High Intensity Interval Training for Children
Original Editor - Romy Hageman
Top Contributors - Romy Hageman and Mohamed A Hassanin
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Introduction
High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) involves short bursts of intense exercise (85% or higher of maximal heart rate) followed by periods of rest or low-intensity exercise[1]. Originally popular among athletes, HIIT has gained recognition for its efficiency in improving cardiovascular fitness, muscle strength, and overall health in various populations, including children. It is a time-efficient training method[1][2][3][4].
HIIT aligns with the physical activity patterns in children and the intermittent style of most sports[5][6][7], and with lower cardiometabolic risk[8]. It has greater post-exercise enjoyment than continuous exercise[9]. HIIT reduces boredom and gives children a sense of accomplishment after each interval, and thereby enhancing children's motivation[10]. It also has many sport characteristics[11].
It has been suggested that HIIT not only burns calories during the workout but also triggers additional fat loss mechanisms due to its intense nature. These mechanisms include increased excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), reduced appetite following exercise, and elevated catecholamine release, which enhances fat breakdown in tissues[12].
Benefits of HIIT for children
- Cardiovascular health: HIIT has been shown to improve heart health by enhancing cardiovascular endurance and reducing risk factors associated with heart disease[6][3].
- Systolic and diastolic blood pressure improvements[6][13][14][15][2][16]
- Cardiac autonomic nervous system improvements[17]
- Cardiovascular disease biomarker improvements[6][3][13][2]:
- Blood glucose
- Cholesterol
- High-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- Blood triglycerides
- Cardiorespiratory health: Short, intense bursts of activity help to build muscle strength and endurance, crucial for overall physical development[15][18].
- Metabolic health: HIIT can improve metabolic health[13]:
- Increasing insulin sensitivity[6][13]
- Reduction in fasted insulin[13]
- Reduction in insulin resistance[13]
- Increasing growth hormone (GH) levels[21]
- Performance:
- Improvements in neuromuscular performance[22]
- Improvements in anaerobic performance[22]
- Improvements in endurance[20][14][23][4]
- Children are more active on days when they participate in HIIT[24]
- Body size and composition[4]:
- Decreasing body weight[13]
- Reduction in Body Mass Index (BMI)[5][13]
- Reduction in body fat[5][13]
- Reduction in waist circumference[5]
- Increase in total body bone mineral density[25]
- Increase in bone mineral content[25]
- Mental health: Engaging in HIIT can boost mood, reduce anxiety, and improve cognitive function in children:
- Improvements in wellbeing[5][26]
- Improvements in mental health[27]
- Higher self-concept[26]
- Improvements in cognitive function[26][28]:
- Improvements in executive functions:
- Improvements in linguistic reasoning[26]
- Improvements in concentration[26][32]
- Improvements in selective attention[26][32]
- Improvements in non-verbal and verbal abilities[26]
- Improvements in abstract reasoning[26]
- Improvements in spatial and numerical abilities[26]
- Improvements in verbal reasoning[26]
- Academic achievement[33]
- Time efficiency: HIIT workouts are typically shorter in duration, making them a practical option for children with busy schedules[1].
HIIT versus Moderate Intensity Continuous Training
HIIT is better than Moderate Intensity Continuous Training in improving cardiovascular health in adolescents. It has better effects on body weight, BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, fat mass, triglyceride, total cholesterol, glucose, insulin levels and maximal oxygen uptake[34].
Target groups for HIIT
- General population[1][35]
- Children with obesity[15][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]
- Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)[43][44]
- Children with Asthma[45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52]
- Children with Type 1 Diabetes[53][54][55][56][57][58]
- Children with cancer[59]
- Children with Cerebral Palsy (CP)[60]
- Children with physical disabilities[61]
- Children with special educational needs[62]
- Athletic children[63][64][65]
Children with obesity and HIIT
Physical activity is a crucial intervention for reducing adolescent obesity. The WHO advises that children and adolescents should participate in an average of 60 minutes of moderate to high-intensity physical activity (MVPA) daily to achieve health benefits[66]. Despite this, over 80% of adolescents do not meet the minimum recommended level of physical activity[67].
HIIT could be an alternative and effective training approach for adressing childhood obesity, because it improves cardiorespiratory fitness more significantly than moderate-intensity continuous training[38]. Is is considered safe and has a higher compliance compared to traditional training[68].
Benefits of HIIT in children with obesity:
- HIIT results in improvements in body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in less time than less-intense exercise[36][69].
