#REDIRECT [[Assessment of Spinal Cord Injury]]
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#REDIRECT [[Spinal Cord Injury Assessment Guiding Principles]]
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For background information go to [[Management of Spinal Cord Injuries - Case Study Part 1]]
ASIA Assessment - C4 ASIA A
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...ifferent cultural settings<ref name=":0">Wijnhoven, T. M., et al. (2004). "Assessment of gross motor development in the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study."
The WHO Motor Development assessment protocol has been designed to capture the gross motor development in the fi
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...this area. This page will give us an overview of assessment of ageing with spinal cord injury to bridge some of the existing gap in the literature.
...ttps://www.physio-pedia.com/Assessment_of_Spinal_Cord_Injury assessment of spinal cord injury]).
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...bo-pelvic instability. The muscle activation is capable of stabilizing the spinal segment.
...s identified and reported in [[CPR for Lumbar Stabilisation|CPR for lumbar spinal]] stabilization exercise program success and failure.<ref>Fritz JM, Piva SR
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...t in patient assessment takes practice, refinement and reflection. Patient assessment is an essential skill for every student and practicing physiotherapist.<ref
...mp_up_your_musculoskeletal_assessment.10.aspx Pump up your musculoskeletal assessment]. Nursing made incredibly easy. 2004 May 1;2(3):46-50.</ref>
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...nt of a package of care offered by physical therapists to individuals with spinal pain.
...ganisation) and provides a strong foundation for manual therapy, including spinal joint manipulation in physical therapy practice.
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...n,fckLRMarc Cohen; Evaluation of Breathing Pattern: Comparison of a Manual Assessment of Respiratory Motion(MARM) and Respiratory Induction Plethysmography. Appl
It is a practical, quick, inexpensive manual technique for the assessment of [[Breathing Pattern Disorders|breathing pattern disorders.]]<ref name=":
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...l cord independence measure: comprehensive ability to rating scale for the spinal cord lesion. JRRD. 2007;44(1):65-68.
...helping clinicians determine areas of limitations for their patients with spinal cord injuries, both therapists and patients alike will be benefitting from
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...quake <ref>Lathia C, Skelton P, Clift Z, Chapter.8 Early Rehabilitation of Spinal Cord Injuries. Lathia C, Skelton P, Clift Z. [https://resources.relabhs.org
...to a Spinal Injury Rehabilitation Centre 3-weeks after sustaining a T12-L1 Spinal Cord Injury managed surgically following Nepal Earthquake.
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...mb|Sinuvertebral nerve (arrows) taking a recurrent course and reenters the spinal canal through the intervertebral foramen.]]
...fibrosus of the intervertebral disc]], the ligaments and periosteum of the spinal canal. Its complex anatomy and relationship to discogenic pain have warrant
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...nno JF Jr. Walking Index for Spinal Cord Injury (WISCIII): scale revision. Spinal Cord2001;39,654–656.</ref>
...igned as a tool to measure improvement in walking ability specifically for spinal cord injury.<ref name=":0" /> It is precisely useful for the following cate
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=== Spinal Cord Injury ===
.../professional-resources/neurology-section-outcome-measures-recommendations/spinal-cord-injury]<br>
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...mbar spine examination]]. Aberrant spinal motion is associated with faulty spinal mechanics. Motion of the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar spine]] is assessed in all
...cite_ref-:0_1-2"></span>Tape measure: inexpensive instrument for measuring spinal motion, and possibly the easiest to use.
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...ce each skeletal muscle is innervated by nerves derived from more than one spinal cord level.<ref>Earths lab Myotomes Available:https://www.earthslab.com/ana
== Spinal Nerves ==
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...s for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury, Revised 2011. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil 2012;18(1):85-99.</ref>
=== Neurologic Assessment ===
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...iv class="text-right"><ref>MSKTCtv. Exercise, Health and Happiness after a Spinal Cord Injury. Available from: https://youtu.be/S8mUuYdqS5A[last accessed 20/
...e DL, Townson AF, Hsieh JTC, Connolly SJ, Mehta S, Sakakibara BM, editors. Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation Evidence. Version 4.0.</ref>
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...branches of the posterior primary divisions (dorsal rami) of the thoracic spinal nerves.
...is innervated by the dorsal rami of the upper thoracic and lower cervical spinal nerves.
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...ber of causes like [[Stroke|cerebral hemispheric]] or [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord]] damage.
...TS) a clinical tool for the assessment of spasms and spastic hypertonia in spinal cord injury (SCI) assesses the severity of the 3 [[spasticity]] components:
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...enter by helicopter. He arrived at the hospital and underwent initial assessment within 75 mins of the accident.
== Initial Medical Assessment ==
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...eads to interruption of normal function of nerve tracts in one half of the spinal cord<ref name=":1">Ranga U, Aiyappan SK. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/
See the video below to further understand the anatomy of the spinal cord in relation to BSS.<br>
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These tracts (fibers) cross over upon entering the spinal cord and ascend to the brainstem centers.
...anatomy|nervous system,]] lies anteriolaterally to the ventral horn of the spinal grey matter. This pathway comprises of three neutron sets and forms part of
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[[File:Brain and spinal cord tracts.jpeg|thumb|400x400px|Brain and Spinal cord tracts]]
...cord, the ascending sensory tracts arise from either the the cells of the spinal [[Ganglion|ganglia]] or the intrinsic neurons within the grey matter that r
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...o evaluate how patients and their parents perceive the appearance of their spinal deformity.
[[Category:Paediatrics - Assessment and Examination]]
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...points and is available for you in [https://members.physio-pedia.com/learn/spinal-cord-injury-programme/ Plus ], it can be started and completed at any time
...tgiving-btn pp-paypal-donate-btns">[https://members.physio-pedia.com/learn/spinal-cord-injury-programme/ Go to the updated course on Plus ]</div>
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...next [[Physiotherapy Management of Spinal Cord Injuries|Management of Spinal Injuries course]] that we hope to run again in the future.
...m for the [[Physiotherapy Management of Spinal Cord Injuries|Management of Spinal Cord Injuries]] course that ran in Physiopedia in 2014 in collabo
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...center by helicopter. He arrived at the hospital and underwent an initial assessment within 120 mins of the accident.
== Initial Medical Assessment ==
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...to A. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0161475408001760 Spinal palpation for lumbar segmental mobility and pain provocation: an interexami
[[Category:Lumbar Spine - Assessment and Examination]]
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...9 and 10, supplies innervation to the soft palate, larynx and pharynx. The spinal part supplies innervation to the [[Sternocleidomastoid]] and [[Trapezius]]
The spinal part on the SAN arises from C1- C5/6 nerve roots.
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...the [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Brachial_plexus brachial plexus] (C8, T1 spinal nerves)
== Assessment ==
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...alis muscles group share the same nerve supply from the dorsal rami of the spinal nerves.<ref name=":0" />
The transversospinalis muscle group functions in [[Core Strengthening|spinal stability,]] [[proprioception]] and [[posture]], stabilizing the vertebral
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...muscles separated by linea alba (a connective tissue). It acts to flex the spinal column, tense the anterior wall of the [[Abdominal Muscle Anatomy|abdomen]]
[[Thoracic Spinal Nerves|Spinal nerves T7 to T12]] (ventral rami) . T7 innervates fibers above the sup
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...as [[Facet Arthrosis|facet arthropathy]], [[Lumbar Spinal Stenosis|lumbar spinal stenosis,]] and [[Sacroiliac Joint|sacroiliac joint pain]]. There is a high
...deformity or pathology of the other. This means that hip pathology causes spinal pathology or vice versa.
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..., S., The Human Extremities: Mechanical diagnosis and therapy. Wellington: Spinal publications New-Zealand, 2000.</ref>
...g ruling in or out of the spine as a source of the symptoms. Following the assessment, a provisional classification is made along with a self treatment maneuver.
