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...al orthopedic surgeons. Most common cause for this operation is a ruptured cervical intervertebral disk. Another reason for surgery are spurs that irritate a n ...locked nerve (=decompression) and the fusion is necessary to stabilize the cervical segment.

[[File:Cervical vertebra.png|right|frameless]] ...d to as [[Cervical Radiculopathy|radiculopathy]] and [[Cervical Myelopathy|cervical spinal myelopathy]] respectively.

[[File:Muscles of the cervical region multifidus superficial layer Primal.png|right|frameless]] ...ding of this anatomy is essential for assessment and treatment of cervical spine problems.

...e amount of force transferred from the ground and lower extremities to the spine and upper extremities.<ref name=":2" /> Until puberty, each hip [[bone]] consists of three separate bones yet to be fused: ilium, ischium and pubis connected by the tri-radiate cart

.../www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/ageing-muscles-bones-and-joints (last accessed 26.5.2019)</ref> ...to decline after about age 25. These declines can cause ligaments tendons bones and cartilage to become less flexible and more brittle over time.<ref>Schif

...pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16284634/ Swartz EE, Floyd RT, Cendoma M. Cervical spine functional anatomy and the biomechanics of injury due to compressive loadin ...3edsnp55rrgjct55%29%29/reference/referencespapers.aspx?referenceid=2924481 Cervical spondylosis and neck pain Allan I. Binder British Medical Journal, 334, 759

...ition of the spine caused by degeneration of the joints between the spinal bones. ...ertebrae posteriorly and and help with twisting and turning motions of the spine. <ref name=":0">Brennan D. Facet arthrosis: What is it and what causes it?

This guide gives a general overview of the anatomy of the thoracic spine. It also includes some facts regarding pathophysiology in this region. The sagittal plane alignment of the Thoracic spine is on average 35% (normal range is 20° to 50°).<ref name=":2" />

...osis is an external aid that is used to correct and support the spine. The spine is a complex anatomical structure and is key to our function. It is not pos * Maintains alignment of spine

...ournals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0145561320946644 Dysphagia precipitated by cervical lordosis in the aged]. Ear Nose Throat J. 2020:145561320946644.</ref> ...influenced by the thickness of osteophytes, cervical mobility, and cranio-cervical alignment<ref>Nishimura H, Endo K, Aihara T, Murata K, Suzuki H, Matsuoka Y

*Two innominate bones and the [[sacrum]] to which coccyx is attached. ...is at the level of the sacral promontory and superior aspect of the pubic bones.

== Bones of the Canine Front Limb == The bones of the front limb are:

...as the ilium and [[scapula]]<ref name="Goodman" />, and rarely affect the spine<ref name="moon" />. It is believed that these non-malignant tumors arise fr ...proximal tibia, but can also occur in flat bones, and less commonly in the spine. Patients can be asymptomatic, where medical management mostly consist of r

This page introduces the Anatomy of Equine Spine and Head. ...pairs of ribs, out of a total of 18.<ref name=":1">Van der Walt A. Equine Spine and Head Presentation. Plus , 2021.</ref>

...mor that most commonly develops in the spine, sacrum, long bones, and flat bones. Benign tumors do not spread to various sites or organs. However, an aggres *Scoliosis of the spine<ref name="p1" /><ref name="p2" /><ref name="p3" />

...dominantly affect the musculoskeletal system, which comprises the muscles, bones, joints, and related tissues like ligaments and tendons. Here is a concise ...id, and ethmoid bones. In addition to these, the head also contains facial bones, teeth, eyes, ears, and the nose.

'''The SC joint is formed by the articulation of three bones'''<ref name=":3" />''':''' Cervical Nerves C3-C4&nbsp;

...pril 2001. (LoE:4)</ref> While no tools exists for the assessment of upper cervical ligamentous instability, an approach that takes into account risk factors, ...tube.com/watch?v=k6hUT1kBoEc&feature=youtu.be|width}}<ref>Dpt Orthopeadics Cervical Instability Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k6hUT1kBoEc&fea

...discs act like shock absorbers throughout the spinal column to cushion the bones as the body moves. [[Ligament|Ligaments]] hold the vertebrae in place, and [[Ligament]]: fibrous connective tissue that holds the bones together.

[[File:SPINE ANATOMY.jpg|thumb]] ...t can no longer support the weight of the body through that segment of the spine.