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...letal conditions are associated with pain, disability, poor general health and mortality. They also impact on mental health ...idance.org/entry/16255/1/Influence-of-Physical-Activity-on-Musculoskeletal-System.html]</ref>

The locomotor system is also known as the musculoskeletal system. ...nt|ligaments]], [[Tendon Anatomy|tendon]]<nowiki/>s, joints, [[cartilage]] and other connective tissue.

...e tissues.]] As joint range of movement has a direct effect on [[posture]] and [[Movement Dysfunction|movement]], this can result in marked alteration of == Age-related Changes in Connective Tissue ==

...]] and heart and respiratory diseases are well known. In terms of exercise and physical activity, smokers also have: ...vailable from:https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/10643-smoking-and-physical-activity (accessed 8.4.2021)</ref>.

...predicting survival and toxicity, assist in clinical treatment decisions, and guide interventions in routine oncology practice. The information on this w ...ttps://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17287242/ Estimates of the cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 2006]. Annals of oncology. 2007 Mar 1;18(3):581-92.<

...'- [[User:David Greaves|David Greaves]], [[User:Lynette Fox|Lynette Fox]], and [[User:Katie White|Katie White]] as part of the [[Nottingham University Spi ...e factors. It provides patients a better understanding of their condition and motivates them to become active participants in their treatment programs.

...nervous system]]. This means that tumours can be found anywhere along this system; most commonly (about 50%) start in the [[Adrenal Glands|adrenal glands]] ( Due to the high variability in its presentation, clinical signs and symptoms at presentation can range from benign palpable mass with distensio

...e, which can fulfill the primary need of locomotion and provide propulsion and support for the body." This definition itself was taken from 'Gait Analysis .../hal-03551416/document Early Gait Development in Human Infants: Plasticity and Clinical Applications.] Developmental Psychobiology. 2015:57:447-458. </re

...hanics'''. Biomechanics is often referred to as the link between structure and function. ...anics has been studied by the likes of Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo Galilei, and Aristotle.

...interventions. They work with patients of all ages and work both manually and with medical equipment.<ref>Federation hospital de France website. Availabl ...the specialty by their own general practitioner.<ref>The French Healthcare system- Le Securite Sociale website. Available at: https://about-france.com/health

...is an essential part of the strategy for the prevention of hip dislocation and its sequelae.<br> ...ss of mobility, inability to be correctly positioned, compromised personal and hygiene care<br>4. Decrease in quality of life<br>

...21.3.2021)</ref>.[[File:Myogenesis Schematic of satellite cell myogenesis and markers typical of each stage.jpg|right|frameless|600x600px]] * Mononucleated cells “wedged” between the basement membrane and plasma membrane of the muscle fiber.

...]), and adapted for local use. It is accurate, expedient, and inexpensive and has been shown to be a very reliable evaluation instrument<ref name=":0" /> ...sy clinics to assess results of clubfoot management in children of walking age, ie mid-term to longer-term results<ref name=":0" />.

...is pain? II: Pain expression and behaviour, evolutionary concepts, models and philosophies]. Australasian Anaesthesia. 2009(2009):35. Available from:http ...atric disease may aggravate pain. <ref>Güleç, G., & Güleç, S. (2006). Pain and pain behavior. Agri: Agri (Algoloji) Dernegi’nin Yayin organidir [Agri: T

...ke a holistic view of patients’ health, personal situations, personalities and individual circumstances in order to recommend the right preventive or reha ...ious areas such as hospitals, primary care centers, home based health care and company health care. They can also access physiotherapy through private cli

...in [[Older People Introduction|older adults]].<ref>Nancye MP, Suzanne SK, and Kerenaftali K, [https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article/68/1/39/ ...irments|cognitive]] decline, [[Disability-Adjusted Life Year|disability]], and mortality.<ref name=":0">Mehmet H, Robinson SR, Yang AWH. [https://pubmed.n

...ation of movements, [[Perturbation-Based Balance Training|perturbations]], and quiet stance. ...rse group of conditions, most notably [[parkinson's]] and [[Extrapyramidal and Pyramidal Tracts|extrapyramidal]] diseases (eg [[parkinsonism]], [[chorea]]

...ders, we will observe different patterns including positions and movements and different impairments. ...<ref>Emma Giles. Khan Academy - Types of Cerebral Palsy Part 2: Dyskinetic and Ataxic. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3s-n4eFypPc [last a

.../en/the-vojta-principle/profvvojta Prof. Vaclav Vojta] in the 20th century and now used predominantly in Europe. ...re is a coordinated, rhythmic activation of the total skeletal musculature and a CNS response at various circuit levels.<ref name=":0">International Vojta

[[File:Sjogrens Syndrome.jpeg|thumb| Signs and symptoms: SS]] .../ref><ref name="NIAMS">National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. Sjogren's Syndrome. http://ww.niams.niih.gov/Health_Info/Sjo

...U receive the most appropriate physiotherapy treatment for their condition and that this intervention is also appropriately progressed. # '''<u>History</u>''' (including investigation of symptoms and review of systems)

...compete strongly in endurance events is influenced by our physical fitness and psychological strengths ...ce training involves developing both general and event specific endurance. And the mental toughness or “grit” needed to achieve our peak performance..

...//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9450698/ Temporomandibular disorder and generalized joint hypermobility: application of diagnostic criteria]. Braz The Beighton score is a modification of the Carter and Wilkinson scoring system (1964) <ref name="Frontera">Frontera W, Slovik D, Dawson D. Exercise in Reh

...ation as it provides an objective measure of a patient's physical strength and offers valuable insights into potential neurological deficits. ...ding hand dominance, age, biological sex, fatigue, medication, time of day and the patient's occupation. Accounting for these variables is essential to en

* Thoracic spine pain often has a musculoskeletal origin related to poor posture or overuse injuries. ...2015 [https://www.bnasurg.com/downloads/BNA-newsl-0115-300.pdf Evaluation and Management of Thoracic Spine Pain in the Primary Care Setting] available fr

...proposed the approach for treating patients affected with Central Nervous System anomalies. ...cisig=ABFrs3zhaaLncukxWHAzPqDwqm27 Combining Neuro-Developmental Treatment and Sensory Intergration Principles]. An approach to Pediatric Therapy. Erna I.

...k factors, classification and treatment options.] Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment. 2020;16:1505.</ref> Despite cerebral palsy being non-progressive ...these injuries are generally caused by traumatic brain injury, meningitis and near-drowning.<ref name=":0" />

...Jun 10;79(6):388-93.</ref> Physiotherapeutic interventions with exercises and manual therapy for people living with HIV is highly beneficial as physioth ...rom: <nowiki>https://www.physiospot.com/opinion/hiv-what-has-physiotherapy-and-rehabilitation-got-to-do-with-it/</nowiki></ref><ref name=":0">Pullen SD, C

...Q&scisig=AAGBfm3Vr5JwkzReXx31ySfQ5MLQbhVoEQ The contribution of early‐life and midlife risk factors.] Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 2008 Jun ...hronic disease and the ability to operate well in old age, both physically and cognitively<ref name=":0" />.

...Ajani">Ajani AE, Yan BP. The mystery of coronary artery spasm. Heart, Lung and circulation. 2007 Feb 1;16(1):10-5.</ref> This page addresses the Assessmen ...Breathing evaluation and retraining in manual therapy. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2009 Jul 1;13(3):276-82.</ref>

.... The American dog tick carries the pathogen in the western United States, and the wood tick carries the pathogen in the eastern United States.<ref name=" ...proximately 8 per million. However, the number of fatalities has decreased and currently is about 0.5%.

