Physiotherapy / Physical Therapy: Difference between revisions

No edit summary
mNo edit summary
 
(37 intermediate revisions by 9 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
'''Physiotherapy''' (also '''Physical Therapy''') is a health care profession concerned with human function and movement and maximising potential. It uses physical approaches to promote, maintain and restore physical, psychological and social well-being, taking account of variations in health status.&nbsp; It is science-based, committed to extending, applying, evaluating and reviewing the evidence that underpins and informs its practice and delivery.&nbsp; The exercise of clinical judgement and informed interpretation is at its core<ref>Chartered Society of Physiotherapy."What is Physiotherapy?". Chartered Society of Physiotherapy. http://www.csp.org.uk/director/public/whatphysiotherapy.cfm. Retrieved 2010-07-10</ref>.


Physiotherapists and Physical Therapists (PTs) work in a wide variety of health settings to improve a broad range of physical problems associated with different 'systems' of the body. In particular they treat [[Neurology|neuromuscular]] (brain and nervous system), [[Musculoskeletal / Orthopaedics|musculoskeletal]] (soft tissues, joints and bones), [[Cardiopumlonary|cardiovascular and respiratory systems]] (heart and lungs and associated physiology).  
== Terms  ==
Worldwide, the physiotherapy community is divided by name, with three different primary titles used:  physiotherapy, physical therapy and kinesiotherapy. Notwithstanding, that within the term physiotherapist, there are also language derivations such as fisio, fisicos, fysio and fiso. &nbsp;Finding a single word to describe the community is&nbsp;always going to be difficult.


Physiotherapists work autonomously, often as a member of a team with other health or social care professionals. Physiotherapy practice is characterised by reflective behaviour and systematic clinical reasoning, both contributing to and underpinning a problem-solving approach to patient-centred care.  
== Introduction  ==
'''Physiotherapy''' as described by [[World Physiotherapy|World Physiotherapy]] is a health care profession concerned with human function and movement and maximising physical potential. It is concerned with identifying and maximising quality of life and movement potential within the spheres of promotion, prevention, treatment/intervention, habilitation and rehabilitation<ref>WCPT. Policy statement: Description of physical therapy. http://www.wcpt.org/policy/ps-descriptionPT#appendix_1</ref>. It uses physical approaches to promote, maintain and restore physical, psychological and social well-being, taking into account variations in health status.&nbsp; It is science-based, committed to extending, applying, evaluating and reviewing the evidence that underpins and informs its practice and delivery.&nbsp; The exercise of clinical judgement and informed interpretation is at its core<ref>Chartered Society of Physiotherapy."What is Physiotherapy?". Chartered Society of Physiotherapy. http://www.csp.org.uk/director/public/whatphysiotherapy.cfm. Retrieved 2010-07-10</ref>.  


People are often referred for physiotherapy by doctors or other health and social care professionals. Increasingly, as a result of changes in health care, people are referring themselves directly to physiotherapists without previously seeing any other health care professional.  
Examples of definitions of physiotherapy from around the world indicate that there is a consensus that ‘movement’ is the core expertise/business of physiotherapy<ref>Jull, G; Moore, A. Physiotherapy's Identity.  Manual Therapy, Volume 18, Issue 6 , Pages 447-448, December 2013</ref><br>


== History  ==
{| width="100%" border="1" align="center" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"
|+ Examples of professional and consumer definitions of physiotherapy.
|-
| bgcolor="#60bffe" | '''Professional definitions'''
|-
| '''World Physiotherapy'''<br>Physical therapy is concerned with identifying and maximising quality of life and movement potential within the spheres of promotion, prevention, treatment/intervention, habilitation and rehabilitation.
https://world.physio/policy/ps-descriptionPT#appendix_1


Physicians like Hippocrates and later Galenus are believed to have been the first practitioners of physiotherapy, advocating [[Massage_Therapy|massage]], [[Manual Therapy|manual therapy]] techniques and [[Hydrotherapy|hydrotherapy]] to treat people in 460 B.C.<ref>Wharton MA. Health Care Systems I; Slippery Rock University. 1991</ref> After the development of orthopedics in the eighteenth century, machines like the Gymnasticon were developed to treat [[Gout|gout]] and similar diseases by systematic exercise of the joints, similar to later developments in physiotherapy.<ref>Sarah Bakewell, "Illustrations from the Wellcome Institute Library: Medical Gymnastics and the Cyriax Collection," ''Medical History'' 41 (1997), 487-495.</ref>
|-
| '''Australian Physiotherapy Council'''<br>Physiotherapy…involves the holistic approach to the prevention, diagnosis and therapeutic management of pain, disorders of movement or optimisation of function to enhance the health and welfare of the community from an individual or population perspective.
https://physiocouncil.com.au/about-us