- Improvements in body composition:
- Decrease in BMI[15][38][70][71][72][73]
- Decrease in body weight[38][41][71][73]
- Decrease in fat mass[15][41][70][71][73][74]
- Decrease in visceral fat[15]
- Decrease in waist circumference[70][72][73]
- Improvements in waist to height ratio[70]
- Increase in total body bone mineral density and bone mineral content[25]
- Improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness[40]:
- Reducing cardiometabolic risk[70]
- Improvements in cardiovascular health:
- Improvements in atherosclerotic factors[75]
- Improvements in inflammatory factors[75]:
- Improvements in lipid profile variables[75][76]
- Decrease in thyroid stimulating hormone[72]
- Decrease in thyroxine[72]
- Decrease in Systolic blood pressure[15][38][74]
- Decrease in Diastolic blood pressure[38][74]
- Improvements of cognitive functions[39]
Children with ADHD and HIIT
Benefits of HIIT in children with ADHD:
- Improvements in peak power[43]
- Improvements in self-esteem[43]
- Improvements in subjective ratings of attention[43]
- Improvements in BMI[44]
- Improvements in body fat mass[44]
Children with Asthma and HIIT
Intermittent exercise exerts less strain on the respiratory system, indicating that HIIT could be a suitable exercise approach for managing asthma[77]. HIIT is well-tolerated by children with asthma[45][78]. Sustained, continuous exercise is often not enjoyable[46] and may induce asthma symptoms[45], which are significant obstacles to physical activity for children with asthma[47]. HIIT is safe to use in children with mild asthma[45][48].
Benefits of HIIT in children with asthma:
- Improvements in aerobic fitness[45]
- Improvements in VO2max[45]
- Improvements in long function parameters (FVC, FEC1, PEF)[51]
- Improvements in blood lipid profiles[79]
- Improvements in blood pressure[79]
- Decrease in inflammatory factors[51]
- Improvements in BMI[50]
- Preventing an increase in BMI in adolescents[45]
- Improvements on quality of life[50][52]
Children with type 1 diabetes and HIIT
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in adults with type 1 diabetes and is linked to glycemic control[53]. However, even in children with type 1 diabetes, early signs of cardiovascular disease and risk factors are present. This highlights the need for interventions that can reduce this risk and improve glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes[53]. In these children who engage in sports, there is a risk of hypoglycaemia, but performing 20 minutes of HIIT exercises is not associated with a higher risk of hypoglycaemia compared to inactive children with type 1 diabetes who follow their usual diet and insulin regimen[80]. It is recommended to use a continuous glucose monitoring system[81].
Benefits of HIIT in children with type 1 diabetes:
- Reduced glucose levels[53][54][56]
- Reductions in HbA1c[55][56]
- Decrease in daily insulin dosage[56][57]
- Improvements in antioxidant parameters[56]:
- Total antioxidant capacity
- Catalase
- Superoxide dismutase activities
- Improvements of the autonomic nervous system[58]
Children with cancer and HIIT
Physical activity in children with cancer is safe[82]. HIIT is feasible and safe for children with only mild treatment side effects[59].
Cancer-modulating hormones, like the catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline, rise more significantly following high-intensity exercise compared to low-intensity exercise[83]. These catecholamines have been associated with various anti-cancer effects, such as the accumulation of natural killer cells[84], enhanced antitumor immunity, increased CD8+ T cell tumor infiltration[85], and activation of the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway[86].
Children with CP and HIIT
Benefits of HIIT for children with CP:
- Improvements in aerobic exercise capacity[60]
- Increasement of energy reserve[60]
- Improvements in quality of life[60]
Children with physical disabilities and HIIT
Benefits of HIIT for children with physical disabilities:
- Improvements in anaerobic performance[61]
- Improvements in aerobic performance[61]
- Improvements in agility[61]
- Improvements in systolic and diastolic blood pressure[61]
Children with special educational needs
Children and adolescents with special educational needs are less physically active than their peers[87].
Benefits of HIIT for children with special educational needs:
- Changes in body composition (BMI, waist circumference, body fat percentage, fat mass)[62]
- Improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness[62]
- Improvements in anaerobic performance[62]
- Improvements in functional capacity[62]
- Improvements in motor proficiency[62]
- Improvements in mood[62]
- Improvements in quality of life[62]
Children and adolescents with special educational needs should undergo medical assessments before starting any exercise regimen[11].
Athletic children and HIIT
Athletic children reach a significantly higher intensity level during HIIT than other children and are more motivated[23]. Game-based sports for young athletes typically consist of repeated short bursts of high-intensity efforts, mixed with low to medium intensity aerobic activities, a pattern that HIIT effectively mirrors[63]. HIIT could be crucial for the athletic development of young individuals, allowing additional time to focus on improving other essential skills such as coordination, technique, tactics, speed, power, strength, and more[63][64].
