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...ecause of less frequent upper lumbar radioculopathies as compared to lower lumbar radiculopathies<ref name=":0">Orthopaedic Manual Physical Therapy From Art ...sidered as an anterior corollary of SLR and assesses the mobility of upper lumbar nerve segments.

==Spine== ...ass="col-xs-12 col-md-6 col-lg-4">[[Image:Sagittal section of the cervical spine Primal.png|200px|center]]<br>

...of the extremities and SNAGS (sustained natural apophyseal glides) of the spine were first coined by Brian R. Mulligan <ref>Mulligan, BR: Manual Therapy � ...t if a headache stops with a manual technique involving the upper cervical spine then, this must be diagnostically significant as to the site of the lesion

...crest, the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS). These landmarks are instrumental in physical examinations by allowi This level corresponds to around L3-L4 [[Lumbar Vertebrae|lumbar vertebrae]]<ref name=":0" />.

...464x464px|FABERs test.  Attribution to "Dr. Donald Corenman, MD - Colroado Spine Doctor".]] ...al pain provocation test to assist in diagnosis of pathologies at the hip, lumbar and sacroiliac region. <ref name="martin et al">Martin RL, Sekiya JK. [http

...k), 12 in the thoracic region (middle back), and 5 in the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar region]] (lower back).   ...at deal of strength. They also provide a shock-absorbing effect within the spine and prevent the vertebrae from grinding together. They consist of three maj

...curl up exercise works on the endurance of the abdominals, important in [[Lumbar|back]] support and [[Core Stability|core stability]].<ref name=":5">Top end ...acts as a corset contributing to the inter-segmental control of the lumbar spine, rather than contributing in trunk flexion<ref name=":0" />.

...m/index.php/Intervertebral_disc intervertebral disc] and [[Biomechanics of Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation]] Internal disc disruption is a subgroup of [[Lumbar Discogenic Pain|discogenic pain]].

...ams for patients with lumbar spinal stenosis: a randomized clinical trial. Spine. 2006;31:2541-2549.</ref><ref>Reiman MP, Weisbach PC, Glynn PE. The hips in 2. Interventions aimed at the lumbar spine have been used to treat:

...chronic_low_back_pain Outcome measures in chronic low back pain.] European Spine Journal. 2010 Sep 1;19(9):1484-94.</ref> ...chronic_low_back_pain Outcome measures in chronic low back pain.] European Spine Journal. 2010 Sep 1;19(9):1484-94.</ref>

...:e0222822.</ref> However, it is often difficult to distinguish whether the spine or limb is the primary cause of lameness in a horse as spinal problems are ...ical assessment. This page will discuss assessments specific to the equine spine that are not discussed in detail in the [[Objective Assessment of the Equin

...of the C7 vertebra. This muscle extends and laterally flexes the thoracic spine and is innervated by the lateral branches of the posterior primary division ...teral flexion of the spine, while when acting bilaterally, they extend the spine.

The [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar spine]] supports much of the upper body's weight. [[Intervertebral disc|Intervert ...tebral column. This article discusses the key anatomical structures of the lumbar vertebrae and abdominal wall, including the bony structures, articulations,

# Back posture on the bicycle can strain the lower back (lumbar spine flexed) so a long time in the saddle can take its toll on the back. ...cient length of hamstrings, causing pulling on the pelvis and rotating the spine into flexion.<ref name=":0" />

...n the superior [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] spine and the inferior lumbar spine. It consists of 12 vertebrae that are distinct in shape and function from v ...tched on their superior and inferior surfaces, in the articulated thoracic spine, these notches form the intervertebral foramina for the passage of the thor

...with increasing lordosis and with hyperlordosis. The pull of muscle on the lumbar vertebrae also creates an increasing shear strength on the vertebrae.<ref>T

...nt to learn the principles of proper body mechanics<ref name=":0">Colorado spine inst. [https://www.coloradospineinstitute.com/education/wellness/body-mecha * Proper body mechanics are vitally important for keeping your spine healthy, it's easy to incorporate these principles into daily life.

