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[[File:Internal impingement of the shoulder.jpg|thumb|High stressors in throwing motion]] ...me="Wilk1">Wilk et al. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19194026/ Shoulder Injuries in the Overhead Athlete]. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2009;39(2):38-54. Arti

...SH, Choi HJ. Biceps load test II: a clinical test for SLAP lesions of the shoulder. ''Arthroscopy'' 2001 February; 17(2):160-164.</ref><br> ...eps Load II test is designed to detect [[SLAP_Lesion|SLAP lesions]] in the shoulder.<ref name="Kim" />

...ation of diagnostic criteria and a rehabilitation program for rotator cuff injuries. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 10, 336-339</ref> == ...tient were pouring liquid out of a can. The therapist should stabilize the shoulder while applying a downwardly directed force to the arm, the patient tries to

* Competitors must use an over the shoulder throwing motion to throw the javelin into the sector * The competitor uses any throwing technique that is not over their shoulder

...backward force is applied to the proximal arm. A sudden onset of posterior shoulder pain indicates a positive test result, regardless of accompanying posterior ...ed">1. SH Kim et al. A Novel Test for Posteroinferior Labral Lesion of the Shoulder—A Comparison to the Jerk Test Am J Sports Med - 01-AUG-2005; 33(8): 1188-

...of Success in Nonoperative Treatment of Posteroinferior Instability of the Shoulder.&amp; Am J Sports Med 2004 32: 1849 </ref> ...dity and accuracy of clinical tests used to detect labral pathology of the shoulder]- a systematic review. Man Ther. 2009 Apr;14(2):119-30</ref> The reported d

Mr A has a history of persistent and debilitating pain in his shoulder with significant sleep disturbance following time in detention in his home ...worse from day to day. He has became more and more disabled because of his shoulder pain.

...al Plexus|brachial plexus]].<ref name="aex">Juneja P, Hubbard JB. Anatomy, shoulder and upper limb, arm Teres minor muscle. StatPearls Publishing; 2023. </ref> ...along with [[Infraspinatus]], primarily produces external rotation of the shoulder joint.<ref name="aex" />

...ly.<ref>Zacharopoulos AN, Tzanakakis NE, Douka MI. Skiing and snowboarding injuries in Greece: a two-year case-control study. Journal of ASTM International. 20 ...d also be considered.<ref>Koehle MS, Lloyd-Smith R, Taunton JE. Alpine ski injuries and their prevention. Sports Medicine. 2002 Oct;32(12):785-93.</ref>

...rus with one hand while the other hand performs humeral rotation while the shoulder is being elevated in the scapular plane. The test can be repeated in supine ...dity and accuracy of clinical tests used to detect labral pathology of the shoulder-a systematic review. Manual Therapy 2009; 14(2):119-30.</ref> <br>

...5lywYu_xEsKN6rQP-9Ca6AM&scisig=AAGBfm1zee7umg5uN42e02OpIHG5FnNW6w Shoulder injuries in overhead athletes: the “dead arm” revisited]. Clinics in sports medi ...ul serving in tennis, or working with the arm in a strained position above shoulder.<ref name="6a" /><ref name="p0" />The symptoms can exacerbate by the loss o

*[[Shoulder Examination|Shoulder Examination]] *[[Shoulder Instability|Shoulder Instability]]

...name=":0" />. Assessment of the upper quadrant muscles is essential in the shoulder problems of athletes and the general population<ref>Donatelli RA. Sports-Sp ...avours, and for all populations, to avoid potential upper limb soft tissue injuries.

...ns] 2018. Available from: https://patient.info/bones-joints-muscles/sports-injuries/sprains-and-strains (last accessed 5.12.2019)</ref> A ligament rupture can ...2012). Treating Sports Injuries. In Bahr R. (Ed). The IOC Manual of Sports Injuries. Wiley Blackwell 2012.p 25-39. </ref>

...d assist with blocking [[Shoulder Dislocation|shoulder dislocation]] and [[Shoulder Subluxation|subluxation]] at the maximal ranges of motion.<ref name=":0">Ra ...(e.g. shoulder dislocation) or more commonly by repeated microtrauma, e.g. shoulder subluxation.<ref name=":1">Clavert P. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/scienc

...ef name=":5" />. Acupuncture is commonly utilised to treat musculoskeletal injuries of the extremities. <ref name=":5" /> Its scientific credibility is still s Used for forearm/hand paresthesia and pain, tremors, elbow injuries and neck stiffness.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

[[File:Frozen shoulder..jpg|thumb|Fibrosis in “Frozen Shoulder”]] ...]] capsule may lead to [[Adhesive Capsulitis|adhesive capsulitis]] (frozen shoulder).<ref>New Medical Types of Fibrosis Available: https://www.news-medical.net

=== Shoulder === *[[Frozen Shoulder|Adhesive Capsulitis]]

== Shoulder == ...nd_exercises_following_shoulder_surgery.pdf Advice and Exercises Following Shoulder Surgery] from the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital (2006).

