Total Hip Replacement

Original Editors - Annelies Beckers, Vincent Everaert

Top Contributors - Lucinda hampton, Annelies Beckers, Leana Louw, Jessie Tourwe, Didzis Rozenbergs, Vincent Everaert, Kim Jackson, Admin, Yana Motte, Scott Buxton, Vidya Acharya, Johnathan Fahrner, Liesel Muyelle, Liese Bosman, Rebecca Willis, George Prudden, Aminat Abolade, Blessed Denzel Vhudzijena, Kenny Bosmans, Laura Mertens, Uchechukwu Chukwuemeka, Shaimaa Eldib, Evan Thomas, Redisha Jakibanjar, Samuel Adedigba, Lauren Lopez, Daniele Barilla, WikiSysop, Heleen.Mergan, Karen Wilson and 127.0.0.1

Description

THR X-ray

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is one of the most cost-effective and consistently successful surgeries performed in orthopaedics.  THA provides reliable outcomes for patients’ suffering from end-stage degenerative hip osteoarthritis (OA), specifically pain relief, functional restoration, and overall improved quality of life. Once considered a procedure limited to the elderly, low-demand patients, THA is becoming an increasingly popular procedure performed in younger patient populations.

A total hip replacement is a surgical procedure in which both damaged surfaces of the hip joint are replaced with prosthetic substitutes. It was first performed in the 1960's and is said to be one of the most successful surgeries in the last few decades.

During a hip replacement, the head of the femur is replaced with a prosthetic head on a shaft, and the joint surface of the acetabulum is lined with a bowl-shaped synthetic joint surface. A partial replacement can also be done for neck of femur fractures (mostly displaced) where only the femoral part is replaced.

Clinically Relevant Anatomy

The hip is a ball and socket joint, meaning that the head of the femur fits into the acetabulum of the pelvis. The ball is the femoral head which fits into the socket, the acetabular part of the pelvis. This ball and socket design allows the poly-axial movement seen at the hip. The acetabulum is cup-shaped, providing the articular surface for the head of the femur to move within. The head of the femur is gripped by the acetabulum beyond its maximum diameter. The head of the femur and the inside of the acetabulum are covered with a layer of hyaline cartilage. Once this cartilage is worn away or damaged (usually by arthritis), the underlying bone is exposed, resulting in pain, stiffness and possibly shortening of the affected leg. By replacing these surfaces the aim is to reduce pain and stiffness to restore an active and pain-free life.

Epidemiology/Etiology

Total hip replacement is a frequently done procedure. Although mostly done electively, it is also used to in the management of hip fractures (mostly displaced neck of femur fractures) caused by trauma (e.g. fall) or pathological processes. Osteoporosis and osteomalacia are significant factors responsible for the high incidence of hip fractures within the elderly population. Arthritis is a common degenerative process occurring in joints within this elderly population, with osteoarthritis being the most common of the varieties. Due to the high degree of success at reinstating independence and mobility of osteoarthritis sufferers, total hip replacement procedures have become a well-accepted treatment modality for hip degeneration secondary to osteoarthritis. It is also a treatment for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis but only if all the other options have failed.

Clinical Presentation

• 
  Neck of femur fractures: Often unable to walk, complains of vague pain in the knee, thigh, groin, back or buttock and difficulty of weight bearing . Image 3-Impacted femur neck on X-ray.
• Osteoarthritis: Sensible or audible crepitations on movement, inability to assume the neutral anatomical position. Often also linked with painful and/or decreased range of motion. X-ray findings commonly include decreased joint space, subchondral sclerosis, cyst formation and osteophytes.
• Rheumatoid arthritis: Range of all hip movements are impaired, movement is painful, pain and stiffness when the activity is resumed after resting.  

• Avascular necrosis: Similar signs as with osteoarthritis, often also with referred knee pain.

