Single Leg Stance Test: Difference between revisions

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<div class="noeditbox">Welcome to  [[Arkansas Colleges of Health Education School of Physical Therapy Musculoskeletal 1 Project]].  This space was created by and for the students at Arkansas Colleges of Health Education School in the United States. Please do not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!!</div><div class="editorbox">
'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Lucinda hampton|Lucinda hampton]]
'''Original Editor '''- [[User:Lucinda hampton|Lucinda hampton]]


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== Purpose ==
== Purpose ==
The Single leg Stance (SLS) Test is used to assess static postural and balance control.
*
* The Single Leg Stance (SLS) Test is used to assess static postural and balance control. The SLS Test  is a balance assessment that is widely used in clinical settings to monitor neurological and musculoskeletal conditions.[[File:Single Leg Stance.jpg|border|thumb|412x412px]]
* Abnormal values may indicate conditions such as peripheral neuropathy, intermittent claudication, or other conditions that may impair balance.<ref name=":1">Springer, B. A., Marin, R. H., Cyhan, T., Roberts, H., & Gill, N. W. (2007). Normative Values for the Unipedal Stance Test with Eyes Open and Closed. ''Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy'', ''30''(1), 8–15. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1519/00139143-200704000-00003</nowiki></ref>
* The SLS Test will quantify balance status for those who are at increased risks for fall.<ref name=":1" />


Balance assessments are a valuable clinical tool for monitoring neurological and musculoskeletal status as well as for managing fall risk. Balance disorders occur in up to 60% of individuals following a traumatic brain injury1 and in up to 50% in the general geriatric population.2 Strokes may lead to serious balance impairment as a result of hemiplegia or hemiparesis.3 Poor balance is a major risk factor for falling and tends to worsen with aging. Neurological conditions like multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, and dementia can progressively impair postural stability.<ref>Zhang C, Talaber A, Truong M, Vargas BB. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6831964/ KD Balance: An objective measure of balance in tandem and double leg stances.] Digital Health. 2019 Oct;5:2055207619885573.Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6831964/ (accessed 13.12.2020)</ref>
== Method ==
* Performed with eyes open and hands on the hips.
* Patient stands on one leg unassisted; time begins when opposite foot leaves the ground; time stops immediately when opposite foot touches the ground and/or when hands leave the hips.
* If unable to stand for 5 seconds or less client at greater risk of injury from [[Falls Risk Assessment Tool (FRAT): An Overview to Assist Understanding and Conduction|fall]].<ref>Abilitiy lab [https://www.sralab.org/rehabilitation-measures/single-leg-stance-or-one-legged-stance-test SLS] Available from:https://www.sralab.org/rehabilitation-measures/single-leg-stance-or-one-legged-stance-test (last accessed 13.12.2020)</ref>


Ability to control anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) prior to lifting one leg while standing in unsupported equilibrium represents a complex motor task that is significantly impaired by idiopathic Parkinson’s disease<ref>Bonora G, Mancini M, Carpinella I, Chiari L, Ferrarin M, Nutt JG, Horak FB. Investigation of anticipatory postural adjustments during one-leg stance using inertial sensors: evidence from subjects with Parkinsonism. Frontiers in neurology. 2017 Jul 25;8:361.Available from:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2017.00361/full (accessed 13.12.2020)</ref>
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== Age-Related Normative Values ==


Control of standing balance is an important indicator of physical functioning and risk of falling. It is well known that balance is impaired with increasing age (1, 2) and with lower extremity pathology. Knee osteoarthritis (OA), one of the most common chronic health conditions, is associated with significant impairment and disability (3), and predominantly affects the elderly population<ref>Hunt MA, McManus FJ, Hinman RS, Bennell KL. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/acr.20046 Predictors of single‐leg standing balance in individuals with medial knee osteoarthritis]. Arthritis care & research. 2010 Apr;62(4):496-500. Available from:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/acr.20046 (accessed 13.12.2020)</ref>
*


== Sub Heading 2 ==
* 18-39 years-old (eyes open): 43 seconds
Performed with eyes open and hands on the hips.
* 18-39 years-old (eyes closed): 9 seconds
* 40-49 years-old (eyes open): 40 seconds
* 40-49 years-old (eyes closed): 7 seconds
* 50-59 years-old (eyes open): 37 seconds
* 50-59 years-old (eyes closed): 4.8 seconds 
* 60-69 years-old (eyes open): 26.9 seconds
* 60-69 years-old (eyes closed): 2.8 seconds
* 70-79 years-old (eyes open): 18.3 seconds
* 70-79 years-old (eyes closed): 2 seconds
* 80-99 years-old (eyes open): 5.6 seconds
* 80-99 years-old (eyes closed): 1 second