The earliest documented origins of actual physiotherapy as a professional group date back to Per Henrik Ling “Father of Swedish Gymnastics” who founded the Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics (RCIG) in 1813 for [[Massage_Therapy|massage]], [[Manipulation|manipulation]], and [[Exercise_Therapy|exercise]]. In 1887, PTs were given official registration by Sweden’s National Board of Health and Welfare.  
|-
| '''Canadian Physiotherapy Association'''<br>The heart of the physiotherapy profession is understanding how and why movement and function take place. Physiotherapy is anchored in movement sciences and aims to enhance or restore function of multiple body systems.  
https://physiotherapy.ca/


Other countries soon followed. In 1894 four nurses in Great Britain formed the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy.<ref>Chartered Society of Physiotherapy (n.d.). "History of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy". Chartered Society of Physiotherapy. http://www.csp.org.uk/director/about/thecsp/history.cfm. Retrieved 2008-05-29.</ref> The School of Physiotherapy at the University of Otago in New Zealand in 1913,<ref>Knox, Bruce (2007-01-29). "History of the School of Physiotherapy". School of Physiotherapy Centre for Physiotherapy Research. University of Otago. http://physio.otago.ac.nz/about/history.asp. Retrieved 2008-05-29.</ref> and the United States' 1914 Reed College in Portland, Oregon, which graduated "reconstruction aides."<ref>Reed College (n.d.). "Mission and History". About Reed. Reed College. http://www.reed.edu/about_reed/history.html. Retrieved 2008-05-29.</ref>  
|-
| bgcolor="#60bffe" | '''Consumer definitions'''
|-
| '''Chartered Society of Physiotherapy'''<br>Physiotherapy helps restore movement and function when someone is affected by injury, illness or disability.  
https://www.csp.org.uk/careers-jobs/what-physiotherapy
 
|-
| '''European Region – World Confederation of Physical Therapists'''<br>Physiotherapists are experts in developing and maintaining peoples' ability to move and function throughout their lives.  
https://www.erwcpt.eu/?action=136
 
|-
| '''Australian Physiotherapy Association'''<br>Physiotherapists are experts in movement and function who work in partnership with their patients, assisting them to overcome movement disorders… https://australian.physio/?hkey=25ad06f0-e004-47e5-b894-e0ede69e0fff
 
|-
|
'''Australian Physiotherapy Association'''<br>A consumer video on youtube to closely align physiotherapists with the assessment and management of various manifestations of disorders of movement. Improve Your Move? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWDzA0pnaAY
 
|}
 
Physiotherapists and Physical Therapists (PTs) work within a wide variety of health settings to improve a broad range of physical problems associated with different 'systems' of the body. In particular they treat neuromuscular (brain and nervous system), musculoskeletal (soft tissues, [[Joint Classification|joints]] and [[bone]]<nowiki/>s), [[Cardiovascular Considerations in the Older Patient|cardiovascular]] and respiratory systems (heart and [[Lung Anatomy|lungs]] and associated physiology).


Research catalyzed the physiotherapy movement. The first physiotherapy research was published in the United States in March 1921 in ''The PT Review''. In the same year, Mary McMillan organized the Physical Therapy Association (now called the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA).&nbsp;
Physiotherapists work autonomously, often as a member of a team with other health or social care professionals. Physiotherapy practice is characterised by reflective behaviour and systematic clinical reasoning, both contributing to and underpinning a problem-solving approach to patient-centric care.  