Indications for Surgery

The most common indication for THA includes end-stage, symptomatic hip OA. In addition, hip (osteonecrosis) ON, congenital hip disorders including hip dysplasia, and inflammatory arthritic conditions are not uncommon reasons for performing THA. Hip ON, on average, presents in the younger patient population (35 to 50 years of age) and accounts for approximately 10% of annual THAs. Some common indications include:

• 
  Osteoarthritis (see image 4)
• Post-traumatic arthritis
• Rheumatoid arthritis including juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
• Avascular necrosis
• Hardware failure after internal fixation of hip fractures
• Congenital hip dislocations and dysplasia

Contraindications for Surgery

THA is contraindicated in the following clinical scenarios:

• Local: Hip infection or sepsis
• Remote (i.e. extra-articularticular) active, ongoing infection or bacteremia
• Severe cases of vascular dysfunction

</article><article></article>

Diagnostic Procedures

The diagnosis of patients requiring total hip replacement surgery is mostly symptom-based. Pain, loss of range of motion and functional impairments are mostly considered here. A comprehensive differential diagnosis should also be made for patients complaining of hip pain, as it can often be referred from the spine or pelvis and have no connection to the hip joint itself. An orthopaedic surgeon will guide the diagnosis and management process.

Consultation with an orthopaedic surgeon would include the following: (Also see the page for hip examination)

• Observation
• Subjective interview:
  • Complaints of pain, deformity, stiffness and/or limp
  • Previous history linked to hip pain (congenital or childhood problems, previous trauma)
• Physical examination:
  • Standing
  • Trendelenberg test
  • Gait
  • Supine (including leg length)
• Objective observation (posture, deformities, muscle atrophy)
• Range of motion

There are specific ways to diagnose osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and hip fracture but for those subjects see the links above.

Special Investigations

• X-rays: AP pelvis for hips

This would be the first and, in a lot of cases, only radiological investigations requested, as a lot of the diagnoses in need of a hip replacement can be diagnosed or confirmed by this. This will guide the need for further investigations if needed.

• Other: CT, MRI

Prosthesis

Hip prosthesis (titanium), with a ceramic head and polyethylene acetabular cup

THA prosthetic designs have been evolving since their inception.

Contemporary THA techniques have evolved into press-fit femoral and acetabular components. In general, femoral stems can be categorized into the following general designs:

• Press-fit, proximally coated, distal taper (dual or single tapered in medial-lateral and/or anterior-posterior planes)
• Press-fit, extensively coated, diaphyseal engaging
• Press-fit, Modular stems: Modularity junction options include: (1) head-neck, (2) neck-stem, (3) stem-sleeve, and (4) mid-stem
• Cemented femoral stems: Cobalt-chrome stems are the preferred material to promote cement bonding

Options for bearing surfaces include:

• Metal-on-polyethylene (MoP): MoP has the longest track record of all bearing surfaces at the lowest cost
• Ceramic-on-polyethylene (CoP): becoming an increasingly popular option
• Ceramic-on-ceramic (CoC): CoC has the best wear properties of all THA bearing surfaces
• Metal-on-metal (MoM): Although falling out of favor, MoM has historically demonstrated better wear properties from its MoP counterpart. MoM has lower linear-wear rates and decreased volume of particles generated. However, the potential for pseudotumor development as well as metallosis-based reactions (type-IV delayed hypersensitivity reactions) has resulted in a decline in the use of MoM. MoM is also contraindicated in pregnant women, patients with renal disease, and patients at risk of metal hypersensitivity.

Important components of prosthesis are friction-coefficient, survival, stability against dislocation and fixation in bone tissue. In some cases there can be formation of osteonecrosis due to erosion of the two components rubbing against each other. Recent studies have shown that Vitamin E infused polyethylene provides 95% less wear when compared to other liners.

Surgical Approaches

1. Posterior

This is the most common approach for primary and revision THA cases. This dissection does not utilize a true internervous plane. The intermuscular interval involves blunt dissection of the gluteus maximus fibers and sharp incision of the fascia lata distally. The deep dissection involves meticulous dissection of the short external rotators and capsule. A major advantage of this approach is the avoidance of the hip abductors.

2. Direct Anterior (DA)

The DA approach is becoming increasingly popular among THA surgeons. The internervous interval is between the tensor fascia lata (TFL, superior gluteal nerve) and sartorius (femoral nerve) on the superficial end, and the gluteus medius (superficial gluteal nerve) and rectus femoris (RF, femoral nerve) on the deep side. DA THA advocates cite the theoretical decreased hip dislocation rates in the postoperative period and the avoidance of the hip abduction musculature.