..., developed in the tendon of the [[Quadriceps Muscle|Quadriceps femoris,]] and resembles these bones as it is... ...et al. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519534/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Knee Patella.] [Updated 2023 Oct 27]. In: StatPearls [Internet]

...reated Obstetric Fistula Patients in Rural Ethiopia. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. 2008.30(1). pp. 44-50. 30(1). pp. 44-50. Available from ...istula repair: systematic review of qualitative studies. Tropical medicine and International health. 2015 20(5). pp. 554-568. Available from https://pubme

...organs and systems.&nbsp; Most affected areas include the kidneys, lungs, and upper respiratory tracts<ref name="NIH" />. ...n middle-aged adults but has been seen in children as young as 3 months of age<ref name="NIH">Wegener's Granulomatosis. Reviewed Feb 8, 2011; accessed Mar

...ch the condition progresses, covering: infection; asymptomatic; symtomatic and; the progression of HIV to AIDS. Please visit our Physiopedia page to learn ...tunistic viral infections, and as the immunologic control of these viruses and virus-infected cells is impaired, which permit the development of cancer.

...are three main treatment routes if you are resident in the United Kingdom and wish to see a physiotherapist: ...ill first need to make an appointment with their general practitioner (GP) and then ask to be referred to see a physiotherapist. Onward referral will be a

...on of muscle-tendon lengthening, tendon transfers, rotational osteotomies, and joint stabilizations are performed within the procedure. Thus addressing mu ...brary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.1469-8749.2011.03995.x The influence of age at single‐event multilevel surgery on outcome in children with cerebral p

...ref name="Henschke 2015">Henschke N, Kamper SJ, Maher CG. The epidemiology and economic consequences of pain. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015 Jan;90(1):139–47.</re ...="Hecke 2013">Hecke O van, Torrance N, Smith BH. Chronic pain epidemiology and its clinical relevance. Br J Anaesth. 2013 Jan 7;111(1):13–8.</ref>.

Eliza Clark and Megan Kanter<br> ...mptoms, including chronic musculoskeletal pain, widespread muscle weakness and history of hypermobility.<ref name="Bem-Haja et al"/><br>

...''deficiency of a lysosomal enzyme''', acid maltase. It affects both males and females. == Causes and Inheritance ==

[[File:Old client.jpg|thumb|330x330px|Age-Induced Hand Impairment]] ...The aging hand]. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences. 2003 Feb 1;58(2):M146-52. Available from:https://academic

...ties and an individual's participation.<ref name=":0">Eskay K. Paediatric Musculoskeletal Development Course. Plus. 2023.</ref> The following sections highlight key stages and changes that occur during musculoskeletal development.

...s, Blount's disease is progressively worsening. It can cause severe bowing and can affect one or both legs.<br> ...lterations on the cartilage of the epiphysis, further causing chondrocytes and delaying in epiphysis ossification. The increase in medial load with obesit

...ysical characteristics include a tall, thin build with long fingers, arms, and legs.<ref name="[4]">Mayo Clinic Web site. Marfan syndrome. Available at: ...ebruary 27, 2011.</ref><ref name="[9]">Cleveland Clinic Web site. Diseases and Conditions- Marfan Syndrome. Available at: http://my.clevelandclinic.org/he

...nwhile, other names are given to HMS, such as joint hypermobility syndrome and benign hypermobility joint syndrome. HMS is a dominant inherited connective ...rders such as Down syndrome and metabolic disorders such as homocystinuria and hyperlysinemia.<ref name="p4" /> Laboratory tests are used to exclude these

...of Physical Therapy Musculoskeletal 1 Project]]. This space was created by and for the students at Arkansas Colleges of Health Education School in the Uni ...of the [[Arkansas Colleges of Health Education School of Physical Therapy Musculoskeletal 1 Project]]</div>

...//journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1007/s11832-013-0515-6 Hip surveillance and management of the displaced hip in cerebral palsy.] J Child Orthop. 2013;7( ...osis and pelvic obliquity<ref name="Wynter" />. It appears that topography and movement disorder are poor predictors of hip subluxation<ref name="Wynter"

...detection of metastatic bone disease in back pain? Physiotherapy Practice and Research. 2017;38(2): 73-77.</ref> ...ll.<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>"Our job as health professionals is to try and identify [serious pathologies] early." -- Laura Finucane</blockquote>

...ser:Naomi O'Reilly|Naomi O'Reilly]] , [[User:Vidya Acharya|Vidya Acharya]] and [http://relabhs.org/ ReLAB-HS] ...oorest and most vulnerable populations in low- and middle-income countries and conflict-affected settings, which are often ill equipped to cope with incre

...of [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Clubfoot_Content_Development_Project ICRC and GCI Clubfoot Content Development Project] ...nt. Individuals with clubfoot experience bone and soft tissues deformation and this abnormality can be presented through a range of abnormal alignments.

Walking aids fall into multiple categories and include the following: ...es into contact with the ground. The ferrule should not be worn or cracked and should fit well onto the point of the walking aid).

...with evaluating, diagnosing, and treating disorders of the musculoskeletal system. ...or by regular physician, but sometimes patients can have access to clinics and pay cash.Therapist are enrolled to primary care team involved in multiple r

...nism of action and effects on performance. Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine and Science 1998. http://www.sportsci.org/encyc/anabster/anabster.html (accesse ...d other conditions with hormonal imbalance.<ref name="Drugs.com. Androgens and anabolic steroids." /><br>

...2018 Jul 1;64:181-90.</ref> Gait deviations can also have a developmental, musculoskeletal, or neurological aetiology.<ref name=":0" /> <blockquote>'''From a rehabili ...he new skill to be sustained over time. To learn more about motor learning and motor learning theories, please read [[Motor Learning - Back to the Basics|

...ntral nervous system, the musculoskeletal system, the reproductive system, and the liver.<ref name=":0">Adigun R, Bhimji S. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ ...infectious disease and is still one of the major contributors of morbidity and mortality in developing countries where we are still struggling to provide

'''Original Editors ''' - Kerri Falk and Tori Kute&nbsp;[[Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems|Students from ...cessed 13.1.2023)</ref><br>{{#ev:youtube|oINxr8_nR_Y}}<ref>Graves' Disease and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oI

...ruction|ACL]]) attaches. This ligament is integral maintaining flexibility and stability in the knee. 1) children ages 8 to 14 years of age<ref>GronkvistHFracture of the anterior tibial spine in children. J Pediatr

[[Integumentary System|Skin]] is the largest organ in the body and covers the body's entire external surface. ...b. Available from; https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/integumentary-system

...increased risk of [[falls]], harm events, institutionalisation, care needs and disability/death.<ref name=":0">Buxton S. An Introduction to Frailty course ...). Frailty and Cardiovascular Diseases . Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1216. Springer, Cham, 2020.</ref>

...bVNU3LumBsBrS50#v=onepage&q&f=false BRACHIAL PLEXUS BIRTH PALSY]. Rockwood and Matsen's The Shoulder E-Book. 2021 Jun 12:39.</ref> The overall incidence o ...e=":3" /> This traction force widens the angle between the baby's shoulder and neck, resulting in an overstretched ipsilateral brachial plexus.<ref name="

...McArtor] [http://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Krista_Polanin Krista Polanin] and [http://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Elaine_Lonnemann Elaine Lonneman]<br> ...FOP" />The name Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva means that ligaments and tendons are also turning to bone not just muscle which differentiates it fr

...ng and advice to remain active. The change was evaluated using the initial and four week [[Oswestry Disability Index]] score. Although both groups showed ...of a Classification Approach to Physical Therapy.] Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 37 (6), 290-302</ref>

...active ([[Paraspinal Muscles|muscles]]), passive (osteoligamentous spine), and neural components is necessary to prevent [[Lumbar Instability|instability] ...nts result in various forces acting on the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar spine]] and [[sacrum]], that is:

== Why Use Fitness and Performance Testing in Sport? == ...tration. In Haff GG, Triplett NT, editors. Essentials of strength training and conditioning 4th edition. Human kinetics; 2015 Sep 23.</ref>:

...remity from the trunk<ref>Dutton, M. Orthopaedic: Examination, evaluation, and intervention (2nd ed.). New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc, 2008.</ref *Allow for adjustments of the scapula (tipping and internal/external rotation) outside the initial plane of the scapula in ord

...that involve chronic (long-standing) muscle inflammation, muscle weakness, and, in some cases, muscle pain. [[Myopathies|Myopathy]] is a general medical t ...atment of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies]. Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease. 2011 Dec;3(6):315-24. Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

...0282X Radiographic analysis of lateral epicondylitis]. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery. 2002 Mar 1;11(2):156-7.</ref> | '''Patient age'''

...ily living. It should allow us to create individual, patient-centred goals and ultimately a tailor-made treatment plan based on the client's needs. Name, Age, Gender, Occupation, Dominant hand, Address.<ref>Neurological Physiotherapy

...yndrome|Ehler-Danlos Syndrome]] (EDS), [[Marfan Syndrome|Marfan]] Syndrome and [[Osteogenesis Imperfecta]].<ref name=":0">Neki NS, Chhabra A. Benign Joint ...st affect the joints. It can also affect [[skin]] extensibility, digestion and in more severe connective tissue disorders like Marfan Syndrome, it can aff

...gative impact on work life or unemployment can negatively affect physical and mental health needing more medical consultations. ...tter social support and financial independence; it is a source of identity and contributes to peoples’ social status.<ref name=":2" /> Return to work (R

...living body<ref name=":0">Neumann DA. Kinesiology of the musculoskeletal system-e-book: foundations for rehabilitation. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2016 Nov The thorax is formed by the thoracic vertebrae ,the ribs and the sternum.

Klinefelter syndrome is a genetic condition affecting males, and it often isn't diagnosed until adulthood, results when a boy is born with a ...effects of Klinefelter syndrome vary, and not everyone has the same signs and symptoms.

...J, Buskila D. Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis: clinical features and pathogenic mechanisms. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2013;9(12):741-750.</ref><ref nam ...h that a genetic component has a possible place in the role of development and diagnosis of the disease<ref name="Terzi" /><ref name="Nascimento et al." /

...health issues, cardio-respiratory function, pediatric physical challenges and neurological rehabilitation have opened a wider scope of practice ...fee is independently set by the GP and can vary between service providers and geographical areas. Most New Zealanders are now enrolled with GPs who are p

...o other quadrants of the labrum. Unlike [[Bankart lesion|Bankart lesions]] and anterior labroligamentous periosteal sleeve avulsion (ALPSA) lesions, they ...se are associated with Bankart lesions and in older patients (>40 years of age) they are seen with rotator cuff tears.<ref name=":2" />

...tem. A wide range of neurological manifestations have been reported during and post covid conditions.<br><br> ...m/science/article/pii/S0092867420310709 Effects of COVID-19 on the nervous system]. Cell. 2020 Aug 19.</ref>

...lt of diabetic foot. The patient in this case was diagnosed at a young age and had a right transfemoral amputation. ...V antibiotics. His physiotherapy treatment began day 2 post- op in the ICU and continued throughout his hospital stay.<br><br>Past Medical History:

...uscle may cause weakness or paralysis in the presence of an intact nervous system.  ...Eg. [[Polymyositis]]. And Diseases that are secondary to another condition and may have caused muscle damage, Eg. diseases due to endocrine issues .

# Provide support and protection ...thoses will be discussed in this page: the knee-ankle-foot orthosis (KAFO) and the hip-knee-ankle-foot orthosis (HKAFO).<ref name=":0">Fisher, D. Introduc

...dsley C, & Contreras B, The functional movement screen: A review. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 2014; 36(5): 72-80. </ref> ...gram of corrective exercises is then developed with the goal of preventing musculoskeletal injuries.

..., effects are mild, largely causing muscle weakness and movement problems, and many are transitory. Only rarely will patients become dependent on a wheelc ...c disorder of the [[Immune System|immune system]]<ref name=":0" />[[Immune System|.]]

...t cause arthritis, RA patients tend to complain of an exacerbation of pain and ache during the winter season<ref>Paturel ''A.'' Why is Arthritis Worse in The seasonal parameters - atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity have known to cause a flare-up in RA or trigger the disease.

...dless of age. The World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends that children and young people aged 5-17 participate in at least 60 minutes of moderate to vi ...the implications for junior athletes”.] American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine. 2018;6(3):72-8.</ref>.

== Posture and Posture Control == ...generated by complex interactions of musculoskeletal and neuronal systems and are defined as&nbsp;[http://slideplayer.com/slide/5287924/ postural control

...hese may all vary slightly in the way they are worded they are all similar and can be summarised to: ...oup of permanent, but not unchanging, disorders of movement and/or posture and of motor function, which are due to a non-progressive interference, lesion,

...0 to 80% of all thyroid cancer cells) – develops from the follicular cells and tends to grow slowly # Follicular (about 15 to 20%) – develops from the follicular cells and includes Hürthle cell carcinoma, a less common subtype.

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Adam Ruff|Adam Ruff]] and [[User:Christian Filer|Christian Filer]] as part of the [[Temple University ...is for treatment. Diagnosing hand and wrist conditions is often difficult and for this reason, bilateral comparison can be useful<ref name=":0" />

.... Posture and posturology, anatomical and physiological profiles: overview and current state of art. Acta Biomed. 2017 Apr 28;88(1):11-16. doi: 10.23750/a ...6284634/ Swartz EE, Floyd RT, Cendoma M. Cervical spine functional anatomy and the biomechanics of injury due to compressive loading. J Athl Train. 2005 J

...NA®. 2019 Nov 3;1(1).</ref>{{#ev:youtube|WiRm0Fj8esw}}<ref>Drs. Viral Jain and James McCarthy. Neuromuscular scoliosis. Available from:https://www.youtube ...nction of muscle fiber." <ref>National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Myopathy. Available from: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-informat

* a possible widening of the space between the 1st and 2nd toes<ref name=":0" /> # '''Flexible''': the heel and forefoot can be easily moved into proper alignment using gentle manual mani

...nt (observation and tests). It also introduces the Proposed Classification System for the Cervical Spine. ...n taking a patient’s history.</blockquote>'''L: Location''' '''of symptoms and level of functional impairment'''

...m in our system, known as hyperkalemia, can cause serious health problems. And people with [[Chronic Kidney Disease|kidney disease]] are more prone to dev ...yperkalemia, the prognosis is excellent if the inciting cause is addressed and treated. Sudden onset, extreme hyperkalemia can cause cardiac arrhythmias t

* SLE may affect many organ systems with immune complexes and a large array of autoantibodies, particularly antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) ...erview of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) pathogenesis, classification, and management.] Cureus. 2022 Oct 15;14(10).</ref>

...threats to the well-being of the workers corroborated by the rise of many musculoskeletal disorders in the lower back. ...data of previous studies, the risk of facet joint syndrome gets higher as age advances.

...and Care Linda P. Fried, Luigi Ferrucci,Jonathan Darer,Jeff D. Williamson, and Gerard Anderson; Journal of Gerontology. 2004, Vol. 59, No. 3, 255–263</ ...Kristensena, Gitte Holmb, Klaus Kirketerp-Møllerb,Michael Krasheninnikoffb and Peter Gebuhrb Very low survival rates after non-traumatic lower limb amputa

...nfluence the make-up and strength of neural signals in the central nervous system. This is referred to experience-dependent neural plasticity.<ref name="Nels ...ents that may hinder his/or ability to move and function as they get older and larger. Thus, early physiotherapy intervention may help prevent a child wit

...alence of chronic low back pain is around 23 percent. Moreover, between 11 and 12 percent of the population are considered disabled by low back pain.<ref> ...k pain and inflammatory conditions, as well as discussing other [[The Flag System|red flag]] features that should always be considered.