Benefits of HIIT for athletic children:
- Improvements in submaximal endurance performance[63]
- Improvements in (repeated) sprint ability[63][64]
- Improvements in linear sprint running[63]
- Improvements in VO2 peak[64] (but improvements are the same as low intensity interventions)[63]
- Improvements in maximal running performance[64]
- Improvements in change of direction performance[64]
- Improvements in running performance at the lactate threshold[64]
- Decrease in resting pulse[65]
- Improvements in diastolic blood pressure[65]
- Improvements in heart functions[65]:
- left ventricular mass
- improved efficiency of the myocardium[88]
HIIT protocol
- Frequency:
- No concensus reached in the literature on best frequency
- Intensity:
- Intensity ranges from 80% to 100% maximum heart rate[5]
- 70% to 90% maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max)[13]
- Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) score of 4 or 5[89]
- Time:
- No concensus reached in the literature on best time
- Type:
Protocol HIIT intervention for children with cancer[59]:
- Safety measures:
- Medical consent must be given regarding physical exercise
- Low-intensity warming up, including mobilization of the joints
- Close observation of the child - look for objective signs of exertion:
- Flushed cheeks
- Paleness
- Intense breathing
- Quality of coordination and movement
- Exclusion:
- Children with bone tumors located at the lower or upper extremity - due to a restriction on weight bearing on the affected limb and the potential risk of a pathological fracture.
- Frequency:
- 1 session
- Intensity:
- 90% of estimated HRmax
- Measurements of intensity:
- Rating of perceived exertion (modified BORG scale)[91]
- Heart rate monitoring
- Time:
- 10 sets of 15 seconds HIIT
- 1 minute active recovery
- Type:
- HIIT on an ergometer
Protocol HIIT intervention for positive effects on cognitive performance and psychologial outcomes[26]:
- Frequency:
- 4-16 weeks
- 2 sessions per week
- Intensity:
- ≥85% maximal heart rate
- Work-to-rest ratio: 30:30 seconds
- Time:
- 8-30 minutes per session
Protocol HIIT intervention for children and adolescents with overweight or obesity[40][92]:
- Frequency:
- >10 weeks
- 3 times per week
- Intensity:
- 2 to 8 sets per session
- Work-to-rest ratio: 1:1
- Training intensity above 7 METs
- Time:
- Total duration >16 minutes
- Duration of the high intensity interval: 15 seconds - 1 minute
Protocol HIIT intervention for adolescents with overweight or obesity with the primary goal to reduce visceral fat[73]:
- Intensity:
- 100-120% MAS
- Time:
- Exercise 10-30 seconds
- Interval 10-30 seconds
Protocol HIIT intervention for adolescents with overweight or obesity with the goals to improve body composition and reduce body fat[73]:
- Intensity:
- 85-95% HRmax
- Time:
- Exercise 2-4 minutes
- Interval 1-3 minutes
Protocol HIIT intervention for children with asthma[50][51]
- Frequency:
- >8 weeks
- 3 times per week
- Intensity:
- 90% intensity
- Time:
- Interval set:
- Exercise interval: 30 seconds
- Rest interval: 1 minute
- Repeat 4 times
- Group:
- 4 interval sets
- 4 minuts rest between each group
- Interval set:
Safety considerations
- Proper Supervision: Ensure that a qualified adult supervises all HIIT sessions to monitor technique and safety[2]. HIIT is typically safe for children and adolescents[93], and it usually results in only minor injuries such as bruises, strains, and dizziness[90].
- Appropriate Training: Tailor the intensity of the exercises to match the child’s age, fitness level, and physical capabilities.
- Running may offer greater health benefits compared to cycling. When obese children participate in HIIT, the therapist must be aware that the increased joint torque and ground reaction forces could elevate the risk of joint degeneration[15].
- Warm-Up and Cool-Down: Incorporate proper warm-up and cool-down routines to prevent injuries[2].
- Hydration and Nutrition: Encourage adequate hydration before, during, and after workouts, and ensure a balanced diet to support energy needs.
- Rest and Recovery: Emphasize the importance of rest days to allow for adequate recovery and prevent overtraining.
Monitoring intensity during the workout and progress
- Assessments: Regularly measure the improvements by using the appropriate tests and to keep track of the intensity during training.
- Intensity during training:
- Heart rate monitor[63][90]
- Rating of perceived exertion (RPE)[90]. RPE is valid for monitoring HIIT in laboratory and school settings[89][94]. The OMNI-cycling scale can be used to estimate the perceived exertion during cycling[95] and the OMNI-walk/run scale for running[96]. Studies have shown correlations between HR measurements and scores of the RPE[97].
- >85% HR max is characterized by not being able to say more than a few words without needing to pause to breath[26].
- Improvements:
- 20 meter Shuttle run test[15][90][98]
- Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1[90]
- Eurofit test battery[18][99][100]
- Intensity during training:
- Feedback and adjustment: Use feedback from the children to adjust the intensity and variety of exercises to keep them engaged and motivated.