Client must stand unassisted on one leg, timed from the time the other foot leaves the ground till when the foot touches the ground again or the arms leave the hips.
== Clinical Implications ==
Ability to control anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) prior to lifting one leg while standing in unsupported equilibrium represents a complex motor task that is significantly impaired by:
* Neurological conditions like [[Multiple Sclerosis (MS)|multiple sclerosis]], [[Parkinson's|Parkinson’s disease]], [[Alzheimer's Disease|Alzheimer’s]] disease, and [[dementia]]
* [[Stroke]]
* [[Traumatic Brain Injury|Traumatic brain injury]]
* General [[Older People - An Introduction|geriatric]] population
* Lower extremity pathology like [[Knee Osteoarthritis|knee osteoarthritis]] (OA), one of the most common [[Chronic Disease|chronic health conditions]], is associated with significant impairment and disability, and predominantly affects the elderly population<ref>Hunt MA, McManus FJ, Hinman RS, Bennell KL. [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/acr.20046 Predictors of single‐leg standing balance in individuals with medial knee osteoarthritis]. Arthritis care & research. 2010 Apr;62(4):496-500. Available from:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/acr.20046 (accessed 13.12.2020)</ref><ref name=":0">Zhang C, Talaber A, Truong M, Vargas BB. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6831964/ KD Balance: An objective measure of balance in tandem and double leg stances.] Digital Health. 2019 Oct;5:2055207619885573.Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6831964/ (accessed 13.12.2020)</ref><ref>Bonora G, Mancini M, Carpinella I, Chiari L, Ferrarin M, Nutt JG, Horak FB. Investigation of anticipatory postural adjustments during one-leg stance using inertial sensors: evidence from subjects with Parkinsonism. Frontiers in neurology. 2017 Jul 25;8:361.Available from:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2017.00361/full (accessed 13.12.2020)</ref>.


If unable to stand for 5 seconds or less client at greater risk of injury from fall.<ref>Abilitiy lab [https://www.sralab.org/rehabilitation-measures/single-leg-stance-or-one-legged-stance-test SLS] Available from:https://www.sralab.org/rehabilitation-measures/single-leg-stance-or-one-legged-stance-test (last accessed 13.12.2020)</ref>
== Limitations ==
 
Single leg stance test normative values are minimal due to limited data.
== Sub Heading 3 ==
 
== Resources  ==
*bulleted list
*x
or
 
#numbered list
#x


== References  ==
== References  ==
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[[Category:Objective Assessment]]
[[Category:Objective Assessment]]
[[Category:Older People/Geriatrics]]
[[Category:Older People/Geriatrics]]
[[Category:Balance - Special Tests]]

Revision as of 20:56, 7 April 2023

Welcome to  Arkansas Colleges of Health Education School of Physical Therapy Musculoskeletal 1 Project.  This space was created by and for the students at Arkansas Colleges of Health Education School in the United States. Please do not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!!

Original Editor - Lucinda hampton

Top Contributors - Lucinda hampton, Clara Foster, Christine Ibeagi, Jessyca Brown, Aminat Abolade, Kim Jackson and Wanda van Niekerk  

Purpose[edit | edit source]

  • The Single Leg Stance (SLS) Test is used to assess static postural and balance control. The SLS Test is a balance assessment that is widely used in clinical settings to monitor neurological and musculoskeletal conditions.
    Single Leg Stance.jpg
  • Abnormal values may indicate conditions such as peripheral neuropathy, intermittent claudication, or other conditions that may impair balance.[1]
  • The SLS Test will quantify balance status for those who are at increased risks for fall.[1]

Method[edit | edit source]

  • Performed with eyes open and hands on the hips.
  • Patient stands on one leg unassisted; time begins when opposite foot leaves the ground; time stops immediately when opposite foot touches the ground and/or when hands leave the hips.
  • If unable to stand for 5 seconds or less client at greater risk of injury from fall.[2]

Age-Related Normative Values[edit | edit source]

  • 18-39 years-old (eyes open): 43 seconds
  • 18-39 years-old (eyes closed): 9 seconds
  • 40-49 years-old (eyes open): 40 seconds
  • 40-49 years-old (eyes closed): 7 seconds
  • 50-59 years-old (eyes open): 37 seconds
  • 50-59 years-old (eyes closed): 4.8 seconds
  • 60-69 years-old (eyes open): 26.9 seconds
  • 60-69 years-old (eyes closed): 2.8 seconds
  • 70-79 years-old (eyes open): 18.3 seconds
  • 70-79 years-old (eyes closed): 2 seconds
  • 80-99 years-old (eyes open): 5.6 seconds
  • 80-99 years-old (eyes closed): 1 second

Clinical Implications[edit | edit source]

Ability to control anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) prior to lifting one leg while standing in unsupported equilibrium represents a complex motor task that is significantly impaired by:

Limitations[edit | edit source]

Single leg stance test normative values are minimal due to limited data.

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Springer, B. A., Marin, R. H., Cyhan, T., Roberts, H., & Gill, N. W. (2007). Normative Values for the Unipedal Stance Test with Eyes Open and Closed. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, 30(1), 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1519/00139143-200704000-00003
  2. ↑ Abilitiy lab SLS Available from:https://www.sralab.org/rehabilitation-measures/single-leg-stance-or-one-legged-stance-test (last accessed 13.12.2020)
  3. ↑ Hunt MA, McManus FJ, Hinman RS, Bennell KL. Predictors of single‐leg standing balance in individuals with medial knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis care & research. 2010 Apr;62(4):496-500. Available from:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/acr.20046 (accessed 13.12.2020)
  4. ↑ Zhang C, Talaber A, Truong M, Vargas BB. KD Balance: An objective measure of balance in tandem and double leg stances. Digital Health. 2019 Oct;5:2055207619885573.Available from:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6831964/ (accessed 13.12.2020)
  5. ↑ Bonora G, Mancini M, Carpinella I, Chiari L, Ferrarin M, Nutt JG, Horak FB. Investigation of anticipatory postural adjustments during one-leg stance using inertial sensors: evidence from subjects with Parkinsonism. Frontiers in neurology. 2017 Jul 25;8:361.Available from:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2017.00361/full (accessed 13.12.2020)
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