...he back. Unilaterally they assist with lateral bending and rotation of the spine<ref name=":0" />. # [[Lumbar Multifidus|Multifidus]]

...d to design a variety of diagnostic and treatment procedures for chronic [[Lumbar Discogenic Pain|discogenic pain]] <ref name=":0">Shayota B, Wong TL, Fru D, ...nsory Nerve Fibers and Endings in Lumbar Intervertebral Discs of the Rat]. Spine.1991;16:653-655.</ref>, and into the nucleus pulposus in another <ref>Peng

...Joints|Facet]] arthrosis is a painful [[arthritis]]-like condition of the spine caused by degeneration of the joints between the spinal bones. ...ertebrae posteriorly and and help with twisting and turning motions of the spine. <ref name=":0">Brennan D. Facet arthrosis: What is it and what causes it?

...ty, shock absorption, and load distribution properties in a healthy lumbar spine.<ref name=":0">Vital, J., & Cawley, D. Spinal Anatomy Modern Concepts; Spri ...sults in reduction of stability and increased load bearing for the healthy lumbar arch to maintain.

...et al 2016). Cricketers mainly sustain non-contact injuries to the lumbar spine (1.1 - 3.4 injuries per squad per season) and the lower limb (0.3 - 5.9 inj * Lumbar spine extension

...thoracolumbar fascia]] latissimus dorsi attaches to the [[Lumbar Vertebrae|lumbar]] and sacral spinous processes (T6 to S5 levels), and the [[supraspinous li ...Currently, the evidence is mixed on how much influence this muscle has on spine extension, lateral flexion, or rotation<ref name=":4" />.

...ed primarily for the diagnosis and differentiation of facet syndrome and [[Lumbar Radiculopathy|radicular pain syndrome]], and are one of the spinal interven == Lumbar Facet Joints ==

...ngenital Spine Deformities|structural deformity]], inflammatory disorder, [[Lumbar Radiculopathy|radicular syndrome]], or [[Cauda Equina Syndrome|cauda equina ...ychosocial predictors of outcome in acute and subchronic low back trouble. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1995 Mar 15;20(6):722-8.Level of evidence 3C</ref>

...evaluate.<ref name=":1">Berry JA, Elia C, Saini HS, Miulli DE. A review of lumbar radiculopathy, diagnosis, and treatment. ''Cureus'', 2019;''11''(10):e5934. ...and quality of life versus routine physical therapy alone in patients with lumbar radiculopathy; a randomized controlled trial]. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 20

...reveals the movement comprises of&nbsp;: [[Hip Anatomy|Hip]] Extension; [[Lumbar]] extension; and Posterior [[Pelvic Tilt|Pelvic tilt.]] ...racolumbar fascia, so its activation increases the stiffness of the lumbar spine. It should be noted that, rectus abdominis muscle activity increase on the

...t commonly imaged areas are he hip (head of the femur), lower back (lumbar spine) or heel (calcaneum), One peak is absorbed by soft tissue and the other by * an X-ray of your spine showing a break or bone loss in your spine

...ft tissues where adjacent spinous processes in the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar spine]] rub against each other.<ref name=":4">Radiopedia. Basstrup Syndrome. Avai ...Baastrup's disease as a cause of neurogenic claudication: a case report]. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2003 Jul 15;28(14):E273-5.</ref>

...181189&ei=GZ2uY_yfMYa8yATUzZGgCg&scisig=AAGBfm03lVzUHVhRGS8YC8pG4Qkj11Oclg Lumbar interbody fusion] : techniques , indications and comparison of interbody ...ce after discectomy<ref name=":1" /> and successful union of two or more [[Lumbar Vertebrae|vertebra]]<ref name=":0" />.

Treating the lumbar spine can be complex. It can be difficult to know when to apply the techniques yo ..."words are very powerful"<ref name=":3">Rainey, N. Treatment of the Lumbar Spine Course. Physiopedia Plus. 2023</ref>

[[File:SPINE ANATOMY.jpg|thumb]] ...sms<ref name=":2">Beazell, J. R., Mullins, M., & Grindstaff, T. L. (2010). Lumbar instability: An evolving and challenging concept. ''The Journal of Manual &

[[File:Lumbar spondylosis2.JPG|right|frameless|400x400px]] ...95/ Surgery for degenerative lumbar spondylosis: updated Cochrane Review]. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2005;30(20):2312-20. doi: 10.1097/01.brs.0000182315.88558.