- Goal setting: Encourage the children to set achievable fitness goals and celebrate their progress to build confidence and enthusiasm for the activity. Children might like to use a tracking sheet to monitor their progress[101]. This way they can compete with other children, or just keep record of their own personal progress and compete with themselves.
School-based HIIT
School-based interventions are frequently considered the most universally applicable and effective method for influencing the health of young individuals[13]. Schools are ideal for promoting physical activity in children[5]. School-based interventions are usually low cost[22][102]. HIIT can be a useful method within schools to promote health[5][103]. HIIT is time-efficient[104][35][105], allowing teachers to combine cardiorespiratory training and motor development, and hereby increasing the quality of the physical education[106].
Effects of school-based HIIT:
- Improvements in VO2 max[13]
- Reduction in body fat[13]
- Reduction in waist circumference[13]
- Improvements in BMI[107]
- Improvements in blood pressure[13]
- Improvements in neuromuscular performance[22]
- Improvements in anaerobic performance[22]
- Improvements in lower body muscular fitness[107]
- Improvements in upper body muscular fitness[107]
Barriers for implementing HIIT in schools:
- Busy curriculum[90]
- Inconvenient use of equipment[90]
- Time constraints[90]
- Lack of space[90]
- Lack of perceived fitness improvement[90]
Facilitators for implementing HIIT in schools:
Practical application for HIIT in schools:
- Integration with Physical Education (PE) activities[36]:
- HIIT can be seamlessly integrated into existing PE lessons. This can be done by including HIIT intervals within the structure of regular PE activities.
- For instance, traditional games or exercises can be adapted to include short bursts of high-intensity activity followed by periods of rest or low-intensity activity.
- Dedicated HIIT sessions[36]:
- Alternatively, HIIT sessions can be scheduled during specific periods of the school day, separate from regular PE classes.
- This can be particularly useful for schools looking to enhance the overall physical activity of students without disrupting the existing curriculum.
- Session frequency and duration[36]:
- To ensure the effectiveness of HIIT programs, it is recommended to conduct 2–3 sessions per week.
- The duration of the HIIT program should be at least 8 weeks[101].
- Each session can include intervals of 15–30 seconds of high-intensity activity followed by 15–30 seconds of passive or active rest.
- Shorter intervals seem to be more motivating[23].
- Higher volume programs[36]:
- For programs requiring higher volume, discontinuous games lasting up to 6 minutes of work with 4-minute rest periods can be used.
- Total session time can be extended to around 40 minutes, providing a comprehensive workout while still fitting within the school schedule.
- Extra:
Conclusion
HIIT can be a highly effective, safe, less time-consuming, and enjoyable way for children to improve their fitness and overall health[2][3]. By focusing on safety, proper supervision, and engaging workouts, HIIT can foster a lifelong love for physical activity and well-being in children.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Cao M, Quan M, Zhuang J. Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(9): 1533
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Men J, Zou S, Ma J, Xiang C, Li S, Wang J. Effects of high-intensity interval training on physical morphology, cardiorespiratory fitness and metabolic risk factors of cardiovascular disease in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE. 2023; 18(5): e0271845
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Solera-Martínez M, Herraiz-Adillo Á, Manzanares-Domínguez I, De La Cruz LL, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Pozuelo-Carracosa DP. High-Intensity Interval Training and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Children: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2021; 148(4): 12021050810
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Sharma A, Yadav N. The influence of high-intensity interval training on the health-related physical fitness components of children who are currently enrolled in school. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health. 2023; 10(3): 229-232
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 Duncombe S, Barker AR, Bond B, Earle R, Varley-Campbell J, Vlachopoulos D, Walker JL, Weston KL, Stylianou M. School-based high-intensity interval training programs in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2022; 17(5): e0266427
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Eddolls WTB, McNarry MA, Stratton G, Winn CON, Mackintosh KA. High-Intensity Interval Training Interventions in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Sports Medicine. 2017; 47: 2363-2374
- ↑ da Costa BGG, da Silva KS, Malheiros LEA, Minatto G, de Lima LRA, Petroski EL. Are adolescents really being sedentary or inactive when at school? An analysis of sedentary behaviour and physical activity bouts. European Journal of Pediatrics. 2018; 177(11): 1705-1710
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- ↑ Malik AA, Williams CA, Weston KL, Barker AR. Perceptual Responses to High- and Moderate-Intensity Interval Exercise in Adolescents. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2018; 50(5): 1021-1030
