Ankle and Foot: Difference between revisions

m (moved Ankle & Foot to Ankle and Foot: ampersand issue)
m (IThe here the consists of a number of bones crammed up in a small area of space and well positioned for weight arranged in an arch for the effieciency of weight distribution and to avoid compression of the neurovascular structures that run phalages mdial)
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== Anatomy   ==
== Anatomy   ==


The ankle is the part of the lower limb encompassing the distal portion of the leg and proximal portions of the foot. IThe ankle encompasses the ankle joint, an articulation between the tibia and fibula of the leg and the talus of the foot, which is described in more detail here   
The ankle is the part of the lower limb encompassing the distal portion of the leg and proximal portions of the foot. The ankle encompasses the ankle joint, an articulation between the tibia and fibula of the leg and the talus of the foot, which is described in more detail here.   


http://www.physio-pedia.com/Ankle_Joint  
http://www.physio-pedia.com/Ankle_Joint  


the foot is the part of the lower limb distal to the ankle joint. It is covered on its dorsal surface by loosely adherent skin and on its plantar/inferior surface by thick hairless skin that is tough and strongly adherent to the underlying plantar aponeurosis. The foot consists of a number of bones crammed up in a small area of space and well positioned for weight bearing and weight distribution. The bones are arranged in an arch for the effieciency of weight distribution and to avoid compression of the neurovascular structures that run on the foot's plantar aspect. 3 arches are usually described, the medial and lateral longitudinal as well as the transverse arches
The foot is the part of the lower limb distal to the ankle joint. It is covered on its dorsal surface by loosely adherent skin and on its plantar/inferior surface by thick hairless skin that is tough and strongly adherent to the underlying plantar aponeurosis. The foot contains 26 small bones that are designed for weight bearing and force distribution. The bony alignment creates three arches the provide efficient weight distribution while avoiding compression of plantar neuro-vascular structures. The three arches, medial and lateral longitudinal and the transverse arch together create an architectural vault, which is one of the strongest load-bearing structures known to mankind.


== Bones ==
== Bones ==
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The bones of the foot are named as follows
The bones of the foot are named as follows


The tarsals which are the 
The tarsals  


             Talus
             Talus
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             Cuneiforms - medial, intermediate and lateral
             Cuneiforms - medial, intermediate and lateral


The metatarsals - 5 in number and numbered from medial (big toe) to lateral (little toe)
The metatarsals - numbered from medial or first (big toe), to lateral or fifth (little toe)


The phalanges - each digit has 3 phalnges except for the Big toe (hallux) which has only two
The phalanges - toes 2-5 each have 3 phalanges. The first or Big toe (hallux) has only two




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== Muscles ==
== Muscles ==


The dorsum of the foot has only one muscle (may be 2 depending on classification). This is the extensor digitorum brevis (some authors will name the most mdial part of this muscle, the extensor hallucis brevis). Tendons from some muscles in the anterior/dorsiflexor compartment of the leg will also be found running in the dorsum of the foot
The dorsum of the foot has only one muscle (maybe 2 depending on classification). This is the extensor digitorum brevis (some authors name the most medial part of this muscle extensor hallucis brevis). Tendons are the main collagenous structures in the dorsum. The tendons connect anterior/dorsiflexor compartment muscles of the leg to the foot bones.


The plantar aspect of the foot has muscle fibres and tendons arranged in 4 layers. These layers lie deep to the tough fibrous plantar aponeurosis found in this apect. The layers are number 1 to 4 from suprficial to deep.
The plantar aspect of the foot contains the tough fibrous plantar aponeurosis covering muscles and tendons arranged in 4 layers, numbered from 1 superficial to 4 deep.  


Layer 1 consists of the Abductor didgiti minimi, Flexor digitorum brevis and Abductor hallucis
Layer 1 consists of the Abductor didgiti minimi, Flexor digitorum brevis, Abductor hallucis


Layer 2 consists of the quadratus plantae and the lumbricals as well as the long tendons of flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus
Layer 2 consists of the Quadratus plantae, the Lumbricals, and the long tendons of Flexor digitorum longus and Flexor hallucis longus


Layer 3 consists of the Flexor hallucis brevis, Adductor hallucis and the flexor digiti minimi brevis
Layer 3 consists of the Flexor hallucis brevis, Adductor hallucis and Flexor digiti minimi brevis