...extends downwards from the [[brainstem]] through the central column of the spine. It is a relatively small bundle of tissue (weighing 35g and just about 1cm ...f the first lumbar vertebra. It is enlarged at two sites, the cervical and lumbar region.

...uation of forward head posture in sitting and standing positions. European spine journal. 2016 Nov;25(11):3577-82.</ref> [[Category:Cervical Spine]]

..., Kavishwar RA, Shetty AP, Shanmuganathan R. Spondylolysis of the Thoracic Spine with Instability: A Rare Cause for Myelopathy. JBJS Case Connector. 2022 Ja ...le:Lumbar vertebra.png|alt=Anatomy of a Lumbar Vertebra|thumb|Anatomy of a Lumbar Vertebra|none|400x400px]]

...Morris Disability Questionnaire and the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire. Spine 2000;25(24):3115-24</ref> ...y) to 24 (max. disability) depending on the questionnaire used. <ref name="Spine" /> Roland and Morris omitted describing the various levels of disability (

* Neurological cases, [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar]] and [[Cervical Examination|cervical]] [[radiculopathy]], the test is asso ...l examination and patient self-report measures for cervical radiculopathy. Spine. 2003 Jan 1;28(1):52-62.</ref>.

* The sacrum is made of five fused [[Lumbar Vertebrae|vertebrae]] configured as an inverted triangular bone that is con * Though the spinal cord ends in the lumbar region (L1-L2), the dura mater extends to S2.

...sses<ref name=":3">Spine Health Spinal Manipulation Available: https://www.spine-health.com/glossary/spinal-manipulation (accessed 13.6.2021)</ref>. ...back pain who demonstrate short-term improvement with spinal manipulation. Spine. 2002;27(24):2835-2843.</ref>Criteria included in the five factor predictor

...J, Kahle K. Diagnostic pitfalls in spine surgery: masqueraders of surgical spine disease. Neurosurgical Focus. 2011;31(4).</ref>. Although the percentage of [[Category:Lumbar Spine]]

..., has also been described, as the phenomenon of pain (originating from the spine) spreading distally into the limb. <ref name=":1" /> ...agnosis, prognosis, and treatment of diskogenic low back pain.] Joint Bone Spine 2007; 74:319-323.</ref> Because these differences make the comparison of st

...reased flexion of the hips, and a compensatory hyperlordosis in the lumbar spine. ...changes such as: anterior pelvic tilt, increased lumbar lordosis, lateral lumbar shift, external rotation of hip and knee hyperextension. It also can lead t

...patient and places his thumbs directly under each posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS).<ref name="p2" /> ...tarting with flexing the neck, then the upper thoracic spine to the lumbar spine, and as far as possible while keeping the knees extended. The therapist wil

Many [[Lumbar Anatomy|lower back]] injuries come about as a result of poor lifting techni [[Category:Lumbar Spine]]

...n<ref>E spine Exercise and Fitness to Help Your Back Available:https://www.spine-health.com/wellness/exercise/exercise-and-fitness-help-your-back (accessed ...-Yde C. Association between back pain and physical fitness in adolescents. Spine. 2006 Jul 1;31(15):1740-4.Available: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/168167

[[File:SPINE ANATOMY.jpg|right|frameless|300x300px]] ...me=":2">IC Lumbar Instability Available:https://www.institutoclavel.com/en/lumbar-instability (accessed 16.6.2021)</ref>

[[File:Lumbar aponeurosis.jpeg|right|frameless|399x399px]] Image 1: Lumbar aponeurosis

This page supports the Plus course, Classification of Lumbar Spine Impairments, by Dr. Shala Cunningham. It discusses an updated classificatio * Exercises for spine mobility

...dure that removes a portion of a vertebra called the lamina. It is a major spine operation with residual scar tissue and may result in post-laminectomy synd ...for bilateral decompression and open laminectomy. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine. 2014 Aug 1;21(2):179-86.</ref><ref>Estefan M, GO CW. Laminectomy.</ref>

...erenced position statement on the use of segmental palpation of the lumbar spine. ...tains to the reliability of the manual segmental examination of the lumbar spine and how it plays into the management of patients with low back pain.<br>

...ure (FHP), defined as the forward displacement of the head on the cervical spine, has been commonly associated with neck pain.<ref>Ghamkhar L, Kahlaee AH. [ * Stiff upper thoracic spine or rounded upper spine causing cervical spine to hyperextend to see ahead.