...hildren and adolescents with Down syndrome: a systematic review.] Clinical and experimental paediatrics. 2022;65(3):142–149. </ref><ref name=":1">Sheil ...olds, depressed nasal bridge, abundant neck skin, macroglossia, hypotonia, and single palmar crease. In addition to delayed milestones, intellectual disab

...ngın HB, Sözer GA, Şengün N, Kukulu K. The relationship between depression and sexual function in menopause period. Maturitas. 2008;61(3):233–7.</ref> ...the decline of ovarian function, the average age is between 40-51 years of age.

...ty, [[balance]] and postural control issues that occur due to [[Vestibular System|vestibular]] dysfunction.<ref name=":0">Tonks B. Introduction to Vestibular ...s, therefore, essential to have a detailed understanding of the vestibular system when treating this patient group.

..."June et al">June Yoshii, BS, and Vincent C, Traynelis, MD. Achondroplasia and cervical laminoplasty Case report. J Neurosurg Spine 2009; 11:417-420. http ...i PA, Shaw GM, Hecht JT. The population-based prevalence of achondroplasia and thanatophoric dysplasia in selected regions of the US. Am J Med Genet A 200

...0.3389/fmed.2022.941678/full (accessed 13.9.2023)</ref> [[Osteoarthritis]] and [[Rheumatoid Arthritis|rheumatoid arthritis]] are the most common of the rh * [[Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders|Metabolic disorders.]]

...tissues]] for future use). Vitamin D is obtained from sun exposure, food, and supplements. ...When ingested, the intestines absorb the vitamin and send it to the liver and [[kidney]]<nowiki/>s for further processing.<ref name="ODSN">Office of Diet

...icular aspects of metabolic function, for example increased fat metabolism and the maintenance of a healthier [[Body Composition|body composition]] in lat ...macological stimuli being [[Sleep: Theory, Function and Physiology|sleep]] and [[Therapeutic Exercise|exercise]].

...is through pharmacological and conservative treatment to increase strength and prevent development of extra-muscular disease in order to better outcomes f ...h research shows that it is rare to have an onset earlier than 18 years of age, it has been proven that females are more susceptible to PM than males with

...aglandin analogs, these alternatives have limitations in terms of efficacy and cardiovascular effects side effects.<ref name=":0">Sinha M, Gautam L, Shukl Several approaches have been adopted for addressing the prevention and cure of the possible side-effects produced by the NSAIDs in the gut.

...f Physical Therapy Musculoskeletal 1 Project]].  This space was created by and for the students at Arkansas Colleges of Health Education School in the Uni ...nd can affect the structures of the [[Introduction to Neuroanatomy|nervous system]] that pass through them.<ref name=":2">IC Lumbar Instability Available:htt

...ice_and_dysphonia_A_systematic_review Associations between posture, voice, and dysphonia: a systematic review]. J Voice. 2019 Jan;33(1):124.e1-124.e12. </ ...sked which complementary techniques they preferred to specifically address musculoskeletal dysfunctions. Many responded that they tended to choose interventions that

.../bjsm.bmj.com/content/54/24/1451 (accessed 2.12.2020)</ref>) that children and adolescents (aged 5–17 years), including those living with disability, fo ...rous-intensity aerobic activities, as well as those that strengthen muscle and bone, at least 3 days a week.

...nother area of the body where it can be absorbed."<ref name="GARD">Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD). Schizencephaly. http://raredisease ...study took place in UK and their objective was to establish the prevalence and antenatal (prenatal) diagnosis of schizencephaly. The results were as follo

== Current Musculoskeletal Trends == ...ork-ability with Functional Capacity Evaluation methods in a more specific and efficient way?. ''Work''. 2010;37(1):111-115. </ref>

...Angela Fearon, Diana Hughes, Carol Kennedy, Dr. Alex Scott, Michael Yates and Alison Hoens ...cess of identifying causes/risk factors of lateral epicondyle tendinopathy and functional examination.

...uma ankle fractures in elderly people: Finnish statistics during 1970–2000 and projections for the future.] Bone. 2002 Sep 1;31(3):430-3.</ref> Fractures ...ch is based on the mechanism of the injury which have predictable patterns and imaging findings.

...k factors, which are necessary for athlete screening, monitoring over time and to determine the efficacy of injury prevention programmes.<ref name=":7">Ve ...Br J Sports Med 2005: 39: 324-329.</ref> described risk factors for injury and mechanisms of injury. Internal risk factors that may predispose an athlete

...ve a significant emotional impact and can be linked to anxiety, depression and fear-avoidance behaviours, which can have detrimental effects on prognosis. ...ck motor control patterns, altered standing balance and altered oculomotor and neck coordination<ref name=":0" />.

[[File:Running Man and Woman.jpg|right|frameless]] ...M.I, Werder R, Perret C. The influence of blue light on sleep, performance and wellbeing in young adults: A systematic review. Frontiers in Physiology. 20

[[File:Central Nervous System Anatomy.png|border|right|frameless]] ...eral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction and muscles<ref name=":0" />.

...onso de Leciñana M. Characteristics and outcomes in patients with COVID-19 and acute ischemic stroke: the global COVID-19 stroke registry. Stroke. 2020 Se ...ry response or '''“cytokine storm”''' which leads to cardiac complications and sympathetic surge.<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" />

...f name=":0" /> IASP also argues that "[a]ctivity induced in the nociceptor and [[Nociception|nociceptive]] pathways by a noxious stimulus is not pain".<re ...l Activity|physical activity]], including:<ref>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Benefits of Physical Activity. Available from https://www

...ral nervous system (CNS), both at the level of the spinal cord (reflexive) and sent to the cerebral cortex for higher processing.<ref>''Guyton AC. Textboo ...gle<ref name=":1">Riemann, B. L., & Lephart, S.M. (2002). The sensorimotor system, part 1: the physiological basis of functional joint stability. ''Journal o

...mes Egan]], [[User:Alex James|Alex James]], [[User:Joe Nelmes|Joe Nelmes]] and [[User:David Serafini|David Serafini]] as part of the [[Current_and_Emergin ...the movement abilities of children with down syndrome. Down Syndrome News and Updates 2003;2:131-141. https://library.down-syndrome.org/en-gb/news-update

...The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual Framework and Item Selection. Medical Care, 30, 473-483. </ref>: 5) General mental health (psychological distress and well-being)

...detection of metastatic bone disease in back pain? Physiotherapy Practice and Research. 2017;38(2): 73-77.</ref> ...d, particularly in patients who have a history of [[Breast Cancer|breast]] and [[Prostate Cancer|prostate]] cancer.<ref name=":0" /> Bone metastases can b

..., I. H. (1997). [https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/127.5.990S Sarcopenia: origins and clinical relevance]. ''The Journal of Nutrition'', ''127''(5), 990S-991S. ...time for action. An SCWD position paper]. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle. 2019 Oct;10(5):956-61.</ref>.