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...ty, and multiple thoracic compression fracture<ref name=":0">Basu S (2012) Spinal injuries in children. Front. Neur. 3:96. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2012.00096</ref
...SCI on this complex process<ref name=":1">Powell A, Davidson L. Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury. A Review By Organ System. Phy. Med. and Rehab Clinics, 2015;
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...a [https://radiopaedia.org/articles/osteoarthritis-of-the-vertebral-column Spinal OA] Available: https://radiopaedia.org/articles/osteoarthritis-of-the-verte
..., also contribute to osteoarthritic degeneration.<ref>Lindsey T, Dydyk AM. Spinal Osteoarthritis. Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553190/ (ac
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...ic Review of Functional Ambulation Outcome Measures in Spinal Cord Injury. Spinal Cord. 2008 Apr;46(4):246.</ref>
...tz E, Tefertiller C, Weisbach CL. Outcome Measure Recommendations From the Spinal Cord Injury EDGE Task Force. Physical Therapy. 2016 Nov 1;96(11):1832-42.</
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...Skills Programis a set of protocols that deal with two of these steps, the assessment and training of wheelchair skills.<ref name=":2" />
...ram.ca/eng/publications.php.</ref> about the measurement properties of the assessment methods and effectiveness of the training protocols (including two systemat
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...Modified Ashworth Scale (MMAS) and the Modified Tardieu Scale (MTS) in the assessment of wrist flexor spasticity in patients with stroke: protocol for a neurophy
...ons: [[stroke]], [[Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation in Northern Sri Lanka|spinal cord injury]], [[Multiple Sclerosis (MS)|multiple sclerosis]], [[Cerebral P
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...Management Strategies for Spasticity Treatment in Multiple Sclerosis] Spinal Cord Med, 28(2): 167-199 (2005)
.../default/files/Physical%20Therapy%20FINAL.pdf Role of Physiotherapy in the Assessment and Management of Individuals with Myotonic Dystrophy] Myotonic Dystrophy F
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...er and sour taste could be implicated. Patients with higher cervical-level spinal cord lesion and ventilator-dependent neuromuscular disorders who survive on
== Assessment ==
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...nd satisfaction of life after spinal cord injury in Norway. The journal of spinal cord medicine. 2014 May 1;37(3):310-6.</ref>
...SCIs.<ref name=":0">Sezer N, Akkuş S, Uğurlu FG. Chronic complications of spinal cord injury. World journal of orthopedics. 2015 Jan 18;6(1):24.</ref>
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...d to the [[Cerebral Cortex|cerebral cortex]]. In the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]], this pathway travels in the dorsal column, and in the [[brainstem]]
...teral branches that will terminate in the spinal gray matter to facilitate spinal reflexes. The majority of the central axonal process, however, will leave t
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...axial skeleton. The first two laws solely apply to the lumbar and thoracic spinal regions, but the third applies to the entire vertebral column <ref nam
[[Category:Manual_Therapy]] [[Category:Assessment]]
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[[File:Spinal Cord Segments and body representation.png|thumb|'''Figure. 1''' Spinal Cord ]]
...Nicholson Perry K. Managing Pain for adults with spinal cord injury. Rural Spinal Cord Injury Project. 2002 Jun.</ref>
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[[File:Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury.png|thumb|Anterior Cord Syndrome]]
...terior two thirds of the cord and/or its vascular supply from the anterior spinal artery<ref name=":3">Deutsch JE, O’Sullivan SB. Stroke. In: O'Sullivan SB
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==== '''Assessment''' ====
...es/PMC5016859/ Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and back pain.] ''Scoliosis Spinal Disord''. 2016;11(1):27. </ref>, and [[taping]]<ref>Atici, Y., Aydin, C., A
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...The design, materials and function of the orthosis are based on a patient assessment, including their medical history, biomechanical principles and the individu
...pinal deformities and injuries and to provide immobilisation or support to spinal injuries<ref>AOPA What is an orthotics? Available:https://www.aopa.org.au/c
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...ich is that portion of a peripheral nerve that “connects” the nerve to the spinal cord.
Nerve roots arise from each level of the spinal cord (e.g., C3, C4), and many, but not all, intermingle in a plexus (brachi
10 KB (1,421 words) - 16:31, 23 June 2023
...Spinal Cord Injuries|spinal cord injury]]. An individual with this form of spinal cord injury (SCI) will have intact motor function and sensations of pain, l
...and tabes dorsalis, but both tend to be generalized to PCS:<ref>Medmaster. Spinal Cord Syndromes: Clinical Recognition & Anatomy Review. Available from: <now
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...om the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord. It forms part of the descending spinal tract system that originate from the cortex or [[brainstem]] <ref>Crossman,
...rone|motor neurons]]; they synapse on neurons in the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] called lower motor neurons, which make contact with skeletal muscle
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...uri E, Muntoni F. The Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale for Children with Spinal Muscular Atrophy: a Scale to Test Ability and Monitor Progress in Children
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Dorsal rami of thoracic and lumbar spinal [[Neurone|nerves]] (T7 to L3)<ref name="p3">Iliocostalis muscle [Internet].
== Assessment ==
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...ion of the ANS sympathetics, which originate from T1-L2 afferents from the spinal cord.<ref>Benhamou CL, Roux C, Tourliere D, Gervais T, Viala JF, Amor B. Ps
Red flags for possible serious spinal pathology include<ref>Patient Thoracic [https://patient.info/doctor/thoraci
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...rotational horizontal plane motion. Many nerves innervate the muscles for spinal rotation.
* The [[Spinal Manipulation|rotational manipulative technique]] is commonly used for patie
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...niversity of Nottingham]. Students will choose topics in relation to spinal rehabilitation and either create new pages or review and update existing Ph
...n spinal pain <br>11. Post-surgical physiotherapy management of a specific spinal pathology (e.g. scoliosis) <br>12. The role of the internet in teaching and
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...ome (CCS) is the most commonly encountered incomplete [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]] (SCI) type. CCS was first described in 1954 by Schneider et a
...ledge about somatotopic arrangement of tracts in [[Spinal cord anatomy|the spinal cord]]. Somatotopic arrangement of tracts, mainly lateral [[Corticospinal T
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* Spinal anaesthesia over epidural anaesthesia<ref name=":4" />
...s, the largest spinal nerve plexus. It consists of nerves originating from spinal segments L1 to S4, lumbar plexus taking its origin from L1 to L4 and sacral
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.... [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4303793/ Rehabilitation of spinal cord injuries.] World journal of orthopedics. 2015 Jan 18;6(1):8. Available
...L. GUTTMANN, O.B.E., M.D., M.R.C.P.;1953</ref><ref name="Sedgwick et al.">Spinal cord potentials in traumatic paraplegia and quadriplegia; E M SEDGWICK, E E
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...n and improve movement.<ref name=":0">Herzog W. (2010) The Biomechanics of Spinal Manipulation. Journal of Bodyworks and
...this can help with exercises.<ref>Haavik H., Murphy B. (2012) The role of spinal manipulation in addressing disordered sensorimotor integration and altered
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...an also be used in case of a herniated [[Disc Herniation|disc pathology]], spinal nerve root compression, acute neck pain which could be neural related.
...og.com/bakody-sign-position/</ref><ref>Magee, David J. Orthopedic Physical Assessment. St. Louis, Mo: Saunders Elsevier, 2008.</ref>
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[[File:Wheelchair 4.jpg|thumb|Psychosocial considerations in spinal cord injury]]
...and improving the [[Quality of Life|quality of life]] (QoL) of people with spinal cord injuries,<ref name=":0" />
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...by the [[radial nerve]]. The innervation involves contribution from C5-C6 spinal nerve roots (C7 innervation sometimes is cited).<ref name="Anatomy." />
The brachioradialis tendon is used clinically to test C6 spinal nerve root. Which is affected in C5-C6 disc herniation.<ref name=":0" />
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...e. 2nd ED. Edinburgh. Churchill Livingstone. Elsevier. 2007</ref> Postural assessment as part of the screening process is relevant as there is evidence of correl
...quately view the athlete's posture. The various components of the postural assessment is viewed anteriorly, posteriorly and from the side as well.
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...for use in patients with [[stroke]]<ref name=":0" />, [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]] and [[Cerebral Palsy Introduction|cerebral palsy]]<ref name="
Note the presence of [[Contracture Management in Spinal Cord Injury|contractures]] and/or a clasp-knife response before examination
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.... [https://academic.oup.com/rheumatology/article-abstract/43/6/750/2899121 Spinal mobility in ankylosing spondylitis: reliability, validity and responsivenes
...r Heijde D. [https://www.jrheum.org/content/31/9/1779.short Measurement of spinal mobility in ankylosing spondylitis: comparison of occiput-to-wall and tragu
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...sed with [[Multiple Sclerosis (MS)|multiple sclerosis]] mention during the assessment.<ref>Brown Tracy, Melinosky Christopher. [https://www.webmd.com/multiple-sc
#* [[Spinal Cord Injury|Spinal Cord Compression]]/[[Hernia|Herniation]]/Injury
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...al Reality Systems for Upper Limb Motor Function Recovery in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JMIR mHealth and uHealth.
People with a spinal cord injury may be unable to perform some motor tasks because they:
12 KB (1,824 words) - 18:10, 30 September 2022
...diagnosis-based clinical decision rule for the management of patients with spinal pain.] BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2007;8:75.</ref> The reverse of centralizat
...ted to contribute to the assessment of the underlying acuity and nature of spinal symptoms, <ref>Kuhnow A, Kuhnow J, Ham D, Rosedale R. [https://pubmed.ncbi.