[[File:Lumbar joints image.png|thumb|There are three joints between lumbar vertebrae two facet joints (zygapophyseal joints), one at either side and a ...eatures and have very similar function. All stress fractures in the lumbar spine occur at either L3 (12% of stress fractures), L4 (35% of stress fractures)

...lt in pain and weakness in the forearm. Similarly, an impingement in the [[lumbar]] region can be manifested with symptoms in the foot. ...athy%20is%20one%20of,process%20within%20the%20spinal%20column. A review of lumbar radiculopathy, diagnosis, and treatment]. Cureus. 2019 Oct;11(10).</ref>.

* Lumbar spine flexion: Bilateral hands to mid-shin, pain with returning to standing, * Lumbar spine extension: Increased pain, reduced range of motion

...ed on Clinical Practice Guidelines for Patients with Acute Low Back Pain.] SPINE. 28 (13) 1363-1372. </ref> compared the treatment based classification (TBC Hicks et al's <ref name="Hicks" /> lumbar stabilization rule contains two groups: a “Success” group and an “Imp

...he ULTT's are equivalent to the straight leg raise designed for the lumbar spine. ...d. To further sensitise the upper limb tests, side flexion of the cervical spine can be added<ref>Wells P. Cervical dysfunction and shoulder problems. Physi

...279-5#Sec7 Low back pain: critical assessment of various scales.] European Spine Journal. 2020 Mar;29:503-18.</ref>. ...ex. Part 1: cross-cultural adaptation, reliability, and validity. European spine journal. 2006 Feb;15:55-65.</ref>.

...ower back (where most back pain occurs) includes the five vertebrae in the lumbar region and supports much of the weight of the upper body. The spaces betwee ...Futterman B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459278/ Anatomy, back, lumbar vertebrae.] InStatPearls [Internet] 2018 Dec 13. StatPearls Publishing. Ava

...ic [[arteries]], superficial and deep circumflex iliac arteries, posterior lumbar arteries. ...iopedia&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal low back pain] and lumbar instability<ref name=":0">Lynders C. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.

| Spine <br> ...s R.Spine surgeon and musculoskeletal oncologist.http://www.rexmarcomd.com/spine-osteotomy/</ref> ===

...Spine 2006;31(9):254–262.</ref><ref name="bron 2">McKenzie R., The lumbar spine: Mechanical diagnosis and therapy. Wellington: Spinal publications New-Zeal ...ine.org/article/S0161-4754(03)00104-0/fulltext Reliability of detection of lumbar lateral shift]''[https://www.jmptonline.org/article/S0161-4754(03)00104-0/f

...approximately 3-5% of the population. Males are more likely to experience lumbar radiculopathy when they are in their 40s, and females are more likely to ex ...neural foramen, bony growth or disc degeneration).<ref name=":6">Rainey N. Lumbar Radiculopathy Treatment Course. Plus, 2024.</ref>

...place the back of the affected arm (dorsum of the hand) in the mid lumbar spine area. The testing movement involves the patient performing internal rotatio ...st was modified from the hand being placed in the region of the mid-lumbar spine, to the hand at the buttocks region. However when resistance was applied du

...ore muscles]] and help keep the body stable and balanced, and protects the spine. ...ain. eg The abdominal muscles work together to control the movement of the spine, pelvis, and

...n early fetal development and in turn cause structural problems within the spine and spinal cord. These deformities can range from mild to severe and may ca ...ngenital spinal deformities Available:https://khavkinclinic.com/congential-spine-deformities/ (accessed 10.10.2021)</ref>

...f>WebMd. [https://www.webmd.com/back-pain/guide/spinal-stenosis#1 Cervical spine stenosis.] Available from: https://www.webmd.com/back-pain/guide/spinal-ste ...s most commonly in either the [[Lumbar|lumbar]] or cervical regions of the spine. Abnormalities that can lead to stenosis are twice as likely to be seen on

...uloskeletal abnormalities and primary-chronic inflammation of the [[Lumbar|lumbar]] vertebrae and [[Sacroiliac Joint|Sacroiliac joint]]&nbsp;(SIJ).<ref>Gaens ...cal history and physical examination in diagnosing sacroiliac joint pain]. Spine. 1996 Nov 15;21(22):2594-602.</ref> The patient should hold the non-tested

...ition with their hips and knees flexed to 90° and ensuring that the lumbar spine remains as neutral as possible.