...greater than 80% of individuals will experience LBP within their lifetime and 20-30% of individuals are affected with these symptoms at any point in time ...to a patient to explain their symptoms without interruption is 18 seconds and once interrupted patients often do not return to their previous complaints<

Age-related hyperkyphosis affects 20-40% of older adults and can be described as an exaggerated anterior curvature of the thoracic spine ...racic spine is normal and present due to the shape of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs,

...ratory System|Respiration]] refers to the movement of oxygen into the body and the removal of carbon dioxide. It is essential in the metabolisation of ene ...opular Training Programs]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022 Mar 21;19(6):3728</ref> Van Dixhoorn summarises the key

...erior lumbar spine. It consists of 12 vertebrae that are distinct in shape and function from vertebrae found in other regions of the vertebral column. ...c vertebrae are medium sized and heart shaped. They are all weight-bearing and generally increase in size from superiorly to inferiorly with an increase i

...er Name| Joy MacDermid]] McMaster University; sponsored by LifeMark Health and Eramosa Physiotherapy Associates (EPA)'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Co *You are 16 years of age or older

...or dysfunction in women: A cross sectional study]. Musculoskeletal Science and Practice. 2018 Apr 1;34:47-53. ''(PDF) Association between lumbopelvic pain and pelvic floor dysfunction in women: A cross sectional study''. Available fro

...ay;16(5):734-43.</ref> This article will focus on ankle [[proprioception]] and how it can be used in the rehabilitation of [[Ankle Sprain|ankle injuries]] ...fer afferent information to the central nervous system about body position and balance.<ref name=":0">Grigg PW. Peripheral Neural Mechanisms in Propriocep

...for its physical and physiological benefits, but also for its versatility and ease of access. Running is also quite common in the cancer population, with ...pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32240181/ A qualitative study to evaluate barriers and motivations in running for female oncological patients.] PLoS ONE. 2020:15(

...t advised that “a key component of healthy ageing is to maintain mobility, and a key public health intervention recommended for improving health outcomes ...Strategies for optimising musculoskeletal health in the 21 st century. BMC musculoskeletal disorders]. 2019 Dec;20(1):164. Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

...used to decrease muscle spasticity or spasms and lessen low back pain from musculoskeletal diseases or injuries <ref name="USNLM">United States National Library of Me === Increased Muscle Function and Strength in Combination with Strength Training ===

...on that damages the joints with associated joint pain symptoms and signs, and rheumatology disorder is an inflammatory condition. However, not all patien ...ported symptoms by Nigerian women aged 40–60 and Spanish women aged 45–55 and in 21% of these women joint pain constitutes the most bothersome menopausal

...nt (commonly referred to as SIJ) is the joint connection between the spine and the pelvis. ...ia & Analgesia. 2005 Nov 1;101(5):1440-53.</ref> made up of the [[sacrum]] and the two innominates of the [[pelvis]].

...and sensorimotor integration, motor control, the musculoskeletal apparatus and cardiopulmonary functions."<ref name=":0" /><ref>Mirelman A, Shema S, Maida ...lysis in neurodegenerative diseases: a review.] IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics. 2021 Jun 28;26(1):229-42.</ref>

...any. Philadelphia. 2007:853-883.</ref>. This case will discuss Parkinson's and how to address symptoms with physical therapy in combination with medicatio ...hobbies included playing the piano, gardening, yard work, grocery shopping and cooking. He also walked an estimated one-mile around his pool every morning

...cannot be cured. However, severity may decrease through special education and treatments. Males tend to have a higher prevalence than females.<ref name=" ...ility of diagnosis at age 9 years was very high for autism, at age 2 years and less strong for pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. <

...rived from the Latin word ''tortus'', meaning <nowiki>''twisted''</nowiki> and ''collum'' meaning <nowiki>''neck.''</nowiki> This condition is, therefore, ...aly and congenital muscular torticollis: a synthesis of systematic reviews and guidance]. Chiropractic & manual therapies. 2020 Dec;28(1):1-1.</ref>

...ities. The nature and rate of the adaptations can be modified by intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of the individual, for example, sex, anthropometr ...ormis.jpeg|thumb|Note the interconnected nature of the back, posterior hip and upper leg musculature.]]

...be 65 or over). Due to the advances in emergency medicine, intensive care and neuro-rehabilitation we are also witnessing the increase in the population ...-room/fact-sheets/detail/falls (last accessed 03/09/2019) </ref> Falls tie age with traumatic brain injury in a two-way relationship:  [[File:Screenshot

...nd processes to obtain images of the human body for diagnostic, treatment and follow up purposes. ...n order to avoid the potential harms of medical imaging, such as radiation and iatrogenic pain.

...ristics, impairments, and interventions for children, adolescents, adults, and older adults. == Musculoskeletal System ==

...with pyogenic organisms including bacteria (mostly Staphylococcus), fungi, and mycobacteria)<ref name=":0">Momodu II, Savaliya V. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.ni ...7 Staphylococcal osteomyelitis: disease progression, treatment challenges, and future directions.] Clinical microbiology reviews. 2018 Apr 1;31(2):e00084-

...impact on QOL. <ref>Hutchings A et al, Clinical outcomes, quality of life, and diagnostic uncertainty in the first year of polymyalgia rheumatica., Arthri ...istically presents with pain and stiffness in the shoulder and hip girdles and an elevated acute phase response. <ref>Sara Muller et al., The epidemiology

...sms underlying the effectiveness of the procedures, their efficacy, safety and contraindications are also important to be explored. ...ion where passive movement is carried out within available range of motion and then gradually increased to a larger range as the patient feels more comfor

...ed 2.11.2020)</ref><ref name="CDC Hepatitis B">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Information for the Public: Hepatitis B FAQs. http://www.cdc.go ...ered. Based on the etiology of hepatitis, the severity can range from mild and self-limiting to severe illness requiring liver transplantation.

...jor parts of the [[Introduction to Neuroanatomy|nervous]], musculoskeletal and [[Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET) In Adults|cardiorespiratory]] sys * The individual gait pattern is influenced by age, personality, mood and sociocultural factors.

...ion-mtbi-persistent-symptoms-second-edition Guidelines for Concussion/mTBI and Persistent Symptoms]: Second Edition. Ontario Neurotrauma Foundation. Avail ...is headache, followed by dizziness - more often a sense of disequilibrium and imbalance than objective vertigo<ref>Mullally, William J., MD. Concussion.

...hifted to the right instead of being connected strictly to the left side), and hypertrophy of the right ventricle. Each of these components can vary in se ...ecting 5 out of every 10,000 babies.<ref name="NHLBI">National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. What Is Tetralogy of Fallot? 2011. Available from: http:/

...ne]], [[User:Kayla Foster|Kayla Foster]], [[User:Scott Gwinn|Scott Gwinn]] and [[User:Jesse Koerner|Jesse Koerner]] from the [http://www.physio-pedia.com/ ...cal therapy with functional neurological disorder, as well as expectations and interventions for this patient.<ref>Conversion Disorders. Medscape website.

...-5.</ref>{{#ev:youtube|Igl_StgXx9g}}<ref>Wall Street Journal. How Children and Teens Can Avoid Sports Injuries. Available from: https://www.youtube.com/wa == Defining Overuse Injuries and Burnout ==

<div class="editorbox">'''Original Editors '''-HannahAnderson and Millie Ware from [[Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems|Bellarmine U ...bsp;but too much serotonin causes symptoms that range from mild, moderate, and potentially life-threatening symptoms.&nbsp;

[[File:Risk of diabetes and exercise.png|right|frameless|350x350px]] ...y the&nbsp;pancreas (type 1). There are two main types of diabetes: type 1 and type 2, with [[Diabetes Mellitus Type 2|Type 2 diabetes]] accounting for ne

...(2):31.]</ref><ref name=":2">Cottrell, M. and Russel, T. Clinical Triaging and Practical Considerations in Telehealth Course. Plus. 2020</ref> ...on ensuring that telehealth consultations are carried out in an effective and safe way.