Treatment through the 1940s primarily consisted of [[Exercise_Therapy|exercise]], [[Massage Therapy|massage]], and [[Traction|traction]]. Manipulative procedures to the spine and extremity joints began to be practiced, especially in the British Commonwealth countries, in the early 1950s.<ref>McKenzie, R A (1998). The cervical and thoracic spine: mechanical diagnosis and therapy. New Zealand: Spinal Publications Ltd.. pp. 16–20. ISBN 978-0959774672.</ref><ref>McKenzie, R (2002). "Patient Heal Thyself". Worldwide Spine &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Rehabilitation 2 (1): 16–20.</ref> Later that decade, PTs started to move beyond hospital based practice, to outpatient orthopedic clinics, public schools, college/universities, geriatric settings, rehabilitation centers, hospitals, and medical centers.  
People are often referred for physiotherapy by doctors or other health and social care professionals. Increasingly, as a result of changes in health care, people are referring themselves directly to physiotherapists (first-line access) without previously seeing any other health care professional. Trends in Canada and Australia, for example, are even exploring the role of the physiotherapist within the triage system of emergency departments.  


Specialization for physical therapy in the U.S. occurred in 1974, with the Orthopaedic Section of the APTA being formed for those physical therapists specializing in orthopaedics. In the same year, the International Federation of Orthopaedic Manipulative Therapy was formed,<ref>Lando, Agneta (2003). "History of IFOMT". International Federation Orthopaedic Manipulative Therapists (IFOMT). http://www.ifomt.org/ifomt/about/history. Retrieved 2008-05-29.</ref> which has played an important role in advancing manual therapy worldwide since.
== <span style="line-height: 1.5em;">History</span> ==


== Clinical Specialities ==
Physicians like Hippocrates, and later Galenus, are believed to have been the first practitioners of physiotherapy, advocating [[massage]], [[Manual Therapy|manual therapy]] techniques and [[Hydrotherapy|hydrotherapy]] to treat people in 460 B.C.<ref>Wharton MA. Health Care Systems I; Slippery Rock University. 1991</ref> After the development of orthopaedics in the eighteenth century, machines like the Gymnasticon were developed to treat [[Gout|gout]] and similar diseases by systematic exercise of the joints, similar to later developments in physiotherapy.<ref>Sarah Bakewell, "Illustrations from the Wellcome Institute Library: Medical Gymnastics and the Cyriax Collection," ''Medical History'' 41 (1997), 487-495.</ref> [[Image:Shoulder massage.jpg|thumb|Shoulder Massage: Relief at Museum in Cyrene Libya thought to be 2000 years old]]


Because the body of knowledge of physiotherapy is quite large, PTs tend to specialize in a specific [[Physiopedia:Clinical Areas|clinical areas]]. These include:
The earliest documented origins of actual physiotherapy as a professional group date back to Per Henrik Ling “Father of Swedish Gymnastics” who founded the Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics (RCIG) in 1813 for [[massage]], manipulation, and [[Exercise Therapy in the Rehabilitation of Spondylolisthesis in Fast Bowlers in Cricket|exercise]]. In 1887, PTs were given official registration by Sweden’s National Board of Health and Welfare.


*[[Musculoskeletal / Orthopaedics|MSK / Ortho]]
Other countries soon followed. In 1894 four nurses in Great Britain formed the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy.<ref>Chartered Society of Physiotherapy (n.d.). "History of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy". Chartered Society of Physiotherapy. http://www.csp.org.uk/director/about/thecsp/history.cfm. Retrieved 2008-05-29.</ref> The School of Physiotherapy at the University of Otago in New Zealand in 1913,<ref>Knox, Bruce (2007-01-29). "History of the School of Physiotherapy". School of Physiotherapy Centre for Physiotherapy Research. University of Otago. http://physio.otago.ac.nz/about/history.asp. Retrieved 2008-05-29.</ref> and the United States' 1914 Reed College in Portland, Oregon, which graduated "reconstruction aides."<ref>Reed College (n.d.). "Mission and History". About Reed. Reed College. http://www.reed.edu/about_reed/history.html. Retrieved 2008-05-29.</ref>
*[[Cardiopumlonary|Cardiopulmonary]]
*[[Neurology|Neurology]]
*[[Paediatrics|Paediatrics]]
*[[Sports Medicine|Sports Medicine]]
*[[Rheumatology|Rheumatology]]
*[[Older People / Geriatrics|Older People / Geriatrics]]
*[[Medical|Medical Conditions]]
*[[Pain|Pain]]
*[[Womens Health|Womens Health]]
*[[Oncology|Oncology]]
*[[Extended Scope|Extended Scope]]
*[[Public Health|Public Health]]


== Regional Differences  ==
Research catalysed the physiotherapy movement. The first physiotherapy research was published in the United States in March 1921 in ''The PT Review''. In the same year, Mary McMillan organised the Physical Therapy Association (now called the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA).&nbsp;