This guide gives a general overview of the anatomy of the thoracic spine. It also includes some facts regarding pathophysiology in this region. The sagittal plane alignment of the Thoracic spine is on average 35% (normal range is 20° to 50°).<ref name=":2" />

[[Category:Thoracic Spine]] The [[Thoracic Anatomy|thorax]] is an area of the spine that has, historically, been under-explored. It can, however, be a silent c

...orted symptom severity and physical function in patients with degenerative lumbar conditions. Phys Ther. 2005 Feb;85(2):120-33. Evidence level: 2a grade of r ...led information on the anatomy of the [[Hip Anatomy|hip]], [[Lumbar|lumbar spine]] and [[Sacroiliac Joint]].

...ction more readily than other joints, such as the knees, hips, or thoracic spine."<ref>Cholewicki J, Breen A, Popovich Jr JM, Reeves NP, Sahrmann SA, Van Di ...d back muscle activity during walking: changes in motor control]. European Spine Journal. 2006 Feb;15(1):23-40.</ref>

The OWD may be abnormal in kyphosis (forward curvature of the upper thoracic spine) due<ref name=":1" /> * [[Congenital Spine Deformities|Congenital spinal deformity]]

...osis is an external aid that is used to correct and support the spine. The spine is a complex anatomical structure and is key to our function. It is not pos * Maintains alignment of spine

Sciatica pain often is worsened with flexion of the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar spine]], twisting, bending, or coughing<ref name=":6" />. * [[Lumbar Discogenic Pain|Herniated or bulging lumbar intervertebral disc]]

...com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/24813/<nowiki/>(accessed 28.5.2021)</ref> [[Lumbar]] strain accounts for 70% of mechanical low back pain.<ref name=":0">Will J ...-3-319-50512-1_91 Lumbosacral Muscle Strain 91. Musculoskeletal Sports and Spine Disorders: A Comprehensive Guide.] 2018 Feb 8:395.</ref><ref name=":3">DePa

*upper thoracic spine mobility stretch The spine is also a recognized site predisposed to injury in the elite swimmer, mainl

...92x492px]]The importance of the core relate to its function ie sparing the spine from excessive load and transfer force from the lower body to the upper bod ...ct the back, ideally we want to create 360 degrees of stiffness around the spine as we move, run, jump, throw, lift objects and transfer force throughout ou

...e [[Facet Joints|facet joints]] (also termed zygapophyseal joints) of the spine become a source of [[Pain Behaviours|pain]]. ...P, Lefkowitz TR, Schweitzer M, Errico TJ, Spivak J, Bendo JA, Rybak L. The lumbar facet joint: a review of current knowledge: part 1: anatomy, biomechanics,

...e transversus abdomini which increases the spine stiffness, increasing the spine stability.<ref>Selkow NM, Eck MR, Rivas S. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pm ...Stephanie D, Nicole L. John H. Hollman. Magnitudes of muscle activation of spine stabilizers in healthy adults during prone on elbow planking exercises with

...f the posture causing lumbar lordosis. Anterior pelvic tilting strengthens lumbar lordosis whereas posterior pelvic tilting has the opposite effect. Posterio ...he patient with excessive lumbar lordosis, and the multifidus in decreased lumbar lordosis<ref name=":0" />.