...of Physical Therapy Musculoskeletal 1 Project]]. This space was created by and for the students at Arkansas Colleges of Health Education School in the Uni .... (2010). The influence of different sitting postures on head/neck posture and muscle activity. Manual Therapy, 15(1), 54-60</ref>

...er (Accessed 13 March 2011).</ref> It can cause the person to avoid places and situations where an attack has occurred or where they believe an attack wil ...companied by a friend or family member.<ref name="book">Barlow DH. Anxiety and its disorders. 2nd edition. New York: Guilford Publications, Inc., 2002.</r

...slaghs|Fien Selderslaghs]], [[User:Mirabella Smolders|Mirabella Smolders]] and [[User:Wout Theys|Wout Theys]] * Angle increases with age, no uniform accepted thresholds for defining either hyperkyphosis or “nor

[[Category:Musculoskeletal/Orthopaedics]] ...der matter? A population-based study of 34,902 Danish twins 20–71 years of age]. ''BMC Musculoskelet Disord''. 2009;10(39).</ref> looked at the prevalence

...common condition amongst adults, one that causes [[Pain Behaviours|pain]] and social distress. The condition affects 1% of the adult population and 3.6% of people older than 65 years.

...''- [[User:Anna Butler|Anna Butler]], [[User:Fiona Stohrer|Fiona Stohrer]] and [[User:Katherine Moon|Katherine Moon]] as part of the [[Nottingham Universi ...ere is a serious medical condition presenting as common,&nbsp;non-serious, musculoskeletal conditions, are commonly&nbsp;described as red flags.<ref name=":1">Finucan

'''Original and Lead Editors''' - [[User:Abdul Basit|Abdul Basit]] ...of the epidemiology of clubfoot]. Birth Defects Research Part A: Clinical and Molecular Teratology. 2009 Nov;85(11):897-904.</ref> [[Introduction to Club

...ith dementia and their family carers provided at home: a systematic review and meta-analysis.] BMJ open. 2019 Nov 1;9(11):e026308. ...A, Graff MJ, Aertgeerts B. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28369719/ Home‐and community‐based occupational therapy improves functioning in frail older

*Football [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KyffyZLoIkc 5-a-side] and [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sukGJbzIlXk 7-a-side] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m2dIBtx98Kk Track and Field][[Image:Track.JPG|thumb|right|Track]]

...ine needle or [[Acupuncture|acupuncture]] needle is inserted into the skin and [[Muscle|muscle]]. It targets myofascial [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Trigg ...1916-009-0059-0 Current studies on myofascial pain syndrome]. Current pain and headache reports. 2009 Oct;13:365-9.</ref>.

<div class="noeditbox"> This article is currently under review and may not be up to date. Please come back soon to see the finished work!!</d ...nterventions, and demonstrate the impact of therapy to patients, families, and healthcare systems.

...x"> '''Original Editor '''- [[User:Laura Vander Goten|Laura Vander Goten]] and [[User:Berdien De Koster|Berdien De Koster]] '''Top Contributors''' - {{Spe ...onstant score: which is the method to assess the objective strength?]. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2019 Dec;20(1):1-6.</ref> The higher the score, the higher the q

...d. Generalised anxiety disorder is characterised by persistent, excessive, and unrealistic worry about everyday things. * This worry could be multifocal such as finance, family, health, and the future.

...ency of familial Mediterranean fever in Central Anatolia, Turkey. Clinical and experimental rheumatology. 2004 Jul 1;22(4). ...It is a repeated episodes of fever, inflammation in multiple body tissues, and a strong acute phase response.

...idge S. Neuromuscular Adaptations to Exercise. In Jull GA. Grieve's Modern Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2015. p68-77.</ref> ...hanically or metabolically overloaded. These mechanisms result in specific and different adaptations that enhance performance.<ref name=":0" />

...MC4952830/pdf/376.pdf Intensive care medicine is 60 years old: the history and future of the intensive care unit.] Clinical medicine. 2014 Aug;14(4):376. ...Provision of intensive care is within the continuum of primary, secondary and tertiary care, with the majority of these services delivered in the seconda

...er disease information page. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke: National Institutes of Health. http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/ ...of Jewish descent and roughly 1 in 14 Ashkenazi Jews is a carrier. Type 2 and 3 of this disease are not as common.<ref name="Two">National Library of Med

...are discussed on this page, as well as common conditions during pregnancy and the importance of exercise during pregnancy. ...of functioning, disability, and health from the Section on Women's Health and the Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Association]. Jour

...ic process of observing purposeful actions with the intention of imitating and then practicing those actions. ...n observation as a tool for neurorehabilitation to moderate motor deficits and aphasia following stroke]. Neural regeneration research. 2012 Sep 15;7(26):

...arch 6, 2011.</ref> The psychological pattern, characterised by persistent and chronic symptoms, that arise in certain individuals in response to such eve * Increased anxiety and irritability

...ilitation professionals should understand the need for timely, coordinated and complex rehabilitation interventions by interdisciplinary teams.<ref name=" == Types of Complex Injuries and Conditions ==

...Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer in men after skin cancer and is the second leading cancer-related cause of death in men. * It is slow-growing and affects one-third of all males by the age of 50<ref name="goodman">Goodman C, Synder T. [https://dl.uswr.ac.ir/bitstr

...ty or diabetes in later life; and reduced risk of [[Breast Cancer|breast]] and [[Ovarian Cancer|ovarian]] cancers in women who have breast fed.<ref name=" ...e of ergonomic breastfeeding training on some health parameters in infants and mothers: a randomized controlled trial.] Archives of Public Health. 2019 De

...inical presentation and assessment of lower extremity torsional conditions and basic interventions. ...//www.merckmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/congenital-craniofacial-and-musculoskeletal-abnormalities/femoral-torsion-twisting (accessed 24 October 2023).</ref><bl

...is the most commonly transmitted tick-borne infection in the United States and among the most frequently diagnosed tick-borne infections worldwide. Lyme d ...at this stage may be flu-like symptoms, malaise, headache, fever, myalgia, and arthralgia.

...is provides coaches, fitness trainers, health educators, athletic trainers and exercise physiologists with valuable information that they can use to help ...ese concepts from exercise physiology specifically to training the athlete and enhancing athlete performance within a specific sport.

...ness|ICU acquired weakness]],<ref name=":0" /> decreased physical function and a decrease in [[Quality of Life|quality of life]].<ref name=":2" /> These l ...ez P, Romero-Martin M, Gómez-Salgado J, Fernández-García D. Rehabilitation and early mobilization in the critical patient: systematic review. ''J Phys Th

...of Physical Therapy Musculoskeletal 1 Project]]. This space was created by and for the students at Arkansas Colleges of Health Education School in the Uni ...of Physical Therapy Musculoskeletal 1 Project]]. This space was created by and for the students at Arkansas Colleges of Health Education School in the Uni

...http://jaee.umin.jp/REE/J/14_2_107.pdf Step by step: accumulated knowledge and future directions of step-defined ambulatory activity.] Research in Exercis ...jor parts of the [[Introduction to Neuroanatomy|nervous]], musculoskeletal and [[Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing (CPET) In Adults|cardiorespiratory]] sys

...se aims to discuss the limitations and provide evidence for rehabilitation and outcomes for adults living with CP. ...typically up until 2 years of age<ref name=":1" />. This is typically the age where these malformations occur as the brain is rapidly growing during this

...activities and worldwide pleas from governments asking people to stay safe and stay at home. This of course means that most people will spend much of thei ...ivity may very likely be seen in many areas such as health and social care and the mental well-being of people all across the globe.

