Physiology and Healing in Sport: Difference between revisions
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== Physical Stress Theory == | == Physical Stress Theory == | ||
The physical stress theory suggests that tissues adapt to physical stresses by modifying their composition and structure to best meet the mechanical demands of routine loading. The direction, magnitude and time of the stressor establishes the overall level of exposure to physical stress. <ref name=":0" /> | The physical stress theory suggests that tissues adapt to physical stresses by modifying their composition and structure to best meet the mechanical demands of routine loading.<ref name=":0" /> This predictable response is different for different types of biological tissues.<ref>Bell, J. Physiology and Healing in Sport. 2022. Plus.</ref> The direction, magnitude and time of the stressor establishes the overall level of exposure to physical stress. <ref name=":0" /> This theory proposes five qualitative responses to physical stress; atrophy, maintenance, hypertrophy, injury and death:<ref name=":0">Mueller MJ, Maluf KS. [https://academic.oup.com/ptj/article/82/4/383/2837004?login=false Tissue adaptation to physical stress: a proposed “Physical Stress Theory” to guide physical therapist practice, education, and research.] Physical therapy. 2002 Apr 1;82(4):383-403.</ref><ref>Higgins JD, Wendland DM. T[https://journals.lww.com/jacpt/Abstract/2015/12000/The_Use_of_the_Physical_Stress_Theory_to_Guide_the.3.aspx he Use of the Physical Stress Theory to Guide the Rehabilitation of a Patient With Bilateral Suspected Deep Tissue Injuries and Hip Repair]. Journal of Acute Care Physical Therapy. 2015 Dec 1;6(3):87-92.</ref> | ||
This theory proposes five qualitative responses to physical stress; atrophy, maintenance, hypertrophy, injury and death:<ref name=":0">Mueller MJ, Maluf KS. [https://academic.oup.com/ptj/article/82/4/383/2837004?login=false Tissue adaptation to physical stress: a proposed “Physical Stress Theory” to guide physical therapist practice, education, and research.] Physical therapy. 2002 Apr 1;82(4):383-403.</ref><ref>Higgins JD, Wendland DM. T[https://journals.lww.com/jacpt/Abstract/2015/12000/The_Use_of_the_Physical_Stress_Theory_to_Guide_the.3.aspx he Use of the Physical Stress Theory to Guide the Rehabilitation of a Patient With Bilateral Suspected Deep Tissue Injuries and Hip Repair]. Journal of Acute Care Physical Therapy. 2015 Dec 1;6(3):87-92.</ref> | |||
* Atrophy: physical stress levels that are lower than maintenance range; subsequent stresses to tissues lead to decreased tolerance | * Atrophy: physical stress levels that are lower than maintenance range; subsequent stresses to tissues lead to decreased tolerance | ||
* No apparent change: stressors that are in the maintenance range | * No apparent change: stressors that are in the maintenance range | ||
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[[File:Physical Stress theory.png|thumb|alt=|center]] | [[File:Physical Stress theory.png|thumb|alt=|center]] | ||
=== Amount of Stress === | |||
Progressive overload refers to maintaining an adequate stimulus to match adaptive capacity.<ref>Plotkin D, Coleman M, Van Every D, Maldonado J, Oberlin D, Israetel M, Feather J, Alto A, Vigotsky AD, Schoenfeld BJ. [https://peerj.com/articles/14142/ Progressive overload without progressing load? The effects of load or repetition progression on muscular adaptations]. PeerJ. 2022 Sep 30;10:e14142.</ref> However, suboptimal adaptations and negative effects on load tolerance can occur if the load is progressed too quickly<ref>Impellizzeri FM, Menaspà P, Coutts AJ, Kalkhoven J, Menaspà MJ. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7534945/ Training load and its role in injury prevention, part I: back to the future]. Journal of athletic training. 2020 Sep;55(9):885-92.</ref>. The optimal amount of stress should advance an athlete from homeostasis into over-reaching or acute fatigue. With adequate recovery time, adaptation and return to homeostasis occurs at a higher level of fitness. Conversely, inadequate recovery or too much stress will impede adaptation potentially facilitating injury.<ref name=":2">Hamlin MJ, Wilkes D, Elliot CA, Lizamore CA, Kathiravel Y. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6361803/ Monitoring training loads and perceived stress in young elite university athletes]. Frontiers in physiology. 2019 Jan 29;10:34.</ref><ref>Herring SA, Ben Kibler W, Putukian M, Berkoff DJ, Bytomski J, Carson E, Chang CJ, Coppel D. [https://journals.lww.com/acsm-csmr/fulltext/2019/04000/load,_overload,_and_recovery_in_the_athlete_.12.aspx Load, overload, and recovery in the athlete: Select issues for the team physician-A consensus statement]. Current Sports Medicine Reports. 2019 Apr 1;18(4):141-8.</ref> Injury may occur due to a high-magnitude stress applied for a brief period, a moderate-magnitude stress applied to the tissue multiple times and/or a low-magnitude stress applied for a long duration.<ref name=":0" /> Injured tissues become less tolerant to stress and present with inflammation immediately following injury. These tissues need to be protected from additional excessive stress until the acute inflammation abates.<ref name=":0" /> To learn more read [[Inflammation Acute and Chronic|Inflammation]] and [[Soft Tissue Healing|Soft Tissue Healing.]] | |||