Layer 4 consists of the interosseous muscles and the long tendons of peroneus/fibularis longus and tibialis posterior
Layer 4 consists of the Interosseous muscles and the long tendons of Peroneus/fibularis longus and Tibialis posterior




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== Neurovasculature ==
== Neurovasculature ==


Cutaneous innervation is supplied by the superficail and deep peroneal/fibualr nerves on the dorsum of the foot
Cutaneous innervation of the dorsum is by the superficial and deep peroneal/fibular nerves  


Cutaneous innervation is by the medial and lateral planter nerves as well as the tibial nerve on the plantar aspect of the foot
Cutaneous innervation of the plantar aspect is by the medial and lateral planter and tibial nerves  


Muscular motor innervation is by the deep peroneal nerve on the dorsal apesct (extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis)
Dorsal motor innervation is by the deep peroneal nerve to extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis)


Motor innervation is via the medial and lateral plantar nerves (terminal branches of the tibial nerve) on the plantar aspect of the foot
Plantar motor innervation is via the medial and lateral plantar nerves (terminal branches of the tibial nerve)  


 
Arteries crossing into the foot accompany nerves of corresponding names. Therefore the anterior tibial or 'dorsalis pedis' artery, and the posterior tibial artery, are the terminal branches of the medial and lateral plantar arteries.
 
Arteries cossing into the foot are anterior tibial - dorsalis pedis artery and posterior tibial - terminal branches are mdial and lateral plantar arteries that accompany nerves of corresponding names


== Clinical Examination  ==
== Clinical Examination  ==

Revision as of 05:38, 16 November 2017

Anatomy [edit | edit source]

The ankle is the part of the lower limb encompassing the distal portion of the leg and proximal portions of the foot. The ankle encompasses the ankle joint, an articulation between the tibia and fibula of the leg and the talus of the foot, which is described in more detail here. 

http://www.physio-pedia.com/Ankle_Joint

The foot is the part of the lower limb distal to the ankle joint. It is covered on its dorsal surface by loosely adherent skin and on its plantar/inferior surface by thick hairless skin that is tough and strongly adherent to the underlying plantar aponeurosis. The foot contains 26 small bones that are designed for weight bearing and force distribution. The bony alignment creates three arches the provide efficient weight distribution while avoiding compression of plantar neuro-vascular structures. The three arches, medial and lateral longitudinal and the transverse arch together create an architectural vault, which is one of the strongest load-bearing structures known to mankind.

Bones[edit | edit source]

The bones of the foot are named as follows

The tarsals  

             Talus

             Calcaneus

             Navicular

             Cuboid

             Cuneiforms - medial, intermediate and lateral

The metatarsals - numbered from medial or first (big toe), to lateral or fifth (little toe)

The phalanges - toes 2-5 each have 3 phalanges. The first or Big toe (hallux) has only two


Muscles[edit | edit source]

The dorsum of the foot has only one muscle (maybe 2 depending on classification). This is the extensor digitorum brevis (some authors name the most medial part of this muscle extensor hallucis brevis). Tendons are the main collagenous structures in the dorsum. The tendons connect anterior/dorsiflexor compartment muscles of the leg to the foot bones.

The plantar aspect of the foot contains the tough fibrous plantar aponeurosis covering muscles and tendons arranged in 4 layers, numbered from 1 superficial to 4 deep.

Layer 1 consists of the Abductor didgiti minimi, Flexor digitorum brevis, Abductor hallucis

Layer 2 consists of the Quadratus plantae, the Lumbricals, and the long tendons of Flexor digitorum longus and Flexor hallucis longus

Layer 3 consists of the Flexor hallucis brevis, Adductor hallucis and Flexor digiti minimi brevis

Layer 4 consists of the Interosseous muscles and the long tendons of Peroneus/fibularis longus and Tibialis posterior


Neurovasculature[edit | edit source]

Cutaneous innervation of the dorsum is by the superficial and deep peroneal/fibular nerves

Cutaneous innervation of the plantar aspect is by the medial and lateral planter and tibial nerves

Dorsal motor innervation is by the deep peroneal nerve to extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis)

Plantar motor innervation is via the medial and lateral plantar nerves (terminal branches of the tibial nerve)

Arteries crossing into the foot accompany nerves of corresponding names. Therefore the anterior tibial or 'dorsalis pedis' artery, and the posterior tibial artery, are the terminal branches of the medial and lateral plantar arteries.

Clinical Examination[edit | edit source]

Conditions[edit | edit source]


Procedures[edit | edit source]

Interventions[edit | edit source]


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