==== UK (Physiotherapists)<br> ====
Treatment through the 1940s primarily consisted of [[Exercise Therapy in the Rehabilitation of Spondylolisthesis in Fast Bowlers in Cricket|exercise]], [[massage]], and [[Traction for Neck Pain CPR|traction]]. Manipulative procedures to the spine and extremity joints began to be practiced, especially in the British Commonwealth countries, in the early 1950s.<ref>McKenzie, R A (1998). The cervical and thoracic spine: mechanical diagnosis and therapy. New Zealand: Spinal Publications Ltd.. pp. 16–20. ISBN 978-0959774672.</ref><ref>McKenzie, R (2002). "Patient Heal Thyself". Worldwide Spine &amp; Rehabilitation 2 (1): 16–20.</ref> Later that decade, PTs started to move beyond hospital based practice, to outpatient orthopaedic clinics, public schools, college/universities, geriatric settings, rehabilitation centers, hospitals, and medical centers.


All Physiotherapists in the UK have at least 3-4 years training and are members of the&nbsp; [http://www.hpc-uk.org/ Health Professions Council] (HPC).&nbsp; They can also choose to become a member of [http://www.csp.org.uk/ Chartered Society of Physiotherapy] (MCSP). Physiotherapists work in a variety of settings including hospitals, health centres, private clinics, GP practices, schools, work places and also by visiting people at home.  
Specialisation for physical therapy in the U.S. occurred in 1974, with the Orthopaedic Section of the APTA being formed for those physical therapists specialising in orthopaedics. In the same year, the International Federation of Orthopaedic Manipulative Therapy was formed,<ref>Lando, Agneta (2003). "History of IFOMT". International Federation Orthopaedic Manipulative Therapists (IFOMT). http://www.ifomt.org/ifomt/about/history. Retrieved 2008-05-29.</ref> which has played an important role in advancing manual therapy worldwide since.  


There are three main treatment routes if you are resident in the United Kingdom and wish to see a physiotherapist, these are via the NHS, private practitioners or the independent sector:&nbsp; <br>  
{{#ev:youtube|zU5_4kc0GjY}}<ref>The History of Physiotherapy presented by Daphne Xuan for Physiopedia.  Available from  https://youtu.be/zU5_4kc0GjY [last accessed 22 March 2022]</ref>


*If you go via the NHS, depending on where you live, you will first need to make an appointment with your general practitioner (GP) and then ask to be referred to see a physiotherapist. Onward referral will be at the discretion of the GP.&nbsp; A number of hospitals are now offering self-referral to physiotherapy. If your hospital is offering this service, you can make an appointment to see a physiotherapist without needing to see your GP first. <br>
== Presentations  ==
*If you are in a position to pay for your own treatment, there are a large number of physiotherapists across the UK offering treatment in dedicated physiotherapy and sports injury clinics as well as many who will treat people in their own homes.<br>
Alice Thompson. [http://prezi.com/3l_ytihnx6om/becoming-a-physiotherapist/ Becoming a Physiotherapist Is Physiotherapy the career for you?An interactive insight into the profession and a quick guide to getting onto the degree course.] 2012
*Via the independent sector, some large employers run occupational health schemes for their employees that may include provision for physiotherapy treatment or private medical insurance schemes for individuals through the independent healthcare sector will often include physiotherapy treatment. <br><br>


==== USA ====
== Clinical Specialities ==
Because the body of knowledge of physiotherapy is quite large, PTs tend to specialise in a specific clinical areas. These include:


==== Australia  ====
*MSK / Orthopaedics
*Cardiopulmonary
*[https://www.physio-pedia.com/Category:Neurology Neurology]
*Paediatrics
*[[Sport Injury Classification|Sports Medicine]]
*Rheumatology
*Older People / Geriatrics
*Medical Conditions
*[[Pain Assessment|Pain]]
*[https://www.physio-pedia.com/Category:Womens_Health Women's Health]
*[[Oncology|Oncology]]
*Extended Scope
*[[Public Health and Physical Activity|Public Health]]