13 KB (1,757 words) - 08:56, 29 April 2022
...ars it has seen many changes to its use and governance. It's use in the assessment and treatment of epicondylitis is often advocated<ref>Andres BM, Murrell GA
=== Spinal Mobilization/Manipulation ===
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...arm and suicide before and after spinal cord injury: a systematic review.] Spinal Cord. 2017 Jan;55(1):2-7. </ref><ref>Khazem LR. [https://www.sciencedirect.
The psychological and social reaction following [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]] in an individual may include the following:
10 KB (1,519 words) - 17:07, 4 July 2023
...n in rheumatoid arthritis. British J Rheum 1998;37:417-420.</ref> Cervical spinal cord compromise due to atlantoaxial subluxation can have serious neurologic
...vlugt G, Indenbaum S. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3395385 Clinical assessment of atlantoaxial instability using the Sharp-Purser test]. Arthritis and Rhe
5 KB (702 words) - 22:48, 31 January 2021
...pper limb and prevent pain with activities of daily living in clients with spinal cord injuries.
== Risk Factors Assessment ==
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...esult in [[Spinal Stenosis|spinal stenosis]], neurologic deficit, cervical spinal deformity and instability. Patients can be polysyndromic in their presentat
* Fusion of two or more spinal bones in the neck
8 KB (1,099 words) - 01:16, 24 June 2022
...8 years of age.<ref name=":4">Howard J, Sees J, Shrader MW. Management of spinal deformity in cerebral palsy. JPOSNA®. 2019 Nov 3;1(1).</ref>{{#ev:youtube|
According to the [https://www.srs.org/ Scoliosis Research Society], the spinal deviation can be<ref name=":3">Vialle R, Thévenin-Lemoine C, Mary P. Neuro
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...upper two-third of external abdominal oblique supplied by lower [[Thoracic Spinal Nerves|intercostal nerves]] T7-T11 and subcostal nerve T12.
== Assessment ==
4 KB (619 words) - 02:13, 29 March 2022
....<ref>Parr, A., & Askin, G. (2020, December). Non-radicular low back pain: Assessment and evidence-based treatment. ''Australian Journal of General Practice''. R
...tial that physiotherapists are able to undertake a comprehensive screening assessment and have the necessary clinical reasoning skills to either clear the lumbar
15 KB (2,238 words) - 10:13, 11 January 2023
...n]. Spine 2002;27(24):2529-2602.</ref>. The McKenzie side glide test is an assessment of obstruction of movement in the frontal plane and can be provocation test
...pose is to understand if the patient has a possible lateral component. The assessment of this motions to determine any loss of motion or pain provocation assists
6 KB (936 words) - 19:06, 4 July 2023
...lumn Medial Lemniscal Pathway|dorsal column]] of the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] (the dorsal column is responsible for [[proprioception]]).<ref>Healt
...terior cord syndrome (Posterior spinal artery infarction); Hemi-section of spinal cord ([[Brown-Sequard Syndrome|Brown Sequard syndrome]])<ref name=":0">Epom
10 KB (1,484 words) - 01:59, 29 February 2024
== Assessment: ==
Anatomy of Spinal Vertebrae Tutorial Archived 2007-10-10 at the Wayback Machine.
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...nal cord injury for the Plus course: Bladder and Bowel Considerations with Spinal Cord Injury.
== Bowel Dysfunction in Spinal Cord Injury ==
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...inal Masqueraders|spinal masqueraders]], suspected [[Lumbar Spine Fracture|spinal fracture]] be sure to liaise with appropriate medics and investigate as nee
== Subjective Assessment ==
10 KB (1,440 words) - 16:23, 13 November 2021
...a work efficiently to hold the urine, evacuate, and how they work, used in assessment some pathological urinary symptoms conditions such as: [[Urinary Tract Infe
...rve as in patients with [[Spinal Cord Injury Assessment Among Older Adults|spinal cord injury.]]
7 KB (1,046 words) - 10:55, 24 May 2022
...or_people_with_spinal_cord_injuries Contracture management for people with spinal cord injuries.] NeuroRehabilitation. 2011 Jan 1;28(1):17-20.</ref> Contract
...ctors of contracture after spinal cord injury—a prospective cohort study.] Spinal cord. 2012 Aug;50(8):579-84.</ref>
12 KB (1,695 words) - 13:00, 7 April 2023
...tal development and in turn cause structural problems within the spine and spinal cord. These deformities can range from mild to severe and may cause other p
...d/or misshapen or partially formed.<ref name=":0">Khavkinckinic Congenital spinal deformities Available:https://khavkinclinic.com/congential-spine-deformitie
17 KB (2,458 words) - 15:25, 9 January 2023
Formed by the spinal roots '''C6, C7, C8, T1.'''
== Technique<ref name="Magee">Magee DJ. 2002, Orthopedic Physical Assessment, 4th edition, Philadephia: Saunders</ref> ==
6 KB (837 words) - 22:02, 31 January 2021
...al, credible and thought-provoking information on the science of pain, its assessment and management. Much of our direction was guided by the [http://www.iasp-pa
**Describe and explain the afferent innervations of the spinal cord from different tissue types, and how pain from different tissues is pr
7 KB (916 words) - 09:04, 28 July 2023
...al Plantar Nerve|medial plantar nerve]]. Both heads are represented by the spinal segments S1 and S2.
== Assessment ==
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...es in people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review.] The journal of spinal cord medicine. 2010 Jan 1;33(4):353-70.</ref><br>
...the 'locked-in' syndrome, the persistent vegetative state and brain death. Spinal cord. 1998 Nov;36(11):741-3.</ref><ref>Hamou C, Shah NR, DiPonio L, Curtin
17 KB (2,497 words) - 13:58, 19 July 2021
...t is a rare neurogenic disease. As the cyst gets larger, it presses on the spinal cord and interferes with the transmission of [[Neurone|nerve]] impulses. S
...lar and Genetic Disorders|congenital]] brain defects, [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord trauma]] and [[Infectious Disease|infection]].
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[[Assessment Considerations in Disasters and Conflicts]]
[[Complications in Assessment and Treatment in Disasters and Conflicts]]
7 KB (998 words) - 00:15, 5 January 2023
...iotherapy clinics. The physiotherapy assessment aims to screen for serious spinal conditions and identify impairments that may have contributed to the onset
Once [[An Introduction to Red Flags in Serious Pathology|serious spinal pathology]] and [[Specific Low Back Pain|specific causes of back pain]] hav
16 KB (2,344 words) - 06:53, 12 May 2024
...inology''': Discitis is discouraged as a term as isolated infection of the spinal disc rarely occurs. Normally the initial infection is the vertebral endplat
* spinal instrumentation or [[Spinal Cord Injury|trauma]]
11 KB (1,548 words) - 23:24, 26 November 2022
The root is the lateral branch of the dorsal rami of the C2 and/or C3 spinal nerves<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />.
== Assessment ==
5 KB (739 words) - 10:46, 27 March 2023
...rsal horn cells:''' Increased excitability of second order neurons in the spinal cord<ref name=":4" />
...on|descending inhibitory]] and facilitating pathways from the brain to the spinal cord can result in [[Central Sensitisation|central sensitisation]]<ref>Kune
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=== Framework for those teaching cervical assessment and management ===
...ety of manual assessment and intervention techniques are being used in the assessment and management of the cervical spine. The reports of patient harm from OMT
7 KB (977 words) - 21:17, 14 April 2021
...l stimulation therapy for patients with neurogenic bowel dysfunction after spinal cord injury. Medicine. 2018 Oct;97(41).</ref> The clinical symptoms of neur
The symptoms of neurogenic bowel in [[Spinal Cord Injury]] can be broadly divided into two headings:
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#During assessment the therapist will identify one or more comparable signs as described by Ma
...herapist has not found the correct treatment plane, grade of mobilization, spinal segment or that the technique is not indicated.
10 KB (1,553 words) - 21:19, 17 October 2020
...sessment_of_Neuropathic_Symptoms_and_Signs The LANSS Pain Scale: the Leeds assessment of neuropathic symptoms and signs.] Pain. 2001 May 1;92(1-2):147-57.</ref>.
* Central nervous system lesions (stroke, multiple sclerosis, spinal cord injury)
4 KB (623 words) - 10:29, 26 July 2023
...ior elements that help guide the movement of the vertebrae and protect the spinal cord.