...a subset of [[Shoulder Instability|shoulder instability]], occurs when the shoulder joint partially dislocates. In this condition the [[Humerus|humeral]] head ...:0">Vitoonpong T, Chang KV. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507847/ Shoulder Subluxation]. InStatPearls [Internet] 2020 Aug 29. StatPearls Publishing.Av

Many [[Lumbar Anatomy|lower back]] injuries come about as a result of poor lifting techniques, something that physiothe ...heavy items is one of the leading causes of [[Work-Related Musculoskeletal Injuries and Prevention|injury in the workplace]].

...rts training. During the time away from National Training Alan had 2 major injuries. ...n, that remained in place for 3 months. He felt a subluxation at the right shoulder with significant pain and had to stop playing. Rested for 1-2 weeks with on

...bert SM, Gerber C. Lag signs in the diagnosis of rotator cuff rupture. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1996 Jul-Aug:5(4):307-313]</ref><ref name="Miller">[http://www ...youtube|3pzE4Uptx6o|300}}<ref>CRTechnologies. Internal Rotation Lag Sign - Shoulder Test. Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3pzE4Uptx6o, last acce

== Common injuries == ...<ref>Meron, A., & Saint-Phard, D. (2017). Track and Field Throwing Sports: Injuries and Prevention. ''Current sports medicine reports'', ''16''(6), 391–396.

...thopedic diseases. Manual examinations of shoulder labral and rotator cuff injuries are scattered, but are not conclusive enough to warrant surgery. ...kness. It was suggested that throwing the ball puts a lot of stress on the shoulder joint.

...t act around the [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral joint]] to facilitate [[shoulder]] movement<ref name=":0">Radiopedia [https://radiopaedia.org/articles/teres ...limbing, tennis, wood-chopping, [[Swimming: Freestyle|swimming]], [[Rowing Injuries Project|rowing]].<ref name="Travell">Travell JG, Simons DG, Simons LS (1998

...2) [[shoulder]] impingement, (3) rotator cuff injuries, (4) Glenoid labrum injuries, (5) [[clavicle]] fracture and (6) [[Nerve Injury Rehabilitation|nerve]]-re ...he scapular position<ref>Morais N, Cruz J. The pectoralis minor muscle and shoulder movement-related impairments and pain: Rationale, assessment and management

[[File:Anterior-shoulder-dislocation-1.jpeg|thumb|Anterior-shoulder-dislocation|alt=|331x331px]] ...=":1">Abrams R, Akbarnia H. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459125/ Shoulder dislocations overview.] InStatPearls [Internet] 2021 Aug 13. StatPearls Pub

...Mudreac A, Kiel J. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513344/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Subscapularis Muscle.] StatPearls [Internet]. 2020 Aug 10.< ...face of the scapula).<ref name=":2">Aguirre K, Mudreac A, Kiel J. Anatomy, shoulder and upper limb, subscapularis muscle. StatPearls Publishing; 2023.</ref>

...d can occur as either isolated injuries, or combined with other structural injuries <ref>Aronson PA, Gieck JH, Hertel J, Rijke AM, Ingersoll CD. [https://merid ...al collateral ligament: magnetic resonance imaging findings and associated injuries]. Canadian Association of Radiologists journal= Journal l'Association canad

...ar Joint, or AC Joint, is one of four joints that comprises the [[Shoulder|Shoulder]] complex. The AC Joint is formed by the junction of the lateral clavicle a ...<ref>Inman VT, Saunders JB, Abbott LC. Observations of the function of the shoulder joint. 1944. ''Clin Orthop Relat Res''. 1996;(330):3-12.</ref> Motion of th

[[File:Overhead shoulder.jpg|thumb|alt=|shoulder overhead sport ]] ...://www.scielo.br/j/rbfis/a/7XDTVZYkJK6sQJLhSvGJQFz/ Prevention of shoulder injuries in overhead athletes: a science-based approach.] Brazilian journal of physi