==== New Zealand ====
== Worldwide Physiotherapy Practice  ==
*[[Australia|Australia]]
*[[Bahamas|Bahamas]]
*[[Canada|Canada]]
*[[Croatia|Croatia]]
*[[Cuba|Cuba]]
*[[Germany|Germany]]
*[[India|India]]
*[[Ireland|Ireland]]
*[[Jamaica|Jamaica]]
*[[Malaysia|Malaysia]]
*[[New Zealand|New Zealand]]
*[[Peru|Peru]]
*[[Philippines|Philippines]]
*[[South Africa|South Africa]]&nbsp;
*[[Sweden]]
*[[UK (Physiotherapy)|UK]]
*[[USA (Physical Therapy)|US]]


== References  ==
== References  ==
<references />
<references />

Latest revision as of 06:07, 1 November 2023

Terms[edit | edit source]

Worldwide, the physiotherapy community is divided by name, with three different primary titles used: physiotherapy, physical therapy and kinesiotherapy. Notwithstanding, that within the term physiotherapist, there are also language derivations such as fisio, fisicos, fysio and fiso.  Finding a single word to describe the community is always going to be difficult.

Introduction[edit | edit source]

Physiotherapy as described by World Physiotherapy is a health care profession concerned with human function and movement and maximising physical potential. It is concerned with identifying and maximising quality of life and movement potential within the spheres of promotion, prevention, treatment/intervention, habilitation and rehabilitation[1]. It uses physical approaches to promote, maintain and restore physical, psychological and social well-being, taking into account variations in health status.  It is science-based, committed to extending, applying, evaluating and reviewing the evidence that underpins and informs its practice and delivery.  The exercise of clinical judgement and informed interpretation is at its core[2].

Examples of definitions of physiotherapy from around the world indicate that there is a consensus that ‘movement’ is the core expertise/business of physiotherapy[3]

Examples of professional and consumer definitions of physiotherapy.
Professional definitions
World Physiotherapy
Physical therapy is concerned with identifying and maximising quality of life and movement potential within the spheres of promotion, prevention, treatment/intervention, habilitation and rehabilitation.

https://world.physio/policy/ps-descriptionPT#appendix_1

Australian Physiotherapy Council
Physiotherapy…involves the holistic approach to the prevention, diagnosis and therapeutic management of pain, disorders of movement or optimisation of function to enhance the health and welfare of the community from an individual or population perspective.

https://physiocouncil.com.au/about-us

Canadian Physiotherapy Association
The heart of the physiotherapy profession is understanding how and why movement and function take place. Physiotherapy is anchored in movement sciences and aims to enhance or restore function of multiple body systems.

https://physiotherapy.ca/

Consumer definitions
Chartered Society of Physiotherapy
Physiotherapy helps restore movement and function when someone is affected by injury, illness or disability.

https://www.csp.org.uk/careers-jobs/what-physiotherapy

European Region – World Confederation of Physical Therapists
Physiotherapists are experts in developing and maintaining peoples' ability to move and function throughout their lives.

https://www.erwcpt.eu/?action=136

Australian Physiotherapy Association
Physiotherapists are experts in movement and function who work in partnership with their patients, assisting them to overcome movement disorders… https://australian.physio/?hkey=25ad06f0-e004-47e5-b894-e0ede69e0fff

Australian Physiotherapy Association
A consumer video on youtube to closely align physiotherapists with the assessment and management of various manifestations of disorders of movement. Improve Your Move? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CWDzA0pnaAY

Physiotherapists and Physical Therapists (PTs) work within a wide variety of health settings to improve a broad range of physical problems associated with different 'systems' of the body. In particular they treat neuromuscular (brain and nervous system), musculoskeletal (soft tissues, joints and bones), cardiovascular and respiratory systems (heart and lungs and associated physiology).

Physiotherapists work autonomously, often as a member of a team with other health or social care professionals. Physiotherapy practice is characterised by reflective behaviour and systematic clinical reasoning, both contributing to and underpinning a problem-solving approach to patient-centric care.

People are often referred for physiotherapy by doctors or other health and social care professionals. Increasingly, as a result of changes in health care, people are referring themselves directly to physiotherapists (first-line access) without previously seeing any other health care professional. Trends in Canada and Australia, for example, are even exploring the role of the physiotherapist within the triage system of emergency departments.