== Assessment ==
12 KB (1,649 words) - 22:08, 19 June 2023
...lth care professional who uses evidence-based practice to provide clinical assessment, prescription, technical design, and fabrication of prosthetic and/or ortho
* Reduce [[Pain Assessment|pain]]
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...ealth Spinal Manipulation Available: https://www.spine-health.com/glossary/spinal-manipulation (accessed 13.6.2021)</ref>.
...eginning of physical therapy practice. However, physiotherapists providing spinal manipulations have come under the scrutiny of other professions even though
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...s disease : a pilot study. 2014;24–7.</ref>. Hemiparesis is often seen in spinal cord injuries where the right or the left side of the upper limbs are affec
=== Stroke and Spinal Cord Injuries ===
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...ons in nonprimary motor areas may cause a release of inhibitory control by spinal interneurons, leading to a reappearance of the [[Reflexes|reflex]].<ref nam
[[Category:Paediatrics - Assessment and Examination]]
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...omy|cerebrum]], [[cerebellum]], [[brainstem]] and/or [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord.]] Medical practitioner can prescribe spasmolytics as adjuncts in mana
...y of life of the child or family.<ref>Love, S. C., et al. "Botulinum toxin assessment, intervention and after‐care for lower limb spasticity in children with c
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* Any problem in the spinal column, spinal muscles and one of the neural control units or atrophy in the lumbar region
== Assessment ==
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...Muscular Dystrophy|Muscular]] dystrophies, [[Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)|Spinal muscular atrophy]],etc.
* [[Introduction to Spinal Orthoses|Spinal orthoses]]:
13 KB (1,824 words) - 12:46, 12 December 2022
...lected within 72 hours of the start of a rehabilitation episode. Discharge assessment is collected within 72 hours prior to the end of a rehabilitation episode.
* Walk/[[Wheelchair Assessment - Assessment Interview|wheelchair]]
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...of an important neuropathway in forming erections. Within the lumbosacral spinal cord, the dorsal nerve afferent fibers communicate with the cavernous nerve
...rocedures, especially during childbirth in women who are unable to undergo spinal anesthesia. <ref name=":1" />
9 KB (1,335 words) - 17:45, 25 September 2023
...e notches form the intervertebral foramina for the passage of the thoracic spinal nerves.
...ative to another in the thoracic region run a huge risk of compressing the spinal cord and leading to damage of the cord.
13 KB (1,793 words) - 12:44, 27 May 2023
...ion and anxiety measures used with individuals with spinal cord injury.] ''Spinal Cord. 2009;'' ''47''(12):841-851. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1038/sc.2009.9
4 KB (606 words) - 18:31, 21 June 2023
== Assessment ==
...fields assessment, and pupillary light reflexes assessment, accommodation assessment and funduscopic examination. <ref>Lorenzo Crumbie. Cranial neves examinatio
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Passive assessment of segmental movements includes Passive Physiological Intervertebral Moveme
...Maitland's Mobilisations|Maitland approach]], they can be used to describe assessment techniques used in a variety of approaches.
10 KB (1,602 words) - 15:32, 7 May 2024
...ets the user's needs.<ref name=":0" /> Unlike other orthotic devices, many spinal braces are off-the-shelf, although certain situations call for a custom-mad
== Four Principles of Spinal Bracing ==
18 KB (2,546 words) - 12:46, 12 December 2022
Dorsal rami of [[Thoracic Spinal Nerves|spinal nerves]].<ref name=":2">Henson B, Edens MA. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/b
...erector spinae muscles play an important role in the [[Lumbar Instability|spinal stability]] and [[Low Back Pain|LBP]].
13 KB (1,715 words) - 13:29, 9 April 2024
...isruption of the pathways between this region to the caudal portion of the spinal cord.<ref name=":0">Castro‐Diaz D, Taracena Lafuente JM. Detrusor‐sphin
...reflex. The PMC provides excitatory impulses to the bladder and blocks the spinal guarding reflexes. The detrusor contracts with synergistic relaxation of th
8 KB (1,037 words) - 01:54, 1 July 2023
...on, [[Cauda Equina Syndrome|cauda equina syndrome]], spinal fracture and [[Spinal Malignancy|malignancy]]).<ref name=":1">Finucane L. An Introduction to Red
...(7):350-372.</ref> They are identified during the subjective and objective assessment of a patient.
16 KB (2,363 words) - 00:14, 26 October 2022
...s system in which the myelin sheath surrounding the axons of the brain and spinal cord become damaged, resulting in demyelination and scarring. When this occ
Your immune system mistakenly attacks the nerves in your brain and spinal cord.<br>
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* [[Hypertonia Assessment Tool|Hypertonia]] is resistance to passive movement, it is not dependent on
...in the [[midbrain]], which is between the brain and [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]]. The midbrain controls motor movement. Serious condition but not as
5 KB (700 words) - 17:17, 28 October 2023
...stic triage has taken place and the individual has been cleared of serious spinal pathology neck pain is often refer simply classified as having neurological
...and facilitated planning of conservative treatment of patients with acute spinal pain syndromes. However, limited inference can be taken from this study as
7 KB (1,060 words) - 11:46, 15 November 2023
...as demographics, theories of ageing, policy, physiology and physiotherapy assessment and management.
...us_system_-_brain_and_spinal_cord.pdf |Central Nervous System: Brain and Spinal Cord}}
3 KB (442 words) - 21:25, 14 May 2021
...Nerves|thoracic nerve]] and the spinal rami of the lumbar [[Spinal Nerves|spinal nerves]].
...les that tends to be tight and overactive<ref>Page .P, Frank C, Lardner R. Assessment and Treatment of Muscle Imbalance: The Janda Approach .Champaign . Human K
7 KB (1,060 words) - 10:17, 14 July 2023
...therapy eg [[opioids]] and antitumor therapy.<ref name=":5">Veihelmann A. Spinal injections, [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30481838/ Epidural neurolysis
...[[Sciatica]]<ref>Veihelmann A. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30481838/ Spinal Injections, Epidural Neurolysis and Denervation for Specific Low Back Pain
6 KB (816 words) - 06:25, 5 October 2023
...ts a deep sulcus on its upper surface for the passage of the corresponding spinal nerve.
Vertebral Causes of Spinal Pain:<ref name="Maitland">G.D. Maitland. Vertebral Manipulation. Fourth Edi
15 KB (2,243 words) - 10:15, 24 January 2022
...to obturator internus, which is formed from portions of the L5, S1, and S2 spinal nerves.
...g of the external rotators would be done in a normal [[Hip Examination|hip assessment]].
3 KB (357 words) - 15:48, 27 January 2020
...Trendelenburg sign can be used to assess other mechanical, neurological or spinal disorders, such as the Congenital dislocation of the hip or hip subluxation
[[Category:Pelvis - Assessment and Examination]]
7 KB (913 words) - 13:18, 13 September 2023
The [[Pain Assessment|pain]] experience among people is highly variable, even under circumstances
...ce suggests that ‘bottom–up’ and ‘top–down’ modulatory circuits within the spinal cord and brain play an important role in pain processing, which can profoun
10 KB (1,286 words) - 23:27, 30 April 2022
The Tinetti-test, also called Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA) assesses a person's perception of balance and stability during [[Act
...ew of Traumatic Brain Injury|acquired brain injury]], [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]], [[stroke]], [[Motor Neurone Disease MND|motor neurone diseas
7 KB (1,093 words) - 12:16, 13 September 2023
[[Sleep: Regulation and Assessment|Sleep]] is a dynamic and complicated brain process on which several crucial
...C6609073/ Identifying relationships between sleep posture and non-specific spinal symptoms in adults: A scoping review.] BMJ Open. 2019 Jun 28;9(6):e027633.<
10 KB (1,495 words) - 10:58, 12 May 2024
...h whether the spine or limb is the primary cause of lameness in a horse as spinal problems are often related to limb lameness.<ref name=":1">Haussler KK. Rev
.../ red flags. The subjective assessment is discussed in detail [[Subjective Assessment of the Equine Patient|here]].
17 KB (2,705 words) - 11:32, 18 August 2022
...022 Sep 27;28:e938042.</ref> Vertebral fracture is the most common serious spinal pathology, followed by [[Skeletal Metastases|metastatic bone disease]].<ref
...aard AL et al. International Framework for Red Flags for Potential Serious Spinal Pathologies. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2020;50(7):350-372.</ref>
14 KB (2,101 words) - 10:12, 20 December 2023
...reduce muscle tone and spasticity in individuals with [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injury]]. Direct effects of muscle vibration include increased cortico
Focal vibration as a modality in spinal cord injury facilitates a contraction of the agonist muscle.<ref name=":0">
16 KB (2,171 words) - 00:33, 14 February 2023
...'“Babinski Sign”'''. It is an essential part of any neurological screen or assessment. As any other procedure, this sign is also topic of debate for a long time.