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- ↑ 13.00 13.01 13.02 13.03 13.04 13.05 13.06 13.07 13.08 13.09 13.10 13.11 13.12 13.13 13.14 13.15 Bond B, Weston KL, Williams CA, Barker AR. Perspectives on high-intensity interval exercise for health promotion in children and adolescents. Open Asscess Journal of Sports Medicine. 2017; 8: 243-265
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Ketelhut S, Kircher E, Ketelhut SR, Wehlan E, Ketelhut K. Effectiveness of Multi-activity, High-intensity Interval Training in School-aged Children. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2020; 41(4): 227-232
- ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 Cao M, Tang Y, Li S, Zou Y. Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Overweight and Obesity Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(20): 11905
- ↑ Domaradzki J, Kozlenia D, Popwczak M. Prevalence of Positive Effects on Body Fat Percentage, Cardiovascular Parameters, and Cardiorespiratory Fitness after 10-Week High-Intensity Interval Training in Adolescents. Biology. 2022; 11(3): 424
- ↑ van Biljon A, McKune AJ, DuBose KD, Kolanisi U, Semple SJ. Short-Term High-Intensity Interval Training Is Superior to Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training in Improving Cardiac Autonomic Function in Children. Cardiology. 2018; 141(1): 1-8
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Juric P, Dudley DA, Petocz P. Does incorporating high intensity interval training in physical education classes improve fitness outcomes of students? A cluster randomized controlled trial. Preventive Medicine Reports. 2023; 32: 102127
- ↑ Yin J, Zhou Z, Lan T. High-Intensity Interval Training versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training on Health Outcomes for Children and Adolescents: A Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. BioMed Research International. 2020; 9797439
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Tottori N, Morita N, Ueta K, Fujita S. Effects of High Intensity Interval Training on Executive Function in Children Aged 8-12 Years. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(21): 4127
- ↑ Dror N, Pantanowitz M, Nemet D, Eliakim A. High-intensity interval exercise test stimulates growth hormone secretion in children. Growth Hormone & IGF Research. 2021; 57(58): 101388
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 Bauer N, Sperlich B, Holmberg HC. Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training in School on the Physical Performance and Health of Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine - Open. 2022; 8(50)
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 Bossmann T, Woll A, Wagner I. Effects of Different Types of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on Endurance and Strength Parameters in Children and Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(11): 6855
- ↑ Costigan SA, Ridgers ND, Eather N, Plotnikoff RC, Harris N, Lubans DR. Exploring the impact of high intensity interval training on adolescents' objectively measured physical activity: Findings from a randomized controlled trial. Physical Activity for Health. 2018; 36(10): 1087-1094
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Julian V, Costa D, O´Malley G, Metz L, Fillon A, Miguet M, Cardenoux C, Dutheil F, Boirie Y, Duclos M, Courteix D, Pereira B, Thivel D. Bone Response to High-Intensity Interval Training versus Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training in Adolescents with Obesity. Obesity Facts. 2022; 15(1): 46-54
- ↑ 26.00 26.01 26.02 26.03 26.04 26.05 26.06 26.07 26.08 26.09 26.10 26.11 Alves AR, Dias R, Neiva HP, Marinho DA, Marques MC, Sousa AC, Loureiro V, Loureiro N. High-Intensity Interval Training upon Cognitive and Psychological Outcomes in Youth: A Systematic Review. Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(10): 5344
- ↑ Leahy AA, Mavilidi MF, Smith JJ, Hillman CH, Eather N, Barker D. Review of High-Intensity Interval Training for Cognitive and Mental Health in Youth. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2020; 52(10): 2224-2234
- ↑ Kucab M, Bellissimo N, Prusky C, Brett NR, Totosy de Zepetnek JO. Effects of a high-intensity interval training session and chocolate milk on appetite and cognitive performance in youth aged 9-13 years. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2021; 75: 172-179
- ↑ Reyes-Amigo T, Bezerra A, Gomez-Mazorra M, Boppre G, Martins C, Carrasco-Beltran H, Cordero-Roldan E, Mota J. Effects of high-intensity interval training on executive functions in children and adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Physical Activity Review. 2022; 10(2): 77-87
- ↑ Ai J-Y, Chen F-T, Hsieh S-S, Kao S-C, Chen A-G, Hung T-M, Chang Y-K. The Effect of Acute High-Intensity Interval Training on Executive Function: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(7): 3593
- ↑ Kao S-C, Baumgartner N, Noh K, Wang C-H, Schmitt S. Acute effects of intense interval versus aerobic exercise on children's behavioral and neuroelectric measures of inhibitory control. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 2023; 26(6): 316-321
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 Mezcua-Hidalgo A, Ruiz-Ariza A, Suárez-Manzano S, Martínez-López EJ. 48-Hour Effects of Monitored Cooperative High-Intensity Interval Training on Adolescent Cognitive Functioning. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 2019; 126(2): 202-222