3. Anterolateral (Watson-Jones)

Compared to the other approaches, the anterolateral (AL) approach is the least commonly used approach secondary to its violation of the hip abductor mechanism. The interval exploited includes that of the TFL and gluteus medius musculature. This may lead to a postoperative limp at the tradeoff of a theoretically decreased dislocation rate.

4. Direct lateral (Hardinge)

This approach, also known as the trangluteal approach, does not use a true internervous plane. Superficial dissection splits the fascia lata to reach the gluteus medius. The superior gluteal nerve enters the gluteal medius muscle belly at approximately 3-5 cm proximal to the greater trochanter. Proximal dissection may result in nerve injury, leading to postoperative Trendelenburg gait, characterized by compensatory movements to address hip abductor weakness. The transgluteal approach has been cited as having the lowest dislocation rate at 0.55%, compared to 3.23% for the posterior approach and 2.18% for the anterolateral approach

Posterior approach

• Minimally Invasive Approaches (e.g. direct anterior approach)

The use of minimally invasive surgery is becoming popular all around the world, due to the quicker recovery rates and reduced postoperative pain. Long term follow-up and comparison studies are still needed in this field.

Complications

The following are some major complications following THA.

• THA Dislocation About 70% of THA dislocations occur within the first month following index surgery. The overall incidence is about 1% to 3%. Risk factors include: Prior hip surgery (most significant independent risk factor for dislocation); Elderly age (older than 70 years); Component malpositioning: Excessive anteversion results in anterior dislocation and excessive retroversion results in posterior dislocation; Neuromuscular conditions/disorders (for example, Parkinson disease); Drug/alcohol abuse. Recurrent THA dislocations often result in revision THA surgery with component revision.
• THA Periprosthetic Fracture. THA periprosthetic fractures (PPFs) are increasing in incidence with the overall increased incidence of procedures in younger patient populations. Intraoperative fractures can occur and involve either the acetabulum and/or femur.
• THA Aseptic Loosening. Aseptic loosening is the result of a confluence of steps involving particulate debris formation, prosthesis micromotion, and macrophage activated osteolysis. Treatment requires serial imaging and radiographs and/or CT imaging for preoperative planning. Persistent pain requires revision THA surgery.
• THA Prosthetic Joint Infection (PJI) The incidence of prosthetic total hip infection following primary THA is approximately 1% to 2%. Risk factors include patient-specific lifestyle factors (morbid obesity, smoking, intravenous [IV] drug use and abuse, alcohol abuse, and poor oral hygiene). Other risk factors include patients with a past medical history consisting of uncontrolled diabetes, chronic renal and/or liver disease, malnutrition, and HIV (CD4 counts less than 400).
• Wound Complications. The THA postoperative wound complication spectrum ranges from superficial surgical infections (SSIs) such as cellulitis, superficial dehiscence, and/or delayed wound healing, to deep infections resulting in full-thickness necrosis. Deep infections result in returns to the operating room for irrigation, debridement (incision and drainage) and depending on the timing of the infection, may require explant of THA components.
• Venous thromboembnolism events (VTE). Pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT), together referred to as venous thromboembolism (VTE), comprise the most dreaded complications following THA. The median incidence on in-hospital VTE events during the index admission following THA is approximately 0.6%, increasing to up to 2.5% in total joint revision surgeries
• Melallosis. A complication that arises from metal corrosion and release of debris. This causes a massive local cytokine release with resulting inflammation. Systemically it can manifest in many ways. The only treatment is revision surgery.

Other Complications and Considerations

• Nerve injury: Direct lateral approach - superior gluteal nerve, femoral nerve; Direct anterior approach - femoral cutaneous nerve; Posterior approach - sciatic nerve
• Leg Length Discrepancy (LLD)
• Iliopsoas impingement
• Heterotopic ossification
• Vascular injury

Physiotherapy Management

Precautions and Contraindications

Patients are at risk of hip dislocation after replacement as a result of the trauma to the hip stabilizers of the hip (capsule, ligaments and muscles) as well as due to the size difference of the prosthesis to the bones. Reduced size of the prosthetic femur head, when compared to the average human femur head, makes it easier to dislocate until the stabilizing tissues have healed and adapted to this smaller size. This generally takes up to 6 weeks to heal.