#Education about the anatomy and function of the spine, spinal biomechanics, physiopathology of frequent back disorders, epidemiol ...., Bombardier, C., Koes, B., 'Back schools for nonspecific low back pain', Spine, 2005, Vol. 30, nr. 19, p. 2153-2163 (Level of evidence 1A)</ref>

...nly related symptoms are back pain, [[Kyphosis|kyphotic]] deformity of the spine, lower limb weakness, and [[paraplegia]].&nbsp;<ref name=":0">Radiopedia Tu Tuberculous spondylitis is one of the more common infections of spine in countries where TB is prevalent. Unfortunately, the incidence of Pott Di

...generation and low back pain in a large-scale population-based cohort. The Spine Journal. 2016 Jan 1;16(1):32-41.</ref> Their presence in clients receiving ...ndependent risk factor for episodes of severe and disabling low back pain. Spine. 2015 Aug 1;40(15):1187-93.</ref>

...utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal Radicular pain from Lumbar spine origin] ...ask due to the ''complicated anatomy of the Sacroiliac joint'', the Lumbar spine and the buttock area. The diagnosis is even challenged more by the ''incons

...ines for the Management of Acute Low Back Pain in Primary Care. . European spine journal. 2006 Mar;15(Suppl 2):s169. ...low back pain]. Airaksinen O, Brox JI, Cedraschi C et al (2006) &nbsp;Eur Spine J 15(2):S192–S300: Europe, COST B13 Working Group on Guidelines for the M

...lumbosacral position sense in individuals with and without low back pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2000 Apr 15;25(8):989-94.</ref> ...stabilizing.<ref name="Bogduk N.">BOGDUK N. clinical anatomy of the lumbar spine and sacrum. Edinburgh: Churchill livingstone. 1997.</ref>Together with the

* Lordosis of the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical spine]] inhibits laryngeal elevation and affects swallowing<ref>Sato K, Chitose S * Sequelae of spine [[osteomyelitis]]

...asurements as risk indicators for low-back trouble over a one-year period. Spine. 1984;9:106–119.</ref> is "measuring how many seconds the subject is able ...sing the sorensen test: a critical appraisal of the literature. Joint Bone Spine. 2006;73(1): 43-50.</ref> shows that maintaining the Biering–Sorenson pos

*[[Degenerative Disc Disease|Intervertebral Disk Disease (Lumbar Spine)]] *[[Facet Joint Syndrome|Facet Joint Syndrome (Lumbar Spine)]]

...yx [[fracture]] is a break in the tailbone. This is the lowest part of the spine. A fractured coccyx can be a very [[Pain Mechanisms|painful]] acute or chro ...that stretch the ligaments and strengthen the muscles supporting the lower spine.

...lude:<ref name=":0">Bell-Jenje T. Assessment and Treatment of the Thoracic Spine Course. Plus , 2021.</ref> ...f conditions that can [[Clinical Reasoning and Pathologies of the Thoracic Spine|masquerade]] as musculoskeletal thoracic pain

...balance dysfunction, as the diaphragm has an important role in maintaining lumbar spinal stability. This task is accomplished through increased intra-abdomin ...abdominal muscles creates a rigid cylinder which decreases the load on the spine.<ref name=":4" />

...e of Hippocrates, for the relief of pain.<ref name="Saunders">Saunders HD. Lumbar traction*. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1979; 1(1): 36-45. (LEVEL 1A)</ref> ... </ref><ref>Harte AA, Baxter GD, Gracey JH. The effectiveness of motorised lumbar traction in the management of LBP with lumbo sacral nerve root involvement:

# Increased lumbar lordosis and ...ce.<ref name=":0">Been, Ella, and Leonid Kalichman. "Lumbar lordosis." The Spine Journal 2014; 14.1: 87-97.</ref> [See [[Cardinal Planes and Axes of Movemen

...t of patients with recent onset low back pain or lumbar radiculopathy. Eur Spine J 2018; 27: 60-75.</ref><ref>Van Wambeke P, Desomer A, Ailliet L, et al. Su ...back pain with movement coordination&nbsp;impairments and in patients post lumbar microdiscectomy.&nbsp;

...Clinical Center. http://www.umm.edu/programs/spine/health/guides/cervical-spine-anatomy. Accessed 21 april 2017.</ref><ref name="Gray">Gray H. Gray's Anato ...ar regions of the spine. Unlike the other parts of the spine, the cervical spine has transverse foramina in each vertebra for the vertebral arteries that su

Briefly, lumbar spinal stenosis is characterised by compression of neural tissue either at ...s generally due to natural degenerative changes . Rarely cancer around the spine can be the cause of spinal stenosis.

* '''Mobility''' of the cervical spine. ...ive strain. Prolonged sitting posture affects the natural curvature of the spine, while also increasing the pressure on vertebral discs, ligaments, and musc