- ↑ Takehara K, Togoobaatar G, Kikuchi A, Lkhagvasuren G, Lkhagvasuren A, Aoki A. Exercise Intervention for Academic Achievement Among Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatrics. 2021; 148(5): 1-10
- ↑ Wang Y, Wang S, Meng X, Zhou H. Effect of high-intensity interval training and moderate-intensity continuous training on cardiovascular risk factors in adolescents: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Physiology & Behavior. 2024; 275: 114459
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 Martin-Smith R, Cox A, Buchan DS, Baker JS, Grace F, Sculthorpe N. High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) Improves Cardiorespiratory Fitness (CRF) in Healthy, Overweight and Obese Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of controlled Studies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(8): 2955
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.5 36.6 Delgado-Floody P, Latorre-Román P, Jerez-Mayorga D, Caamano-Navarrete F, García-Pinillos F. Feasibility of incorporating high-intensity interval training into physical education programs to improve body composition and cardiorespiratory capacity of overweight and obese children: A systematic review. Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness. 2019; 17(2): 35-40
- ↑ Meng C, Yucheng T, Shu L, Yu Z. Effects of school-based high-intensity interval training on body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness and cardiometabolic markers in adolescent boys with obesity: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Pediatrics. 2022; 22(112)
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.5 38.6 Liu J, Zhu L, Su Y. Comparative Effectiveness of High-Intensity Interval Training and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Training for Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Childhood Obesity: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Frontiers in Physiology. 2020; 11: 214
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 Zhang L, Wang D, Liu S, Ren F-F, Chi L, Xie C. Effects of Acute High-Intensity Interval Exercise and High-Intensity Continuous Exercise on Inhibitory Function of Overweight and Obese Children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(16): 10401
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 Deng Y, Wang X. Effect of high-intensity interval training on cardiorespiratory in children and adolescents with overweight or obesity: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Frontiers in Public Health. 2024; 12: 1269508
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 Racil G, Russo L, Migliaccio GM, Signorelli P, Larion A, Padulo J, Jlid MC. High-Intensity Interval Training in Female Adolescents with Moderate or Severe Obesity. Children. 2023; 10(9): 1495
- ↑ Osipov A, Orlova I, Ratmanskaya T, Lepilina T. Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training Intervention on Physical Fitness and Body Mass Index of Overweight Primary Schoolchildren. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences. 2023; 14(1): 63-82
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 Meßler CF, Holmberg H-C, Sperlich B. Multimodal Therapy Involving High-Intensity Interval Training Improves the Physical Fitness, Motor Skills, Social Behavior, and Quality of Life of Boys With ADHD: A Randomized Controlled Study. Journal of Attention Disorders. 2018; 22(8): 806-812
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Soori R, Goodarzvand F, Akbarnejad A, Effatpanah M, Ramezankhani A, Teixeira AL, Ghram A. Effect of high-intensity interval training on clinical and laboratory parameters of adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Science & Sports. 2020; 35(4): 207-215
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 45.4 45.5 45.6 Winn CON, Mackintosh KA, Eddolls WTB, Stratton G, Wilson AM, McNarry MA, Davies GA. Effect of high-intensity interval training in adolescents with asthma: The eXercise for Asthma with Commando Joe's (X4ACJ) trial. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2021; 10(4): 488-498
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 McNarry MA, Lambrick D, Westrupp N, Faulkner J. The influence of a six-week, high-intensity games intervention of the pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics in prepubertal obese and normal-weight children. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism. 2015; 40(10): 1012-1018
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 Winn CON, Mackintosh KA, Eddolls WTB. Perceptions of asthma and exercise in adolescents with and without asthma. Journal of Asthma. 2017; 55(8): 868-876
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 McNarry MA, Lewis MJ, Wade N, Davies GA, Winn C, Eddolls WTB, Stratton GS, Mackintosh KA. Effect of asthma and six-months high-intensity interval training on heart rate variability during exercise in adolescents. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2019; 37(19): 2228-2235
- ↑ Sidiropoulou MP, Fotiadou EG, Tsimaras VK, Zakas AP, Angelopoulou NA. The effect of interval training in children with exercise-induced asthma competing in soccer. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2007; 21(2): 446-450
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 Zhou L, Xu H. Feasibility of exercise therapy for children with asthma: a meta-analysis. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology. 2023; 11: 1192929
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 Liu M, Yi G-P, Zhang L. Effect of high-intensity interval training combined with drug therapy on airway function and inflammatory factor secretion in children with asthma. Journal of Hainan Medical University. 2018; 24(3): 45-48