...and perpetuity. CPPS-related pain can spread to the buttocks, lower back, and thighs.<ref name=":1" /> ...drome: a disease or symptom? Current perspectives on diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.] American Journal of Men's Health. 2020 Jan;14(1):15579883209032

...faye S. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34050323/ Pathogenesis, diagnosis and clinical management of diabetic sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy]. Nat Re ...s consist of motor and sensory fibers<ref>Spine-Health. Peripheral Nervous System Anatomy. Available from: https://www.spine-health.com/conditions/spine-anat

...njury in response to movement. The advancement of acute pain to persistent and chronic pain occurs as a result of decreased use of the painful area due to ...5621/ Synchrony and desynchrony in fear and avoidance]. Behaviour research and therapy. 1974 Nov 1;12(4):311-8.</ref>:

...ser:Darrien Cantelo|Darrien Cantelo]],[[User:Alyssa Chilco|Alyssa Chilco]] and [[User:Justine Tobin|Justine Tobin]] as part of the [[Queen's University Ne ...ng with mild CP, who attends outpatient physiotherapy with musculoskeletal and neurological symptoms. For this case we have included a mental health disor

...tus: a systematic review of their measurement properties]. Journal of foot and ankle research. 2018 Dec;11(1):1-0.</ref>The foot therefore is observed as ...tarsus adductovarus, pes adductus, metatarsus supinatus, forefoot adductus and hooked forefoot.<ref name=":3" />

== Introduction and Epidemiology == ...d about 1-3% of the general population), often seen between 35-45 years of age in the dominant arm<ref name=":1" />.

...uries in 538 cases from an FC Barcelona multi sports club. ''The Physician and sportsmedicine'', 1–8. Advance online publication. <nowiki>https://doi.or ...rom 2007 to 2017, a total of 538 [https://langs.physio-pedia.com/de/injury-and-healing-within-sports-physiotherapy-de/ hamstring injuries] were registered

...t to understand the science behind optimal breathing in order to recognise and manage the symptoms that occur with dysfunctional breathing. The science of * [[Trachea and Larynx|Larynx]]

...ct;5(4):227.</ref>. This condition is more significant after the age of 50 and can be attributed to multiple factors. ...he quality of life and is associated with long-term disability, retirement and high rates of chronicity (40-50%)<ref>Kuijpers T, van der Windt DA, Boeke A

...sential in minimizing patient's disability in range of movement, stability and reducing the risk of documented complications.<ref name="one">Vidyadhara S, <br>The fractures are classified according to the Schatzker classification system. It divides tibial plateau fractures into six types:

...f injury, the age, gender and health of the individual can affect the type and severity of injury. * Adults older than 60 years of age suffer the greatest number of fatal falls.<ref name=":1">WHO Falls Availabl

...rse, and care: the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders.] Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008 Feb 15;33(4 Suppl):S ...nes linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health from the Orthopaedic Section of the American Physical Therapy Associ

...], injury surveillance is important as it is key to understanding injuries and it contributes to the development of [[Injury Prevention in Sport|injury pr ...d illness in sports 2020 (including the STROBE extension for sports injury and illness surveillance (STROBE-SIIS)).] Orthopaedic journal of sports medicin

'''Original Editors '''- Amanda Schoenfelder and Katie Williams [[Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems|from Bellarmin ...rogressive [[Autoimmune Disorders|autoimmune disorder]] where inflammation and the overproduction of [[collagen]] accumulate in the body<ref name=":5">Ros

...ogical elements like endometrial glands and stroma in anatomical positions and organs outside of the uterine cavity. The main clinical manifestations of the disease are chronic pelvic pain and impaired fertility.

...ow under the cups draws impurities and toxins away from the nearby tissues and organs towards the surface for elimination.<ref>Mashlool ZT, Aowada MA. [ht ...e Benefits? https://bestoahumassage.com/cupping-massage-therapy-what-is-it-and-what-are-the-benefits/</ref>

...Ketchum JM, Saullo T. What is the source of chronic low back pain and does age play a role? Pain medicine. 2011 Feb 1;12(2):224-33.</ref> ...e leading to the overstraining of the [[Muscle Cells (Myocyte)|myofibres]] and consequently to their rupture near the myotendinous junction.<ref name=":3"

...centre of our body and it functions to stabilize the trunk while the arms and legs move during functional movements. When we view it this way, we see tha # The system of muscles that make up the torso (on the front, the sides, and the back of the body).

...s M, Lin F, Hendrix RW, Helper M, Zhang L. Sitting with adjustable ischial and back supports: biomechanical changes. SPINE 2003;28(11):1113-1122.</ref>&nb Work-related low back pain (WRLBP) is a major cause of work absenteeism and accounts for a high proportion of occupational disability costs<ref name="P

...f Luschka, ligamenta flava, and laminae). It is a natural process of aging and presents in the majority of people after the fifth decade of life.<ref name ...after thyroidectomy in a patient with cervical spondylosis: a case report and literature review.] Medicine (Baltimore) 2015;94(6):e524. Available from:

...kenzie Peters|Mackenzie Peters]], [[User:Gillian Plummer|Gillian Plummer]] and [https://www.physio-pedia.com/User:Erynne_Rowe Erynne Rowe] as part of [[Qu ...onal case can provide some evidence to guide decision-makers in the future and to highlight the importance of further research in adults that have CP.  

...High prevalence of chronic pelvic pain in women in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil and direct association with abdominal surgery]. Clinics. 2011;66(8):1307-12. </ ...he deep pelvic floor muscles and consist of ( puborectalis, pubococcygeus, and iliococcygeus). In addition to pelvic fascia covering all these muscles.

...lications following disasters and conflicts is vital if we are to minimise and prevent further impairment.<ref name=":0" /> ...ng, but in disaster and conflict settings, the following types of injuries and conditions significantly increase the risk of infections:

...ion on Reassurance in Patients With Acute Low Back Pain: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis]. JAMA Intern Med. 2015 May 1;175(5):733–43.</ref><ref name ...c pain (primary and secondary) in over 16s: assessment of all chronic pain and management of chronic primary pain.] Guidance 2021. </ref> It provides a fo

.... This article will discuss the relationship between postural malalignment and diaphragm function. ...cific postures such as [[Forward Head Posture|forward head posture]] (FHP) and [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|kyphosis]] have been found to affect breathing mec

...l of Physical Therapy Musculoskeletal 1 Project. This space was created by and for the students at Arkansas Colleges of Health Education School in the Uni ...ty. Each individual is composed of interdependent parts that work together and impact overall well-being. This includes, but is not limited to the followi

...erging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice|Queen Margaret University's Current and Emerging Roles in Physiotherapy Practice Project]] ...]. Available: https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight[Accessed 14.11.2021]

...ork''' that serves to define, describe, and organise information on health and disability aspects. ...m to develop internationally-accepted and evidence-based ICF Comprehensive and Brief Core Sets for [[osteoporosis]].

...er:Elizabeth Record|Elizabeth Record]], [[User:Misty Hillin|Misty Hillin]] and [[User:Patrick Bales|Patrick Bales]] as part of the [[Texas State Universit ...Denis F. [https://europepmc.org/article/med/6670016 The three column spine and its significance in the classification of acute thoracolumbar spinal injuri

...f the common elements of a periodic medical assessment of athletes, is the musculoskeletal screening or examination. For many years, physiotherapists have screened at ...ok J, Cools A, Crossley K, Hutchinson M, McCroy P, Bahr R, Khan K. Brukner and Khan's Clinical Sports Medicine: Injuries, Volume 1, 5e. Sydney: McGraw Hil

'''Original Editors ''' - [[User:Naomi O'Reilly|Naomi O'Reilly]] and [[User:Wanda van Niekerk|Wanda van Niekerk]] ...the objective examination as it provides valuable information on strength and neurological deficits.