*This reflex is mediated by the spinal cord, but influenced by higher centers. The area of skin from which the ref
9 KB (1,388 words) - 22:07, 21 May 2023
...nduced movement therapy]].<ref name=":1">Scale Library. Finding a clinical assessment scale-Physical medicine and rehabilitation.Arm Motor Ability Test. accessed
...sfunction, [[Multiple Sclerosis (MS)|multiple sclerosis]], [[Spinal Injury|spinal cord injury]], [[Overview of Traumatic Brain Injury|traumatic brain injury]
9 KB (1,195 words) - 12:29, 20 November 2023
...l spine.<ref>Fernandez M, Moore C, Tan J, Lian D, Nguyen J, Bacon A et al. Spinal manipulation for the management of cervicogenic headache: A systematic revi
== Headache Assessment ==
17 KB (2,457 words) - 17:55, 28 February 2024
...ing system of the spine. Part II. Neutral zone and stability hypothesis. J Spinal Disord. 1992;5:383-9.
...by the abdominal muscles can only increase intra-abdominal pressure during spinal movement if there is co-contraction of the pelvic floor musculature.
13 KB (1,943 words) - 09:44, 22 April 2022
...from the anterior rami of the T1 to T11 [[Thoracic Spinal Nerves|thoracic spinal nerves]]
...ra and abdominal peritoneum and differ from the anterior rami of the other spinal nerves in that each pursues an independent course without plexus formation.
9 KB (1,331 words) - 07:29, 19 March 2024
Poor strength is the first impairment in spinal cord injury acknowledged by most physiotherapists and can be both neurally
...ease strength in neurally intact muscles, especially in the acute phase of spinal cord injury. It has a significant impact on function and tends to occur as
21 KB (3,046 words) - 01:47, 19 January 2023
...tion tests for the assessment of sacroiliac joint dysfunction]. Journal of spinal disorders. 1998 Aug;11(4):341-5.</ref><ref name="Tien">M Laslett. Pain prov
[[Category:Assessment]]
6 KB (933 words) - 22:08, 31 January 2021
...rmalities in the cognitive, [[Vestibular Oculomotor Motor Screening (VOMS) Assessment|vestibular]], and [[Oculomotor Nerve|oculomotor]] domains. The variety of p
...n.White matter conducts, processes, and send nerve signals up and down the spinal cord.
6 KB (871 words) - 18:15, 7 March 2023
...e sclerosis]], or instantly, as occurs with [[Spinal Cord Injury|traumatic spinal cord injury]], [[Stroke|cerebral vascular accidents]], and limb [[amputatio
== Assessment ==
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Reliability of the segmental palpation of the lumbar spine. This will include assessment of the lumbar spine and look at reliability for reproduction of stiffness,
...tion testing. Phys Ther. 2008;88:43-49.</ref><ref name="p9">Huijbregts PA. Spinal motion palpatation: A review of reliability studies. Journal of Manual &
19 KB (2,812 words) - 15:27, 6 June 2017
Functional Reach Test (FRT) is a clinical outcome measure and assessment tool for ascertaining dynamic [[balance]] in in simple task.
...ility both affect reach distance.<ref>Schenkman M, Morey M, Kuchibhatla M. Spinal flexibility and balance control among community-dwelling adults with and wi
7 KB (1,026 words) - 08:32, 6 February 2024
...back pathology, but others will perform poorly in the absence of specific spinal dysfunction.<ref name=":1" />
...ated to chronic or long-standing injuries. There may also be more than one spinal lesion affecting the horse’s performance and causing symptoms. It is, the
18 KB (2,628 words) - 11:48, 18 August 2022
...ow, J. I., Bagg, S. D., Norman, K. E., & Scott, S. H. (2010). Quantitative Assessment of Limb Position Sense Following Stroke, Neurorehabilitation and Neural Rep
* [[Spinal Cord Injury]]
8 KB (1,143 words) - 19:35, 4 July 2023
== General Assessment ==
...ospt.2020.9971 International framework for red flags for potential serious spinal pathologies.] journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy. 2020 Jul;50
13 KB (2,006 words) - 15:00, 15 December 2022
...Adolescents|vertebral]] column that worsens night: indicates high risk of spinal MBD and imminent fracture.
* '''Awareness of symptoms that could indicate Metastatic Spinal Cord Compression (MSCC)''' -
10 KB (1,474 words) - 05:40, 27 May 2023
...]] movement.<ref name=":0">Darras BT, Markowitz JA, Monani UR, De Vivo DC. Spinal muscular atrophies (2015) Neuromuscular Disorders of Infancy. Childhood, an
...//www.youtube.com/watch?v=5mI_ZsWkkc4|width}}<ref>Genentech. Understanding Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA). Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5mI
15 KB (2,078 words) - 06:55, 6 February 2024
...s|Parkinson's Disease]], [[Multiple Sclerosis (MS)|Multiple Sclerosis]], [[Spinal Cord Injury]], [[Traumatic Brain Injury]], and more.
...nical presentation of the condition, including pre- and post- intervention assessment measures.
3 KB (432 words) - 18:30, 21 February 2024
...ed to consider if the patient has a formal diagnosis (eg [[Spinal Stenosis|spinal stenosis]] or [[COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease)|COPD]]) and ho
* '''[[Cauda Equina Syndrome]]''' - spinal and leg pain, neurological symptoms, changes in bladder/bowel, or saddle an
16 KB (2,361 words) - 10:00, 23 November 2022
...pplication of strength-duration curves, and they became widely used in the assessment of peripheral nerve injuries during the 1939-45 War. <ref>McLeod JG. [https
* [[Spinal Stenosis|Spinal stenosis]]
11 KB (1,508 words) - 12:51, 29 April 2024
...tastases|Metastatic bone disease]] (MBD) is the second most common serious spinal pathology - a vertebral [[fracture]] is the most common.<ref name=":0" /> B
...that are most likely to spread to the spine are:<ref name=":2">Finucane L. Spinal Malignancy Course. Plus 2020. </ref>
14 KB (2,224 words) - 02:29, 1 May 2023
'''Spinal cord:'''
'''Spinal cord:'''
10 KB (1,407 words) - 09:57, 6 October 2023
...7 vertebrae, the lumbar spine has 5 vertebrae and other other bones of the spinal column are the sacrum and coccyx which both consist of fused vertebrae.
* Spinal canal dimensions: varies from T1 to T12<ref name=":2">Othrobullets [https:/
20 KB (2,892 words) - 13:28, 9 April 2024
...ents with chronic unilateral LBP<ref>Wan Q, Lin C, Li X, Zeng W, Ma C. MRI assessment of paraspinal muscles in patients with acute and chronic unilateral low bac
...remely important as they help maintains proper [[posture]] and protect the spinal segments. They also are crucial to most athletic endeavours because almost
4 KB (508 words) - 10:17, 14 July 2023
...99253.</ref> This article provides a comprehensive review of the impact of spinal cord injury on the autonomic nervous system.
...teral horns of the spinal cord. The sympathetic nerves run parallel to the spinal cord on both sides of the vertebral column.<ref name=":4">Ken Hub. Sympathe
22 KB (2,954 words) - 11:05, 25 March 2024
Suboccipital nerve or dorsal ramus of cervical spinal nerve (C1).<ref name="AE" />
== Assessment ==
5 KB (807 words) - 10:19, 6 March 2024
...</ref>, patients with stroke , and other neurological conditions such as [[Spinal Cord Injury|SCI]] and children with [[Cerebral Palsy and Associated Conditi
== Assessment ==
8 KB (1,277 words) - 11:45, 3 August 2022
...ion devices in persons with abdominal paralysis due to spinal cord injury. Spinal cord series and cases]. 2019 Apr 16;5(1):35.</ref>
...ol (53 patients) did not wear the binder. The primary outcomes were [[Pain Assessment|pain]] and functional recovery. The Researcher observed the intervention gr
7 KB (1,051 words) - 12:54, 5 December 2023
...ed to be either caused by muscle spasms, the body avoiding irritation of a spinal nerve, or [[Disc Herniation|disc]] material displacement. There can also be
...Videman, T., & Alen, M. (2002). Interexaminer reliability of low back pain assessment using the McKenzie method. ''Spine'', ''27''(8), E207–E214. <nowiki>https
6 KB (956 words) - 17:40, 27 June 2023
...k G, Burton L, Torine J. Movement: Functional movement systems: Screening, assessment and corrective strategies. (No Title). 2010 Jul 15.</ref> conditional and c
* Useful for controlling spinal posture through all phases while the weight is always held overhead. <ref n
5 KB (757 words) - 12:16, 29 August 2023
...corticospinal tract dysfunction localized to the cervical segments of the spinal cord.<ref name=":0" /> In this regard, it is analogous to the [[Babinski Si
[[Category:Neurological - Assessment and Examination]]
4 KB (634 words) - 06:35, 9 June 2022
[[File:Spinal Cord Segments and body representation.png|thumb]]
...). This article will discuss upper limb function with lower-level cervical spinal cord injury and its impact on an individual's functional abilities.
