of the forefoot that increases the varus deformity of the hindfoot.
In hindfoot-driven cavo-varus deformity, the subtalar joint may compensate for varus deformities above the ankle joint.
Overload of the lateral soft tissue structures (eg, lateral ligament complex, peroneal tendons) and degenerative changes (eg, medial ankle osteoarthritis, midfoot arthritis) may occur over time.
Coleman Block Test
Lateral Forefoot Wedge
In summary
o Anatomy- complex mechanism to allow standing, balance,
walking, running, jumping, lifetime of external factors
o Assessment / history, passive, static, dynamic
o No one correct solution, watch, listen and learn
oPatient and clinical education
oOrthotics in combination with other MDT treatments
- ↑ Troiano G, Nante N, Citarelli GL. Pes planus and pes cavus in Southern. Annali dell'Istituto superiore di sanita. 2017 Jun 7;53(2):142-5.
- ↑ Suciati T, Adnindya MR, Septadina IS, Pratiwi PP. Correlation between flat feet and body mass index in primary school students. InJournal of Physics: Conference Series 2019 Jul 1 (Vol. 1246, No. 1, p. 012063). IOP Publishing.
- ↑ Wilson DJ. Flexible vs Rigid Flat Foot, 2019. Available from: https://www.news-medical.net/health/Flexible-vs-Rigid-Flat-Foot.aspx (Accessed 29 June 2020)