...[PTCU Excellence and Innovation Unit Project]]. This space was created by and for the students at Cairo University. Please do not edit unless you are inv ...al. Scoliosis and Prognosis—a systematic review regarding patient-specific and radiological predictive factors for curve progression. European Spine Journ

...includes conditions such as:<ref name=":0">Prowse T. The Social, Cognitive and Emotional Development of Children - Developmental Disabilities Course. Plus ...tsko RH. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7076808/ Prevalence and trends of developmental disabilities among children in the United States: 2

...r reduce skin and functional changes. It highlights the need for education and remediation regarding footwear advice in older adults. * Chronic conditions, including [[diabetes]] and [[osteoarthritis]]<ref name=":1" />

...small set of data, only descriptive statistics and a broad classification system, the quantification process provided concrete awareness of clinical experie ...to encompass the quantification of clinical experience, outcomes of care, and quality will meet the needs of involved stakeholders (Figure 1).<br>

...n by 2050 as a consequence of increased rates of non-communicable diseases and ageing populations.<ref name=":1">Rohwerder B. [https://assets.publishing.s </ref> The impact of disability and disease increases without the use of assistive technology as these individu

...1002/acr.22831 Global prevalence of spondyloarthritis: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis]. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2016 Sep;68(9):132 ...Human Heart|heart]], eyes, [[Lung Anatomy|lung]]<nowiki/>s, [[skin]], gut and genitourinary tract.<ref name=":1" />

...ity to generate power, [[sensation]], and the ability to control the bowel and bladder. Rehabilitation efforts concentrate on preventing secondary complic ...ord injury]] treatment was first developed by Theodor Kocher (Switzerland) and William Wagner (Germany), but references to spinal cord injuries go back to

...0-008-0058-2. PMID: 18713572; PMCID: PMC2674287.</ref>[[File:Cerebrospinal System.png|thumb|alt=|center]] Both idiopathic NPH and secondary NPH share the fact that they are communicating types of hydroceph

...this region. An understanding of this anatomy is essential for assessment and treatment of cervical spine problems. ...12/2/e053999 Prospective, population-based study of occupational movements and postures of the neck as risk factors for cervical disc herniation]. BMJ ope

...ertain or educate an individual. Today, computer gaming is a big business, and there are millions of different computer games that are enjoyed by people o Video gaming is a popular recreational activity for children and adults across the world. Gaming technology using virtual reality systems ha

This article is currently under review and may not be up to date. Please come back soon to see the finished work! ({{R ...jective component to get a complete understanding of the client's function and baseline.<ref>Mikelsons, C. (2008). The role of physiotherapy in the manag

...er of non-mechanical pathologies can [[Spinal Masqueraders|masquerade]] as musculoskeletal thoracic pain. All of these conditions must be considered when assessing pa ...innervate the abdominal peritoneum.<ref name=":1">Bell-Jenje T. Assessment and Treatment of the Thoracic Spine Course. Plus , 2021.</ref> They supply the:

...alis]]. Since there exists an association between patellofemoral pathology and excessive lateral tracking of the [[patella]], assessing the overall latera ...anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the mid-point of the [[patella]]) and a line from the center of the patella to the center of the tibial tubercle.

...such as surface, speed, frequency and distance per week, improper shoe fit and wear, sports activity, etc.<ref name=":0">Rome K, Howe T, Haslock I. [https ...mscy0YrYcixvvFLYXHOkgEpYaRhhZpxqOQE Coexistence of plantar calcaneal spurs and plantar fascial thickening in individuals with plantar heel pain]. Rheumato

...se pathologies and to follow evidence based protocols to minimise the risk and extent of secondary complications.  ...ehabilitation stage. Severe injuries increase the risk of a greater number and more-severe complications.

...of cycling benefits recreational, competitive and rehabilitating cyclists and physiotherapists. ...he bicycle, with the aim of ensuring the comfort of the position (posture) and the efficiency (of pedaling).

...Research and Practice. 4th ed. San Fransico: Jossey-Bass; 2008</ref>. Kasl and Cobb (3) defined health behaviour threefold: #A person who perceives themselves as ill become active to get a diagnosis and treatment. This is&nbsp;'''illness behavior.'''

...e weakness<ref name=":3">Jensen RK, Kongsted A, Kjaer P, Koes B. Diagnosis and treatment of sciatica. BMJ. 2019 Nov 19;367:l6273. </ref>, which are the di ...ocnemius|calf muscles]], [[Tibialis Anterior|anterior lower leg muscles]], and some intrinsic [[Foot Anatomy|foot]] muscles.

...making more informed assessments, developing more effective interventions, and achieving good patient outcomes.<ref name=":0" /> ...alth care, 2020; 2(1)</ref> The relationship between these various domains and components is reciprocal, which explains how they interact by mutually infl

'''Original Editors ''' - [[User:Naomi O'Reilly|Naomi O'Reilly]] and [[User:Tarina Van Der Stockt|Tarina Van Der Stockt]] ...in a particular direction.<ref>Cox R. Oxford Dictionary of Sports Science and Medicine. Reference Reviews. 2007 Sep 25;21(7):50-.</ref> In essence, it is

...onds to minutes, but the afflicted part is non-functional during this time and perhaps for some time afterward.<ref name=":1">Qiu J, Kang J. [https://www. ...xercise-associated muscle cramps in the tennis player]. Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine. 2020 Jul 27:1-0.</ref>

'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Alan Taylor|Alan Taylor]] and [[User:Roger Kerry|Roger Kerry]] ...for patients presenting to physiotherapists with neuromusculoskeletal neck and head pain who may have an increased risk of developing an associated pathol

...:0">Starr M, Kang H. Recognition and management of common forms tendinitis and bursitis. The Canadian Journal of CME. 2001; 155-163</ref>. ...tus commonly impinges under the acromion as it passes between the acromion and the humeral head. This mechanism is multifactorial (see below).

...al considerations for multiple limb amputation]. Current physical medicine and rehabilitation reports. 2014 Dec;2(4):273-89.. ...l 1;26:620-2.</ref>. 37% of the patients with peripheral vascular disease and 60% of those with infection also had a diagnosis of diabetes<ref name=":4"

...J. Imaging update in spondyloarthropathy. Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma. 2021 Oct 1;21:101564.</ref> Included in this family of diseases are ...Course. Plus 2020. </ref> This page will explore both the pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment options for spondyloarthropathy.

.../>.  On presentation, the clubfoot deformity is not passively correctable and presents with varying degrees of rigidity<ref name=":6">Bridgens J, Kiely N ...e and the deformed position causes pain and leaves the feet open to injury and infection.

...complex syndrome involving many different factors that can severely impact and disrupt a person’s daily life. ...om primary or secondary/reactive causes. <ref name="p1">Goodman, Catherine and Fuller Kendra. Pathology: Implications for the Physical Therapist. Philade

...Grant Phillips et al, [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15368727/ Diagnosis and Management of Scaphoid Fractures,] Am Fam Physician. 2004 Sep 1;70(5):879-8 ...the likelihood of adverse outcomes.<ref name="p2">Greene WB, Essentials of musculoskeletal care. 2d ed. Rosemont, Ill.: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2001

...joint. This article will discuss the anatomy of the knee joint in detail and provide some examples of knee joint pathology. ...n three planes. Example: supination involves inversion, internal rotation, and plantarflexion.

...>. It is most often found in young men. This type of cancer can be treated and very often cured;<ref name="ACS">American Cancer Society. Overview: Testicu [[File:Male reproductive system.png|thumb|400x400px]]

...O'Reilly]], [[User: Kirenga Bamurange Liliane |Kirenga Bamurange Liliane]] and [http://relabhs.org/ ReLAB-HS] ...need to consider the range of settings in which rehabilitation takes place and consider the impact of the setting on rehabilitation.

* This is a very common disease process (its prevalence increasing with age) and is a common source of disability with significant economic impact. ...elated to the facet joints and their innervations, and produces both local and radiating pain.