...d their tendons, which provide strength and stability during motion to the shoulder complex. They are also referred to as the SITS muscle, with reference to th ...n each of the four muscles are vital to maintain functioning of the entire shoulder girdle.&nbsp;

...vailable from: https://orthoinfo.aaos.org/en/diseases--conditions/scapular-shoulder-blade-disorders#:~:text=The%20scapula%2C%20or%20shoulder%20blade,help%20you ...://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/scapula-fracture-shoulder-blade-fracture#:~:text=What%20is%20a%20scapula%20fracture,from%20the%20back

...ace with reference to quadrilateral space syndrome] [Internet]. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery. Mosby; 2007 [cited 2021Nov16]. Available from: <nowiki>h *** innervates deltoid, teres minor, provides sensation to lateral shoulder

...ck M, Varacallo M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519538/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Biceps Muscle.] [Updated 2021 Aug 11]. In: StatPearls [Inte ...ntz MA, Bordoni B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551630/ Anatomy, Shoulder and Upper Limb, Brachialis Muscle.] Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

[[File:Shoulder dislocation, anteroposterior after reduction, with Bankart and Hill-Sachs l ...r S (2006). Correlation between Bankart and Hill-Sachs lesions in anterior shoulder dislocation. ANZ J Surg 76 (6): 436–8.</ref>

...n (also known as the arm pit) is a pyramid-shaped area located between the shoulder girdle and thorax. It serves as a space for neurovascular and lymphatic str ...r subscapular,''' and '''thoracodorsal nerves,''' supplying muscles of the shoulder girdle and chest as well as sensation to certain areas of the upper extremi

[[File:Shoulder bursa.jpg|357x357px|alt=|thumb|The shoulder joint has many ligaments]] Ligaments are most often torn in traumatic joint injuries that can result in either partial or complete ligament discontinuities. The

...s In Sport|biomechanics]]. The most common swimming injury regions are the shoulder, neck, lower back and knee. ...SA. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3435931/ Epidemiology of injuries and prevention strategies in competitive swimmers]. Sports health. 2012 May

Isolated injuries of the Musculocutaneous Nerve are rare. It may become injured by<ref name=" * [[Shoulder Dislocation|Dislocation of the shoulder]]

* Most commonly caused by blunt, anterior chest-wall trauma and deceleration injuries, with a reported incidence of 3% to 6.8% in motor vehicle collisions. * Athletic injuries, [[falls]], and assaults are the frequent causes of the remaining cases.

== Injuries == ...e <ref>Bengtsson, V., Berglund, L., & Aasa, U. (2018). Narrative review of injuries in powerlifting with special reference to their association to the squat, b

...perience multiple types of pain. Areas of musculoskeletal pain include the shoulder, wrists, and back, resulting from an acute or chronic injury to musculature == Back to [[Pharmacological Management of Spinal Cord Injuries]] ==

...earlier in earlier than in the population without the injury. <ref>Spinal Injuries Association. Aging Well With SCI. Available from; https://www.spinal.co.uk/ * Avoid sleeping on your shoulder.

...tween body asymmetry and unilateral load accumulation, as well as specific injuries.<ref name=":2">Żuk B, Sutkowski M, Paśko S, Grudniewski T. [https://www.n * [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|Kyphosis]] in the [[Swimming Overuse Injuries|swimmer]] is also common.[[File:Arisa-chattasa-9HLURpkNpXI-unsplash.jpg|rig

...uscular Training: A Multi-level Approach to Rehabilitation of the Unstable Shoulder] [Internet]. PubMed Central (PMC). 2022 [cited 30 May 2022]. Available from ...ntributes to repetitive injuries and the progressive decline of the joint. Injuries to the muscles may also lead to a compromise of the afferent feedback from

[[Triceps brachii|Triceps]] tendon injuries are an uncommon clinical entity poorly described in the literature. Managem ...csm-csmr/Fulltext/2020/09000/Triceps_Tendon_Injuries.9.aspx Triceps Tendon Injuries]. Current sports medicine reports. 2020 Sep 1;19(9):367-72.Available: https

...ne (1.1 - 3.4 injuries per squad per season) and the lower limb (0.3 - 5.9 injuries per squad per season (Orchard, 2006). * Shoulder internal rotation

*[[Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Injuries]] *[[Frozen Shoulder]]