History[edit | edit source]

Physicians like Hippocrates, and later Galenus, are believed to have been the first practitioners of physiotherapy, advocating massage, manual therapy techniques and hydrotherapy to treat people in 460 B.C.[4] After the development of orthopaedics in the eighteenth century, machines like the Gymnasticon were developed to treat gout and similar diseases by systematic exercise of the joints, similar to later developments in physiotherapy.[5]

Shoulder Massage: Relief at Museum in Cyrene Libya thought to be 2000 years old

The earliest documented origins of actual physiotherapy as a professional group date back to Per Henrik Ling “Father of Swedish Gymnastics” who founded the Royal Central Institute of Gymnastics (RCIG) in 1813 for massage, manipulation, and exercise. In 1887, PTs were given official registration by Sweden’s National Board of Health and Welfare.

Other countries soon followed. In 1894 four nurses in Great Britain formed the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy.[6] The School of Physiotherapy at the University of Otago in New Zealand in 1913,[7] and the United States' 1914 Reed College in Portland, Oregon, which graduated "reconstruction aides."[8]

Research catalysed the physiotherapy movement. The first physiotherapy research was published in the United States in March 1921 in The PT Review. In the same year, Mary McMillan organised the Physical Therapy Association (now called the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA). 

Treatment through the 1940s primarily consisted of exercise, massage, and traction. Manipulative procedures to the spine and extremity joints began to be practiced, especially in the British Commonwealth countries, in the early 1950s.[9][10] Later that decade, PTs started to move beyond hospital based practice, to outpatient orthopaedic clinics, public schools, college/universities, geriatric settings, rehabilitation centers, hospitals, and medical centers.

Specialisation for physical therapy in the U.S. occurred in 1974, with the Orthopaedic Section of the APTA being formed for those physical therapists specialising in orthopaedics. In the same year, the International Federation of Orthopaedic Manipulative Therapy was formed,[11] which has played an important role in advancing manual therapy worldwide since.

[12]

Presentations[edit | edit source]

Alice Thompson. Becoming a Physiotherapist Is Physiotherapy the career for you?An interactive insight into the profession and a quick guide to getting onto the degree course. 2012

Clinical Specialities[edit | edit source]

Because the body of knowledge of physiotherapy is quite large, PTs tend to specialise in a specific clinical areas. These include:

Worldwide Physiotherapy Practice[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ WCPT. Policy statement: Description of physical therapy. http://www.wcpt.org/policy/ps-descriptionPT#appendix_1
  2. ↑ Chartered Society of Physiotherapy."What is Physiotherapy?". Chartered Society of Physiotherapy. http://www.csp.org.uk/director/public/whatphysiotherapy.cfm. Retrieved 2010-07-10
  3. ↑ Jull, G; Moore, A. Physiotherapy's Identity. Manual Therapy, Volume 18, Issue 6 , Pages 447-448, December 2013
  4. ↑ Wharton MA. Health Care Systems I; Slippery Rock University. 1991
  5. ↑ Sarah Bakewell, "Illustrations from the Wellcome Institute Library: Medical Gymnastics and the Cyriax Collection," Medical History 41 (1997), 487-495.
  6. ↑ Chartered Society of Physiotherapy (n.d.). "History of the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy". Chartered Society of Physiotherapy. http://www.csp.org.uk/director/about/thecsp/history.cfm. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
  7. ↑ Knox, Bruce (2007-01-29). "History of the School of Physiotherapy". School of Physiotherapy Centre for Physiotherapy Research. University of Otago. http://physio.otago.ac.nz/about/history.asp. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
  8. ↑ Reed College (n.d.). "Mission and History". About Reed. Reed College. http://www.reed.edu/about_reed/history.html. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
  9. ↑ McKenzie, R A (1998). The cervical and thoracic spine: mechanical diagnosis and therapy. New Zealand: Spinal Publications Ltd.. pp. 16–20. ISBN 978-0959774672.
  10. ↑ McKenzie, R (2002). "Patient Heal Thyself". Worldwide Spine & Rehabilitation 2 (1): 16–20.
  11. ↑ Lando, Agneta (2003). "History of IFOMT". International Federation Orthopaedic Manipulative Therapists (IFOMT). http://www.ifomt.org/ifomt/about/history. Retrieved 2008-05-29.
  12. ↑ The History of Physiotherapy presented by Daphne Xuan for Physiopedia. Available from https://youtu.be/zU5_4kc0GjY [last accessed 22 March 2022]
Retrieved from "https://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php?title=Physiotherapy_/_Physical_Therapy&oldid=343149"