=== Rehabilitation Principles === | |||
It has been proposed by Glasgow et al, (2015)<ref name=":1">Glasgow P, Phillips N, Bleakley C. O[https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/49/5/278?casa_token=E_JL5YA8-jcAAAAA%3Axq40Au6qO5JytLTlspAVXKTBOORLGI58J4rnnswdEAjA3GmP5I2pojxtC6Qqt5H5fnFj6nv7FGOb ptimal loading: key variables and mechanisms.] British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2015 Mar 1;49(5):278-9.</ref> that rehabilitation optimal loading should integrate the entire neuromusculoskeletal system and should incorporate these 7 elements: | It has been proposed by Glasgow et al, (2015)<ref name=":1">Glasgow P, Phillips N, Bleakley C. O[https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/49/5/278?casa_token=E_JL5YA8-jcAAAAA%3Axq40Au6qO5JytLTlspAVXKTBOORLGI58J4rnnswdEAjA3GmP5I2pojxtC6Qqt5H5fnFj6nv7FGOb ptimal loading: key variables and mechanisms.] British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2015 Mar 1;49(5):278-9.</ref> that rehabilitation optimal loading should integrate the entire neuromusculoskeletal system and should incorporate these 7 elements: | ||
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# incorporate neural overload; (6) adapt to individual characteristics | # incorporate neural overload; (6) adapt to individual characteristics | ||
# be functional<ref name=":1" /> | # be functional<ref name=":1" /> | ||
To maintain homeostasis in each athlete, monitoring individual stress response to training and competition is necessary.<ref name=":2" /> | |||
<nowiki>**</nowiki> Manipulation of load, frequency, rest and volume can maximise hypertrophic response.<ref>Scarpelli MC, Nóbrega SR, Santanielo N, Alvarez IF, Otoboni GB, Ugrinowitsch C, Libardi CA. [https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Fulltext/2022/04000/Muscle_Hypertrophy_Response_Is_Affected_by.40.aspx Muscle hypertrophy response is affected by previous resistance training volume in trained individuals.] Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2022 Apr 8;36(4):1153-7.</ref> To learn more about exercise priniciples, see [[Physiology In Sport|Physiology In Sport.]] | |||
== General Adaptation Syndrome == | == General Adaptation Syndrome == | ||
Revision as of 17:12, 12 December 2022
Introduction[edit | edit source]
Stress is defined as any intrinsic or extrinsic stimulus that provokes a biological response. Stress response is the compensatory reaction to the stressor. Based on the severity, timing and type of evoked stimulus, stress can cause diverse actions on the body.[1] The severity of the physiological reaction to a stimulus is situationally dependent and highly individual.[2]
Physical Stress Theory[edit | edit source]
The physical stress theory suggests that tissues adapt to physical stresses by modifying their composition and structure to best meet the mechanical demands of routine loading.[3] This predictable response is different for different types of biological tissues.[4] The direction, magnitude and time of the stressor establishes the overall level of exposure to physical stress. [3] This theory proposes five qualitative responses to physical stress; atrophy, maintenance, hypertrophy, injury and death:[3][5]
- Atrophy: physical stress levels that are lower than maintenance range; subsequent stresses to tissues lead to decreased tolerance
- No apparent change: stressors that are in the maintenance range
- hypertrophy: stressors that exceed the maintenance range (overload); subsequent stress leads tissue to increased tolerance
- tissue injury: excessively high levels of physical stress
- tissue death: extreme deviations from the maintenance stress range that exceed the adaptive capacity of tissues[3]
Amount of Stress[edit | edit source]
Progressive overload refers to maintaining an adequate stimulus to match adaptive capacity.[6] However, suboptimal adaptations and negative effects on load tolerance can occur if the load is progressed too quickly[7]. The optimal amount of stress should advance an athlete from homeostasis into over-reaching or acute fatigue. With adequate recovery time, adaptation and return to homeostasis occurs at a higher level of fitness. Conversely, inadequate recovery or too much stress will impede adaptation potentially facilitating injury.[8][9] Injury may occur due to a high-magnitude stress applied for a brief period, a moderate-magnitude stress applied to the tissue multiple times and/or a low-magnitude stress applied for a long duration.[3] Injured tissues become less tolerant to stress and present with inflammation immediately following injury. These tissues need to be protected from additional excessive stress until the acute inflammation abates.[3] To learn more read Inflammation and Soft Tissue Healing.