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 Jiang J, Zhang D, Huang Y, Wu Z, Zhang W. Exercise rehabilitation in pediatric asthma: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Pediatric Pulmonology. 2022; 57(12): 2915-2927
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 53.3 Cockcroft EJ, Moudiotis C, Kitchen J, Bond B, Williams CA, Barker AR. High-intensity interval exercise and glycemic control in adolescents with type one diabetes mellitus: a case study. Physiological Reports. 2017; 5(13): 13339
- ↑ 54.0 54.1 De Lima VA, De Menezes Junior FJ, Cordeiro GR, Decimo JP, França SN, Mascarenhas LPG, Leite N. Glycemic variability after high intensity continuous and intermittend exercises in children and adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes. Journal of Physical Education and Sport. 2021; 21(3): 2237-2243
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 García-Hermoso A, Ezzatvar Y, Huerta-Uribe N, Alonso-Martínez AM, Chueca-Guindulain MJ, Berrade-Zubiri S, Izquierdo M, Ramírez-Vélez R. Effects of exercise training on glycaemic control in youths with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. European Journal of Sport Science. 2023; 23(6): 1056-1067
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 56.4 Farinha JB, Ramis TR, Vieira AF, Macedo RCO, Rodrigues-Krause J, Boeno FP, Schroeder HT, Müller CH, Boff W, Krause M, De Bittencourt Jr. PIH, Reischak-Oliveira A. Glycemic, inflammatory and oxidative stress responses to different high-intensity training protocols in type 1 diabetes: A randomized clinical trial. Journal of Diabetes and its Complications. 2018; 32(12): 1124-1132
- ↑ 57.0 57.1 de Abreu de Lima V, Ribeiro Cordeiro G, Gomes Mascarenhas LP, França SN, Pereira Decimo J, Porchat de Leao AA, Fritz CK, Leite N. Influence of Insulin Application Time and High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise on Hypoglycemic Risk in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes. Pediatric Exercise Science. 2021; 34(1): 6-12
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 Saki H, Nazem F, Fariba F, Sheikhsharbafan R. A High Intensity Interval Training (running and swimming) and resistance training intervention on heart rate variability and the selected biochemical factors in boys with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2023; 204: 110915
- ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 Kesting S, Weeber P. Schönfelder M, Pfluger A, Wackerhage H, von Luettichau L. A Bout of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) in Children and Adolescents during Acute Cancer Treatment - A Pilot Feasibility Study. Cancers. 2022; 14(6): 1468
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- ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 62.3 62.4 62.5 62.6 62.7 Poon ET-C, Wongpipit W, Sun F, Tse AC-Y, Sit CH-P. High-intensity interval training in children and adolescents with special educational needs: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity. 2023; 20(13)
- ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 63.3 63.4 63.5 63.6 63.7 Engel FA, Ackermann A, Chtourou H, Sperlich B. High-Intensity Interval Training Performed by Young Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in Physiology. 2018; 9: 1012
- ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 64.3 64.4 64.5 64.6 Kunz P, Engel FA, Holmberg H-C, Sperlich B. A Meta-Comparison of the Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training to Those of Small-Sided Games and Other Training Protocols on Parameters Related to the Physiology and Performance of Youth Soccer Players. Sports Medicine - Open. 2019; 5(7)
- ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 65.3 Kösemen DS, Kayabey Ö, Babaoglu A, Tugral O, Demirci D. Effect of high intensity interval training on heart functions and effort capacities of child athletes. Sport Ve Performans Arastirmalari Dergisi. 2022; 13(3): 285-296
- ↑ Martin A, Booth JN, Laird Y, Sproule J, Reilly JJ, Saunders DH. Physical activity, diet and other behavioural interventions for improving cognition and school achievement in children and adolescents with obesity or overweight. Cochrane Database Systematic Review. 2018; 3: CD009728
- ↑ Cai Y, Zhu X, Wu X. Overweight, obesity, and screen-time viewing among Chinese school-aged children: national prevalence estimates from the 2016 physical activity and fitness in China - the youth study. Journal of Sport and Health Science. 2017; 6(4): 404-409
- ↑ Videira-Silva A, Hetherington-Rauth M, Sardinha LB, Fonseca H. Combined high-intensity interval training as an obesity-management strategy for adolescents. European Journal of Sport Science. 2021; 23(1): 109-120
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- ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 72.3 72.4 Abassi W, Ouerghi N, Ghouili H, Haouami S, Bouassida A. Greater effects of high- compared with moderate-intensity interval training on thyroid hormones in overweight/obese adolescent girls. Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation. 2020; 41(4): 20200031
- ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 73.3 73.4 73.5 Zhu Y, Nan N, Wei L, Li T, Gao X, Lu D. The effect and safety of high-intensity interval training in the treatment of adolescent obesity: a meta-analysis. Aims and ScopeAnnals of Palliative Medicine. 2021; 10(8): 8596-8606
- ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 74.3 González-Gálvez N, Abelleira-Lamela T, Mateo-Orcajada A, Soler-Marin A, Abenza-Cano L, Vaquero-Christóbal R. Eight weeks of high-intensity interval vs sprint interval training effects on overweight and obsese adolescents carries out during the cool-down period of physical education classes: randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Public Health. 2024; 12
- ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 Paahoo A, Tadibi V, Behpoor N. Effectiveness of Continuous Aerobic Versus High-Intensity Interval Training on Atheroslectoric and Inflammatory Markers in Boys With Overweight / Obesity. Pediatric Exercise Science. 2021; 33(3): 132-138
- ↑ Cao M, Li S, Tang Y, Zou Y. A Meta-Analysis of High-Intensity Interval Training on Glycolipid Metabolism in Children With Metabolic Disorders. Frontiers in Pediatrics. 2022; 10: 887852
- ↑ Beauchamp MK, Nonoyama M, Goldstein RS, Hill K, Dolmage TE, Mathur S, Brooks D. Interval versus continuous training in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease - A systematic review. Thorax. 2010; 65(2): 157-164
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- ↑ Parent C, Lespagnol E, Berthoin S, Tagougui S, Stuckens C, Tonoli C, Dupire M, Dewaele A, Dereumetz J, Dewast C, Gueorgieva I, Rabasa-Lhoret R, Heyman E. Continuous moderate and intermittend high-intensity exercise in youth with type 1 diabetes: Which protection for dysglycemia? Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. 2024; 210: 111631
- ↑ Mysliwiec A, Skalska M, Michalak A, Chrzanowski J, Szmigiero-Kawko M, Lejk A, Jastrzebska J, Radziminski L, López-Sánchez GF, Gawrecki A, Jastrzebski Z. Responses to Low- and High-Intensity Exercise in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes in Relation to Their Level of VO2 Max. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021; 18(2): 692
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- ↑ Kösemen DS, Çetin S, Demirci D, Babaoglu K. Evaluation of the Left Ventricular Myocardium Using Layer-Specific Strain Analysis in Adolescents Athletes Performing High-Intensity Interval Training. Pediatric Cardiology. 2024; 45: 770-779
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- ↑ Stössel S, Neu MA, Wingerter A, Bloch W, Zimmer P, Paret C, El Malki K, Baumann FT, Russo A, Henninger N, Lehmann N, Otto H, Faber J. Benefits of Exercise Training for Children and Adolescents Undergoing Cancer Treatment: Results From the Randomized Controlled MUCKI Trial. Frontiers in Pediatrics. 2020; 8: 243
- ↑ de Menezes-Junior FJ, de Jesus IC, Ferreira VL, Wiens A, Mota J, Leite N. Effect of different interval training protocols on adiposity indicators in overweight-obese children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Physical Education. 2020; 31: e3161
- ↑ Eather N, Babic M, Riley N, Costigan SA, Lubans DR. Impact of Embedding High-Intensity Interval Training in Schools and Sports Training on Children and Adolescent's Cardiometabolic Health and Health-Related Fitness: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education. 2022; 42(2): 243-255
- ↑ Duncombe SL, Stylianou M, Price L, Walker JL, Barker AR. Making a HIIT: Methods for quantifying intensity in high-intensity interval training in schools and validity of session rating of perceived exertion. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2023; 41(18): 1678-1686
- ↑ Robertson RJ, Goss FL, Boer NF, Peoples JA, Foreman AJ, Dabayebeh IM. Children's OMNI Scale of Perceived Exertion: mixed gender and race validation. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise. 2000; 32: 452-458
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- ↑ Casamichana D, Castellano J, Calleja J, Roman JS, Castagna C. Relationship between indicators of training load in soccer players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2013; 27: 369-374
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- ↑ Adam C, Klissouras V, Ravazzolo M, Renson R, Tuxworth W, Kemper HCG, Levarlet-Joye H. EUROFIT-European test of physical fitness. 1987
- ↑ Ruiz JR, Ortega FB, Gutierrez A, Meusel D, Sjöström M, Castillo MJ. Health-related fitness assessment in childhood and adolescence: a European approach based on the AVENA, EYHS and HELENA studies. Journal of Public Health. 2016; 14(5): 269-277
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- ↑ Lonsdale C, Sanders T, Parker P. Effect of a Scalable School-Based Intervention on Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Children: A Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatrics. 2021; 175(7): 680-688
- ↑ da Silva Bento AFP, Páez LC, de Mendonça Raimundo AM. School-Based High-Intensity Interval Training Programs for Promoting Physical Activity and Fitness in Adolescents: A Systematic Review. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education. 2021; 41(2): 288-300
- ↑ Zapata-Lamana R, Cigarroa Cuevas I, Fuentes V, Soto Espindola C, Parrado Romero E, SepulvedaC, Monsalves-Alverez M. HIITing Health in School: Can High Intensity Interval Training Be a Useful and Reliable Tool for Health on a School-Based Environment? A Systematic Review. International Journal of School Health. 2019; 6(3): 1-10
- ↑ Ketelhut S, Ketelhut K, Ketelhut SR, Ketelhut RG. Effects of School-Based High-Intensity Interval Training on Hemodynamic Parameters and Heart Rate Variability: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2024; 38(6): 1033-1040
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