Posterior Approach

• No combination of the following hip movements on the operated side:
  • Flexion > 90 degrees
  • Internal rotation past neutral
  • Adduction past midline
• Weight bearing restrictions as per surgeon (mostly partial to full weight-bearing for 6 weeks after surgery)

Anterior Approach

Hip replacements following this surgical approach is generally more stable. No specific ranges are currently linked to the precaution movements, as surgeon preference should also be taken into account.

• Patients are encouraged to avoid a) excessive ranges and b) combination of the following hip movements on the operated side:
  • Extension
  • Abduction
  • External rotation
• Weight bearing restrictions as per surgeon (usually less strict than with posterior approach surgery and patients are able/allowed to mobilize unaided sooner)

Pre-operative

Prescribing preoperative exercise as soon as people are approved for hip surgery could play an important role towards improving preoperative quality of life, because people can wait many months for surgery and might experience further deterioration in health-related quality of life during long waits. Level 2b evidence shows that physiotherapy and educational therapy may be useful for end-stage osteoarthritis. A study on a 6 week education and exercise programme has shown significant and sustained improvements in pain and disability on patients wait-listed for joint replacement surgery. Further positive results included improvements in function, knowledge and psycho-social aspects.

A pre-operative assessment and treatment session is very helpful in the planning of the post-operative management of patients following a total hip replacement. Benefits include decreased length of stay,decreased anxiety levels, improved self-confidence and establishing a relationship of trust between the physiotherapist and patient early on. Further benefits include improved quality of life and psychological health. It also helps to develop a patient-specific rehabilitation programme to follow post-operative, taking assessment findings into consideration. The main factors defining the therapy management are the surgical approach and the general state of the patient. Whether the patient desires to gain physical fitness or wishes to recover for recreational activity should also be taken into account when establishing the rehabilitation programme.

Research has shown that a combination of verbal explanation and written pamphlets is the best method for health education. It is very important to incorporate this into the pre-operative physiotherapy management of patients prior to total hip replacements. Pre-operative education on precautions aislikned to better post-operative adherence.

Assessment

• Subjective history
• Range of motion
• Muscle power
• Circulation
• Mobility and function

Treatment

• Education and advice:
  • Patient information booklet
  • Precautions and contraindications
  • Rehabilitation process
  • Goals & expectations
  • Functional/ADL adaptions
  • Safety principles
• Encourage to stop smoking if applicable
• Discharge planning
• Teach:
  • Bed exercises
  • Transfers in and out of bed (within precautions)
• Gait re-education with mobility assestive device (crutches vs walking frame vs rollator)
• Stair climbing

Post-operative

The aim of post-operative rehabilitation is to address the functional needs of the patient (e.g. start mobilizing) and to improve strength and range of motion. This starts off as an assisted process, but the aim is to get the patient as functional as possible prior to discharge. As a result of the underlying pre-operative pathology, patients may present with muscle atrophy and loss of strength, particularly in the gluteus medius and quadriceps muscles. The result of the loss of strength is that the elderly are less independent. Although the surgery will correct the joint problems, any associated muscle weakness that was present before the surgery will remain and require post-operative rehabilitation. Research has shown hip abductor weakness after surgery is a major risk associated with joint instability and prosthetic loosening. Early postoperative rehabilitation after a total hip replacement focuses on resorting mobility, strength, flexibility and reducing pain. It is found that patients can achieve significant improvements through a targeted strengthening programme following total hip replacement. Also, Motor Imagery (MI) training, has been found to be a useful adjunct therapy tool as it improves both specific and general adaptations that were related to patients’ physical capabilities when added in a corollary to routine physical therapy.

No specific general hip replacement protocol is currently in use, as small elements of the rehabilitation process are surgeon specific. For example, in some enhanced recovery after surgery protocols, patients are mobilised out of bed within the first 6 hours post-surgery. Other settings may only start mobilizing patients out of bed on day 1 or 2 post-surgery. Accelerated rehabilitation programmes and early mobilization have shown to give patients more confidence in their post-operative mobilization and activities of daily living, as well as being more comfortable with earlier discharge.