20 KB (2,783 words) - 00:41, 10 February 2023
...axial rotation in the horizontal plane, as well as being characterized by spinal deformities in the sagittal plane <ref>Illés, Tamás S., et al. “The Thi
...Journal: Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research
16 KB (2,343 words) - 21:44, 4 May 2024
...test_for_spi20160301-29111-mkzuvp.pdf Discography as a diagnostic test for spinal pain: A systematic and narrative review.] Pain Physician. 2005 Apr 1;8(2):1
[[Category:Assessment]]
12 KB (1,729 words) - 09:29, 31 December 2021
...ralgesia reflects that [[Central Sensitisation|central sensitisation]] (at spinal cord/brain level) is at play. It involves sensitisation of second-order neu
...errot S, Dahan A, Dickenson A, Kress HG, Wells C, Bouhassira D, Drewes AM. Assessment and manifestation of central sensitisation across different chronic pain co
12 KB (1,569 words) - 14:05, 19 March 2024
...M, Miller WC, Krassioukov AV. Global Incidence and Prevalence of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences. 2013 Jul;40(4):456-
...l cord injury at a tertiary care center in India—a retrospective analysis. Spinal Cord. 2021 Jun 25:1-6.</ref> The strongest predictors of mortality were fou
38 KB (5,328 words) - 01:54, 3 June 2022
The recovery or improvement of ambulation after a Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is an important goal because people who can walk independ
The ability to walk after a Spinal cord injury (SCI) depends on many factors including:
21 KB (3,169 words) - 18:23, 30 September 2022
...the Segmental Assessment of Trunk Control (SATCo) is to provide a detailed assessment of trunk control, identifying:
...articles/PMC2927393/ Refinement, reliability and validity of the segmental assessment of trunk control (SATCo).] Pediatric physical therapy: the official publica
10 KB (1,515 words) - 19:17, 23 August 2023
...ic</ref> The neural tube is the embryonic structure that develops into the spinal cord and brain. Spina bifida ranges in terms of severity.<ref name=":0">Lun
* closed spinal dysraphism
13 KB (1,829 words) - 12:12, 13 May 2023
...rehabilitation services ranging from a seating, positioning, and mobility assessment to complex orthopedic and neurologic interventions. Wheelchair and rehabili
.../> A social worker may also arrange and coordinate a seating and mobility assessment with the respective clinical staff. Similarly, a physical or an occupationa
23 KB (3,260 words) - 23:11, 4 November 2022
A number of studies report that the JTHFT is a valid assessment tool for the measurement of hand dysfunctions from a variety of patient pop
* [[Spinal Cord Injury|Spinal cord injury]]
7 KB (1,001 words) - 17:45, 3 January 2022
[[Medical Imaging|Diagnostic imaging]] can be an important component of the assessment process. Imaging assists physiotherapists in screening for critical conditi
...e of [[Lumbar Vertebrae|lumbar vertebra]], paralumbar muscles and tendons, spinal ligaments, [[Intervertebral disc|intervertebral discs]], and nerves.<ref na
11 KB (1,596 words) - 18:35, 21 March 2024
...bilitation: Theories into Practice. 2005:15-48.</ref><ref name=":0" /> The assessment should be ongoing so that clinicians can tailor-make treatment plans based
== Subjective Assessment ==
32 KB (4,500 words) - 20:13, 22 September 2023
...ion interventions. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">Harvey L. Management of Spinal Cord Injuries: A Guide for Physiotherapists. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2008
...verall neurological status. <ref name=":1" /><ref>McDonald JW, Sadowsky C. Spinal Cord Injury. The Lancet. 2002 Feb 2;359(9304):417-25.</ref><ref name=":2">W
18 KB (2,779 words) - 20:08, 22 September 2023
...ion: female, 66 years old, currently on disability for back surgery due to spinal stenosis
*Co-morbidities: diabetes type 2, spinal stenosis, IV drug user, smoker
8 KB (1,266 words) - 18:53, 11 April 2020
...al contraction is discussed on this page. This is an invasive and advanced assessment technique and should only be performed after demonstrating competency after
[[File:Spinal-cord-injury-symptoms.png|thumb|518x518px]]
30 KB (4,567 words) - 00:08, 31 July 2023
...es/PMC5315261/ Relationship between body positioning, muscle activity, and spinal kinematics in cyclists with and without low back pain: a systematic review.
# [[Subjective Assessment|Subjective examination]] should include these questions: does the rider cyc
11 KB (1,745 words) - 16:23, 13 November 2021
...e our treatment plan and ensure we are identifying our patients' problems, assessment should be an ongoing and continuous, and should allow us to develop individ
...h enhances clarity of communication and understanding of team roles with a spinal cord injury multidisciplinary team and challenges clinicians to think holis
33 KB (4,849 words) - 12:55, 23 March 2022
* [[CT Scans|'''Computed tomography''']] (CT): More accurate assessment of bony structures
Studies have showed the potential use of optoacoustic imaging in the assessment, diagnosis and monitoring of treatment in patients with inflammatory arthri
13 KB (1,844 words) - 16:41, 21 March 2024
...pain]]. Thoracic back pain is more often due to [[The Flag System|serious spinal pathology]] than neck or low back pain but thoracic back pain is also preva
Physiotherapists are university trained in the assessment and treatment of spinal problems. Early and acute treatment focuses on understanding the diagnosis,
7 KB (983 words) - 13:53, 29 January 2024
# <span class="sui sui-pencil"></span>[[Respiratory Assessment|Respiratory]] (lungs, diaphragm, larynx)
...s="sui sui-pencil"></span>[[Introduction to Neuroanatomy|Nervous]] (brain, spinal cord, nerves)
4 KB (564 words) - 17:31, 18 January 2023
...nerve stimulation TENS reduce postoperative opioid requirement after major spinal surgery.] Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology. 2010 Jan 1;22(1):1-5.</r
|Assessment of the effectiveness of TENS was carried out based on two factors: the tim
11 KB (1,540 words) - 15:23, 26 September 2020
...his anatomical structure due to its proximity to the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] and [[brainstem]].<ref>S.K. Demetrios et al. It is time to reconside
...itself superiorly from the body. The odontoid process lies anterior to the spinal cord and is used as the pivot for the rotation of the head. The C1 vertebra
12 KB (1,851 words) - 22:29, 15 June 2020
...cular pain is mostly secondary to posterolateral herniations that compress spinal nerves as they exit through the intervertebral foramen. Radicular pain will
...ow. This is particularly more severe in the thoracic spinal cord since the spinal canal in this region is smaller compared to the cervical and lumbar region.
18 KB (2,502 words) - 12:30, 17 October 2023
...consist of the vertebral body and a bony ring or arcus which protects the spinal cord. The arcus is formed by two pedicles which attach to the dorsal side o
==== '''Subjective Assessment''' ====
14 KB (1,923 words) - 13:19, 30 June 2023
[[Wound Assessment|Wound]] and surgical site infection is common in disaster and conflict sett
...of infection. This article also contains links to [[Wound Assessment|wound assessment]] and [[Wound Debridement|wound debridement]], so you can better understand
26 KB (3,595 words) - 11:15, 17 February 2023
Following an [[Lumbar Assessment|assessment]] of back function, we formulated a treatment plan. This includes prescribi
The multifidus muscle and [[Erector spinae]] are important in spinal stability.
12 KB (1,695 words) - 12:26, 20 November 2023
...or musculoskeletal complaints in adults—an evidence-based approach—part 3: spinal disorders. Journal of manipulative and physiological therapeutics]. Bussi�
...athways/low-back-pain-and-sciatica Low back pain and sciatica in over 16s: assessment and management] de Campos TF. NICE Guideline [NG59]. J Physiother. 2017 Ap
10 KB (1,336 words) - 03:10, 18 April 2020
...How to Move On. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4257148/ Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil]. 2014. 20; 3: 167–180. Accessed 26 February 2020. </re
...lth<ref>Aaronson NK. Quantitative issues in health related quality of life assessment. Health Policy. 1988. 10; 3:217–230. </ref>.