Rehabilitation Principles[edit | edit source]
It has been proposed by Glasgow et al, (2015)[10] that rehabilitation optimal loading should integrate the entire neuromusculoskeletal system and should incorporate these 7 elements:
- target the appropriate tissues
- ensure loading through the functional ranges
- balance compressive, tensile, and shear loading
- vary the magnitude, direction, duration, and intensity
- incorporate neural overload; (6) adapt to individual characteristics
- be functional[10]
To maintain homeostasis in each athlete, monitoring individual stress response to training and competition is necessary.[8]
** Manipulation of load, frequency, rest and volume can maximise hypertrophic response.[11] To learn more about exercise priniciples, see Physiology In Sport.
General Adaptation Syndrome[edit | edit source]
The general adaptation syndrome refers to a chain of reactions the body goes through in response to external stress or stressors. This theory proposes that the body will go three three general stages that are not specific to the stressor.[12]
- Alarm / Reaction Phase: homeostasis is disturbed by a stressor; autonomous nervous system increases; very short period of time
- Resistance / Adaptation Phase: fighting or fleeing in response to stress; can last for a few moments, days or months, sometimes years; if too long without relaxation, become irritable, lethargic, concentration lapses; after resistance is done, recovery ensues; if
- Exhaustion Phase: no opportunity to recover or environment is chronic; show signs of adaptation failure; systems break down; more susceptible to a range of biopsychosocial symptoms; persist in this functioning level, death can occur [12]
Using this theory in sport, the mix of training routines with adequate rest is critical to produce optimal adaptation. [13]
Resources[edit | edit source]
- General Principles of Exercise Rehabilitation
- Principles of Exercise Physiology and Adaptation
- Neuromuscular Adaptations to Exercise
- Bone Healing
- Soft Tissue Healing
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Yaribeygi H, Panahi Y, Sahraei H, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. The impact of stress on body function: A review. EXCLI journal. 2017;16:1057.
- ↑ Anderson GS, Di Nota PM, Metz GA, Andersen JP. The impact of acute stress physiology on skilled motor performance: Implications for policing. Frontiers in psychology. 2019 Nov 7;10:2501.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Mueller MJ, Maluf KS. Tissue adaptation to physical stress: a proposed “Physical Stress Theory” to guide physical therapist practice, education, and research. Physical therapy. 2002 Apr 1;82(4):383-403.
- ↑ Bell, J. Physiology and Healing in Sport. 2022. Plus.
- ↑ Higgins JD, Wendland DM. The Use of the Physical Stress Theory to Guide the Rehabilitation of a Patient With Bilateral Suspected Deep Tissue Injuries and Hip Repair. Journal of Acute Care Physical Therapy. 2015 Dec 1;6(3):87-92.
- ↑ Plotkin D, Coleman M, Van Every D, Maldonado J, Oberlin D, Israetel M, Feather J, Alto A, Vigotsky AD, Schoenfeld BJ. Progressive overload without progressing load? The effects of load or repetition progression on muscular adaptations. PeerJ. 2022 Sep 30;10:e14142.
- ↑ Impellizzeri FM, Menaspà P, Coutts AJ, Kalkhoven J, Menaspà MJ. Training load and its role in injury prevention, part I: back to the future. Journal of athletic training. 2020 Sep;55(9):885-92.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Hamlin MJ, Wilkes D, Elliot CA, Lizamore CA, Kathiravel Y. Monitoring training loads and perceived stress in young elite university athletes. Frontiers in physiology. 2019 Jan 29;10:34.
- ↑ Herring SA, Ben Kibler W, Putukian M, Berkoff DJ, Bytomski J, Carson E, Chang CJ, Coppel D. Load, overload, and recovery in the athlete: Select issues for the team physician-A consensus statement. Current Sports Medicine Reports. 2019 Apr 1;18(4):141-8.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Glasgow P, Phillips N, Bleakley C. Optimal loading: key variables and mechanisms. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2015 Mar 1;49(5):278-9.
- ↑ Scarpelli MC, Nóbrega SR, Santanielo N, Alvarez IF, Otoboni GB, Ugrinowitsch C, Libardi CA. Muscle hypertrophy response is affected by previous resistance training volume in trained individuals. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2022 Apr 8;36(4):1153-7.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Crevecoeur GU. A system approach to the General Adaptation Syndrome. Basics on Mechanisms of Aging and Evolution. 2016;2016:1-4.
- ↑ Buckner SL, Mouser JG, Dankel SJ, Jessee MB, Mattocks KT, Loenneke JP. The general adaptation syndrome: potential misapplications to resistance exercise. Journal of science and medicine in sport. 2017 Nov 1;20(11):1015-7.