Evidence

• Physiotherapy can improve strength and gait speed after total hip replacement and help prevent complications such as subluxation and thromboembolic disease. In addition, physiotherapy increases the patient’s mobility and offers education about the exercises and precautions that are necessary during hospitalization and after discharge. (level of evidence 1a)
• Physiotherapy maximizes the patient’s function which is associated with a greater probability of earlier discharge, which is in turn associated with a lower total cost of care(level of evidence 2c).
• Physiotherapy provides pain relief, promotes rehabilitation and the reintegration of patients into ADLs. It also provides a better quality of life through the patients’ reintegration into social life (level of evidence 1b).
• Level 1b evidence suggests that bed exercise following a total hip replacement does not seem to have an effect on the quality of life, but stays important for the effects on oedema, cardiac function and improving range of motion and muscle strength (level 4 evidence).. It also allows an assessment of the physical and psychological condition of the patient right after surgery.
• Early weight bearing and physical activity have benefits for the quality of bone tissue as it improves the fixation of the prosthesis and decreases the incidence of early loosening. The amount of activity is patient-specific, and clinical reasoning should be used to make adaptions where needed. Certain specific sport movements have a higher risk of injury for unskilled individuals, and should be incorporated later in the rehabilitation process under supervision of a physiotherapist or biokinetisist.

The following is a suggested protocol in the absence of complications. Surgeon preference should be taken into account, as well as any other factors that might hinder the following of the protocol. Adaptions should be made to make it more patient specific.

Day 1 Post-Surgery

• Education and advice
• Education of muscular relaxation
• Revision of precautions and contraindications (provided that patient had a pre-operative session with the physiotherapist, otherwise full education will be done as mentioned in pre-operative section).
• Bed exercises:
  • Circulation drills
  • Upper limb exercises to stimulate the cardiac function
  • Maintenance of the non-operated leg: attention should be paid to the range of motion in order to preserve controlled mobilisation on the operated hip
  • Isometric quadriceps (progressing to consentric VMO) and gluteal contractions
  • Active-assisted (progressing to active) heel slides, hip abduction/adduction
• Bed mobilisation using unilateral bridging on the unaffected leg
• Transfer to sit over edge of bed
• Sit to stand with mobility assistive device (preferably a device giving more support like a walking frame or rollator)
• Gait re-education with mobility assistive device as tolerated (weight bearing status as determined by surgeon)
• Sitting out in chair for maximum 1 hour
• Postioning when transferred back to bed

Day 2 Post-Surgery

• Bed exercises as described above, progressing repetitions and decreasing assistance given to patient
• Progression of distance mobilised and/or mobility assistive device
• Incorporate balance exercises if needed
• Sitting in chair

Day 3 Post-Surgery

• Bed exercises as described above, progressing repetitions and decreasing assistance given to patient
• Progression of distance mobilised and/or mobility assistive device
• Stair climbing (at least 3, or as per home requirements)
• Sitting in chair
• Revision of precautions, contraindications and functional adaptions
• Give 6 week progressive resistive strengthening home exercise to patient; this can include stationary cycling, as long as the patient stays within the precautions (especially posterior approach surgery)
• Discharge from hospital

Accelerated Protocol

• Combination of days 2 & 3 to discharge patient day 2 post surgery.
• Only selected patients

6 Weeks Post Surgery

• Patients are normally followed up by orthopaedic surgeon
• Surgeon determines if the patient is allowed the following:
  • Full range of motion at the hip
  • Full weight bearing without mobility assistive device
  • Driving

After 6 Weeks

• Gain of initial ROM, stabilization, and proprioception
• Endurance
• Flexibility
• Balance
• Speed, precision, neurological coordination
• Functional exercises

Outcome Measures

• Harris Hip Score
• Oxford Hip Score (OHS)
• 6 Minute Walking Test
• Timed Get Up & Go Test
• Western Ontario and McMaster universities osteoarthritis index (WOMAC)
• SF-36
• Fear Avoidance Belief Score
• Hip Disability & Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (HOOS)
• International Hip Outcome Tool
• Ibadan Knee/Hip Osteoarthritis Outcome Measure

Take Home Message

Proper preoperative examination and early postoperative rehabilitation are crucial for a successful outcome.

Resources

• Pre-operative patient workbook on "living with osteoarthritis"