8 KB (1,092 words) - 15:24, 11 August 2023
[[File:Spinal cord.jpg|alt=|right|frameless|374x374px]][[Spinal cord anatomy|Spinal cord]] injury (SCI) results in the loss of a [[muscle]]'s ability to genera
== History of Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation ==
26 KB (3,756 words) - 05:18, 5 August 2022
...tion tests for the assessment of sacroiliac joint dysfunction.] Journal of spinal disorders. 1998 Aug;11(4):341-5.</ref><ref name="Vier">P Vercellini. Chroni
[[Category:Assessment]]
5 KB (701 words) - 22:26, 31 January 2021
Excessive motion of vertebral bodies in relation to one another is considered spinal instability (i.e. a loss of the functional integrity of a system which prov
* Spinal instability can be the result of an injury, degenerative process, tumor, pr
13 KB (1,940 words) - 16:55, 2 February 2024
...trical stimulation-a mapping system for hand dysfunction in tetraplegia. ''Spinal Cord.'' 2018;56(5):516.</ref> Knowledge of the presence of lower motor neu
...of the involved muscles using orthoses overnight is indicated and constant assessment and evaluation of the balance of the hand and positioning are essential. �
12 KB (1,825 words) - 08:13, 16 December 2022
...pain, paresthesia, or numbness in the lower limb which may be provoked by spinal posture(s) and/or movement(s). While radiculopathy and radicular pain commo
* degenerative conditions: [[spondylolisthesis]], [[Lumbar Spinal Stenosis|spinal stenosis,]] [[Osteophyte|osteophytes]]
16 KB (2,431 words) - 01:38, 27 February 2024
...fine ICF codes that correspond to this patient's injury for the purpose of assessment
...s Rehabil Med. 2015 Feb;51(1):105-17.</ref> Their purpose is to facilitate assessment in clinical practice and research.<ref>Karlsson E, Gustafsson J. [https://w
17 KB (2,486 words) - 21:42, 16 January 2024
...iley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/art.24853 Prevalence of and screening for serious spinal pathology in patients presenting to primary care settings with acute low ba
...tion) and social factors (eg. work environment).<ref name="Hancock" /> The assessment does not focus on identifying anatomical structures (eg. the intervertebral
25 KB (3,634 words) - 23:31, 18 December 2023
...ics?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal spinal and extremity musculoskeletal disorders].
...Kenzie R., The lumbar spine: Mechanical diagnosis and therapy. Wellington: Spinal publications New-Zealand, 1981.</ref><ref>Physiotherapy NewZealand [https:/
19 KB (2,785 words) - 19:07, 4 July 2023
...hip between capabilities of upper extremity and quality of life in chronic spinal cord injury]. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Educational Resea
...eurological classification of spinal cord injury: revised 2019]. Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation. 2021;27(2):1-22.</ref> </blockquote>
24 KB (3,365 words) - 21:08, 3 March 2023
The Cervical Nerves are spinal nerves originating from the cervical vertebra<ref>Joshua W, Vamsi R, Bruno
[[Category:Assessment]]
4 KB (597 words) - 19:01, 8 March 2024
...elines e.g. controversy around the use of steroids or stem cell therapy in spinal cord injury management. Not every patient or situation fits neatly into a g
== Spinal Cord Injury Clinical Guidelines ==
46 KB (6,470 words) - 04:02, 14 June 2022
...f LET -''' [[Lateral Epicondyle Tendinopathy Toolkit: Section B - Clinical Assessment|Section B]] of the toolkit discusses the clinical evaluation of somebody w
** Manual therapy (elbow joint & spinal mobilizations; soft tissue techniques)
6 KB (774 words) - 16:40, 12 February 2024
...s of spasticity, assessment methods and options for managing spasticity in spinal cord injury.
...inal.ppm.png|thumb|400x400px|<small>Illustration of supraspinal control of spinal stretch reflex. Adapted from: Li S, Francisco GE. New insights into the pat
28 KB (3,851 words) - 16:59, 17 December 2023
== What is a Spinal Cord Injury ==
...ational standards for neurological classification of spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med 2011; 34: 535-546</ref>{{#ev:vimeo|65471467|300}}
29 KB (4,219 words) - 12:08, 2 February 2024
...ich is reported to be one of the most difficult health complications after spinal cord injury.<ref>Reinholdt C, Fridén J. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/p
Complications after spinal cord injury can impact an individual's ability to participate in activities
22 KB (3,002 words) - 12:55, 7 April 2023
...gaments hold the vertebrae in place, and tendons attach the muscles to the spinal column. The cervical spine is subjected to a range of extrinsic factors suc
...of motion at the cervical spine, there is a heightened injury risk for the spinal cord and the associated neurovascular structures.<ref name=":0" />
35 KB (4,842 words) - 10:49, 1 September 2023
...Disease MND|Motor Neurone Disease]] (MND). In Kennedy’s Disease, both the spinal and bulbar neurons are affected, which causes muscle weakness and atrophy o
* Spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA)
15 KB (1,974 words) - 14:27, 14 August 2022
...u can review the Wheelchair Assessment Process in more detail [[Wheelchair Assessment|here]].
...to wheelchair prescription for persons with spinal cord injury.] Topics in spinal cord injury rehabilitation. 2020;26(2):100-7.</ref>
14 KB (2,085 words) - 22:47, 10 October 2022
* Progressive muscular atrophy (PMA) affects only lower motor neurons in the spinal cord
* [[Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)|Spinal muscular atrophy]] (SMA) <ref name=":2" />
13 KB (1,922 words) - 02:19, 8 August 2023
...s of wheelchair and seating assistive technology provision for people with spinal cord injury in an Irish context. Disabil Rehabil. 2020:1-13. Epub ahead of
...abilitation. 2019 Sep 1;100(9):1648-54.</ref> Many users, even people with spinal cord injury, often get wheelchairs without a cushion or basic instructions,
16 KB (2,248 words) - 15:48, 13 October 2022
...tion tests for the assessment of sacroiliac joint dysfunction]. Journal of Spinal Disorders. 1998 Aug;11(4):341-5.</ref><ref>Philippon MJ, Stubbs AJ, Schenke
...i.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8731394 Parametric and non-parametric measures in the assessment of knee and hip osteoarthritis: interobserver reliability and correlation w
10 KB (1,492 words) - 05:02, 25 March 2022
...kquote>The application of the Maitland concept can be on the peripheral or spinal joints, both require technical explanation and differ in technical terms an
...come on' by moving the joint in a particular direction during the clinical assessment<ref name="Maitland">Hengeveld E, Banks K.(ed) Maitland's Peripheral Manipul
19 KB (2,840 words) - 14:12, 11 March 2024
...ior disorder, periodic movements in sleep), or persist during sleep (e.g., spinal myoclonus, myokimia, moving toes) and others are present only while awake.
== Assessment ==
8 KB (1,083 words) - 17:57, 29 February 2024
== Assessment for Lumbar Radiculopathy ==
...vating / easing factors, and location of symptoms, as well as an objective assessment.
24 KB (3,346 words) - 01:19, 3 April 2024
...eficit related to the spinal cord. It is usually due to compression of the spinal cord by osteophyte or extruded disc material. It is most commonly localized
...athy depends on the neurological localization in the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]], rather than the [[Brain: Developmental Divisions|brain]] or periphe
22 KB (3,204 words) - 14:53, 20 November 2023
...ons of the spine, the lumbosacral spine protects the [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]] and nerve roots from damage by providing a protective sheath. Mechan
.../www.sciepub.com/reference/334549 (last accessed 28.11, 2022).</ref> These spinal movements result in various forces acting on the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar sp
11 KB (1,687 words) - 02:52, 29 November 2022
...functional definition is that FBSS results when the outcome of the lumbar spinal surgery does not meet the pre-surgical expectations of the patient and surg
...) at a non-surgical site <br>• [[Facet Arthrosis|Facet arthrosis]] <br>• [[Spinal Stenosis]] <br>• [[Spondylolysis]] with or without [[Spondylolisthesis]]<
18 KB (2,557 words) - 00:01, 9 June 2022
...It originates from three sensory nuclei (mesencephalic, principal sensory, spinal nuclei of trigeminal nerve) and one motor nucleus (motor nucleus of the t
...orsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord<ref name=":1" />. Fibers in the spinal trigeminal tract convey impulses concerned with thermal, tactile sense, and
20 KB (3,005 words) - 08:44, 14 December 2023
...njury|brain injuries]], [[Spinal Cord Injury Assessment Among Older Adults|spinal cord injury]], and also retinopathies, optic nerve degeneration, and periph
7 KB (897 words) - 11:06, 18 October 2023
...entral medulla (RVM). These neurons in the RVM then send a signal down the spinal cord and activate the endogenous [[Opioids|opiate]] system to suppress pain
...of levels, both within the spinal cord, brain stem, and cortex. Within the spinal cord, both dynorphins and enkephalins can act to reduce the transmission of
9 KB (1,308 words) - 05:51, 18 April 2022
...https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/09638288.2012.723789 Leaving a spinal unit and returning to the wider community: an interpretative phenomenologic
...hysical activity guidelines? A look at a sample from a Canadian province]. Spinal Cord 2017; 55: 454–459.</ref>
20 KB (2,890 words) - 10:46, 1 June 2022
...ilitation professionals recognise elements of the subjective and objective assessment that may indicate serious pathology, impairment to the nervous system or an
...The neurological screen has always been considered an important element of assessment to ensure safe practice. It is typically used to assess the integrity of th
25 KB (3,680 words) - 11:17, 19 December 2023
== Subjective Assessment ==
...consider in the subjective assessment include:<ref name=":0">Bell-Jenje T. Assessment and Treatment of the Thoracic Spine Course. Plus , 2021.</ref>
15 KB (2,131 words) - 11:47, 28 March 2024
Hi-Low Breathing Assessment
...zers of the cervical spine and shoulder girdle. eg upper cervical flexors, spinal extensors, scapular (scapular retractors)and shoulder stabilisers.
12 KB (1,756 words) - 22:38, 15 June 2020
...n place, and [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]]<nowiki/>s attach the muscles to the spinal column.
....nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8867438/pdf/OS-14-341.pdf Variation in Global Spinal Sagittal Parameters in Asymptomatic Adults with 11 Thoracic Vertebrae, four
27 KB (3,999 words) - 02:49, 28 August 2023
A '''neurodynamic assessment''' evaluates the length and mobility of various components of the nervous s
...exus Tension or Elvey Test.<ref name="magee">Magee DJ.Orthopaedic physical assessment.5th edition.Elsevier publication.</ref> These tests are designed to put str
13 KB (1,862 words) - 19:12, 8 March 2024
...rziAvsnKbarbqSg Validity and reliability of the Metric Measurements in the Assessment of Lumbar Spine Motion in patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis]., 2012, Lip
|+'''Spinal segments included in Schober Test and its Modifications<ref name=":0" />'''
7 KB (1,028 words) - 08:37, 28 June 2023
...[muscle]] strength is typically performed as part of a patient's objective assessment and is an important component of the physical exam that can reveal informat
...logic disease or muscle imbalance/weakness. It is an important part of the assessment in many client groups including
13 KB (1,736 words) - 12:20, 15 February 2024
...ssessment and physical evaluation, forms the second part of the Wheelchair Assessment Process, and consists of three elements, with information from each of thes
# Assessment of Sitting Balance.
21 KB (3,345 words) - 20:02, 2 March 2022
...1221000217#fig1 Priapism, a symptom of claudication of the cauda equina in spinal stenosis.] Musculoskeletal Science and Practice. 2021 Apr 1;52:102337.</ref
=== Assessment ===
12 KB (1,557 words) - 10:05, 7 August 2022
...for ambulatory patients with stroke preparing for discharge. A falls risk assessment should be carried out prior to discharge, including testing balance ability
== Clinical Assessment ==
9 KB (1,269 words) - 21:48, 13 November 2023
...files/KCE_287C_Low_back_pain_Summary.pdf Low back pain and radicular pain: assessment and management]. KCE report 287Cs. Brussels: Belgian Health Care Knowledge
...of joint range that takes the joint beyond the passive range of movement), spinal mobilisation (joint movement within the normal range of motion) and massage
16 KB (2,370 words) - 11:46, 28 August 2023
...The Rivermead Mobility Index: a further development of the Rivermead Motor Assessment]. Int Disabil Stud. 1991;13(2):50-4</ref>.
[[Category:Outcome_Measures]] [[Category:Assessment]]
9 KB (1,311 words) - 15:04, 23 June 2022
...potheses will become more likely and others less likely. At the end of the assessment the physiotherapist will decide which intervention is likely to result in t
...t RD, McAuley JH. Independent evaluation of a clinical prediction rule for spinal manipulative therapy: a randomised controlled trial. Eur Spine J. 2008;17:9
14 KB (2,102 words) - 17:28, 3 August 2022
...s|intervertebral discitis]] from [[Tuberculosis|tuberculosis (TB)]]. The [[Spinal cord anatomy|spine]] is the most frequent location of musculoskeletal tuber
...ov/pmc/articles/PMC3184481/ Spinal tuberculosis: a review.] The journal of spinal cord medicine. 2011 Sep 1;34(5):440-54.</ref>
15 KB (2,060 words) - 06:45, 27 July 2023
...nal cord injury. Handb Clin Neurol. 2012;109:47-62.</ref> During the acute spinal cord injury phase, the focus is on:<ref name=":0" />
...ar PA , Guerrero-Godinez MA , García-Vences E. Rehabilitation Therapies in Spinal Cord Injury Patients. In: Arias, J. J. A. I. , Ramos, C. A. C. , editors. P
25 KB (3,462 words) - 18:29, 18 April 2023
...ser:Katherine Moon|Katherine Moon]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spinal Rehabilitation Project]]
...athology. Red flags are features from a patient's subjective and objective assessment which are thought to put them at a higher risk of serious pathology and war
27 KB (3,864 words) - 11:24, 29 August 2023
...ragic_case_of_spinal_Red_Flags_and_Red_Herrings Margaret: a tragic case of spinal Red Flags and Red Herrings]. Physiotherapy. 2004; 90:73-76.</ref>. It is do
...theses in the therapist's mind. Further data is collected in the objective assessment, which may confirm or negate the hypotheses. Continual hypothesis generatio
11 KB (1,527 words) - 14:47, 24 February 2023
*Assessment to include medical issues but also patient worries, concerns and social imp
*Brief physical assessment as appropriate. Examination helps with patient confidence
17 KB (2,476 words) - 11:36, 28 August 2023
...regions and curves. The important parts of the [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic spinal region]] include:
# Muscle weakness (often because of a weakening spinal extensor muscle) <ref name="Hinman et al." />
19 KB (2,697 words) - 04:41, 21 November 2022
...es of nerve cells in the [[Brain Anatomy|brain]] and [[Spinal cord anatomy|spinal cord]].
...n and death of different types of [[Neurone|nerve cells]] in the brain and spinal cord. The initial symptoms of MSA are often difficult to distinguish from t
13 KB (1,798 words) - 11:15, 17 February 2023
Areas of assessment include; ADLs, behaviour, functional mobility, general health, life partici
...isability<ref name="Fritz and George" />. It is also used in patients with spinal injuries, musculoskeletal conditions and chronic pain.
7 KB (1,056 words) - 12:29, 17 October 2023
[[File:Spinal-cord-injury-symptoms.png|right|frameless|691x691px]]
...rezaee S. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6439316/ Traumatic spinal cord injury: an overview of pathophysiology, models and acute injury mechan
23 KB (3,353 words) - 02:16, 8 August 2023
..., Albright, J., Powell, J., Crowley, E. and El-Khoury, G. (1994). Cervical Spinal Stenosis and Stingers in Collegiate Football Players. ''The American Journ
[[Cervical Examination|Subjective Assessment]]:
20 KB (2,818 words) - 16:02, 29 June 2023
...scles]]. Following a study by Beiring-Sorenson, it was found to be a good assessment tool for predicting the risk of non-specific [[Low Back Pain|lower back pai
...Demoulin et al.<ref>Demoulin C, Vanderthommen M, Duysens C, Crielaard CM. Spinal muscle evaluation using the sorensen test: a critical appraisal of the lite
7 KB (984 words) - 09:17, 30 January 2022
...Maitland's Mobilisations|Maitland Approach]], they can be used to describe assessment techniques used in a variety of approaches.
...he relative effectiveness of segment specific level and non-specific level spinal joint mobilization on pain and range of motion: results of a systematic rev
20 KB (3,113 words) - 12:20, 19 March 2024
...ical condition affecting the bundle of nerve roots at the lower end of the spinal cord. The CE provides innervation to the lower limbs, and sphincter,control
...CES is a prolapse of a lumbar disc but other conditions such as metastatic spinal cord compression can also cause CES<ref name=":0" />.
21 KB (3,160 words) - 11:26, 29 February 2024
== Assessment ==
...t, spinal deformity, foot abnormality indicating sacral neuropathy, occult spinal abnormalities, abdominal examination
12 KB (1,622 words) - 20:07, 5 April 2023
...extbook on Comprehensive Management of Spinal Cord Injuries. International Spinal Cord Society. 2015
...nt Participation in Therapy Sessions: The SCIRehab Project. The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine. 2012 Nov 1;35(6):624-34.
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