Treatment‐based classification approach to neck pain

Original Editors - Nora Corbett and Jennifer Breithaupt from Temple University's Evidence Based Practice Project

Top Contributors - Nora Corbett, Admin, Rachael Lowe, Jennifer Breithaupt, Kim Jackson, Evan Thomas, Shaimaa Eldib, Scott A Burns, Simisola Ajeyalemi, Jess Bell and WikiSysop

Introduction

There are many different ways to classify individuals with neck pain but in recent years the treatment based approach has emerged as a cost-effective way to manage individuals with neck pain.

The treatment based classification for individuals with neck pain was first proposed in 2004 by Childs et al, the system was based on the overall goal of treatment rather than an attempt to classify patients by pathology or symptom distribution. In 2007 Fritz and Brennan validated this classification system by finding that receiving interventions matched to the classification system was associated with better outcomes than receiving non-matched interventions. It was updated in 2008 as part of the APTA Orthopaedic section ICF Guidelines with the four current classification categories including:

• Neck pain with mobility deficits.
• Neck pain with radiating pain (radicular).
• Neck pain with movement coordination impairments (WAD).
• Neck pain with headache (cervicogenic). 

It is recognised that additional decision making is necessary within each classification to more specifically guide the application of the selected intervention. However, the first step in the use of a classification system is to direct initial interventions toward the optimal treatment for the individual's presentation.

Classification

Proposed causes of neck pain include:

• Degenerative changes
• Disc protrusion
• Nerve impingement and impaired function of muscle
• Connective tissue
• Nervous tissue.

Beyond identifying serious pathology ( red flags)such as fractures, diagnostic imaging is not often useful in identifying the tissue source of the patient’s neck pain. Many imaging findings such as spondylosis and herniated discs are found commonly in individuals without pain Therefore, this classification is based on the patient’s presenting signs, symptoms, and impairments rather than pathoanatomical sources of pain and is designed to assist the clinician with matching an initial treatment intervention strategy to an individuals presentation.

Is The Individual Appropriate For Treatment?

Initially, individuals with neck pain should be properly screened for potentially serious pathology such as fracture, instability, CAD, myelopathy, cancer, infection, and visceral disorders.

Is the Individual Ready For Treatment?

Factors which are associated with personal and environmental factors that might perpetuate a patient’s neck pain should also be considered including:

• Psychosocial factors such as fear-avoidance beliefs, depression, anxiety, and catastrophizing.
• Environmental factors such as ergonomic considerations, occupation, and recreational activities

Identifying psychosocial or environmental factors during the evaluation can direct the therapist to employ specific education strategies to optimise the outcomes of physical therapy interventions.

Differential Diagnosis

Once serious pathology has been ruled out and personal and environmental factors considered and the individual considered as suitable for intervention, the therapist can continue with the examination that will direct classification. Differential evaluation of musculoskeletal clinical findings is used to determine the most relevant physical impairments associated with the patient’s reported activity limitations and medical diagnosis.

Therapists must recognise that these categories will not be exclusive or exhaustive, the assignation of an individual into the category that “best fits” their current clinical picture relies on clinical reasoning and judgment of the clinician.

Determine Stage

Acute, subacute, and chronic stages are time-based stages helpful in classifying patient conditions. Time-based stages are helpful in making treatment decisions only in the sense that:

1. In the acute phase, the condition is usually highly irritable (pain experienced at rest or with initial to mid-range spinal movements: before tissue resistance).
2. In the subacute phase, the condition often exhibits moderate irritability (pain experienced with mid-range motions that worsen with end-range spinal movements: with tissue resistance).
3. chronic conditions often have a low degree of irritability (pain that worsens with sustained end-range spinal movements or positions: overpressure into tissue resistance).

There are cases where the alignment of irritability and the duration of symptoms does not match accordingly, requiring clinicians to make judgments when applying time-based research results on a patient-by-patient basis.

Intervention Strategies

Continual Reassessment and Reasoning

Each individual has a primary goal of treatment at a given period during the course of management, making the classification categories mutually exclusive at a single point in time. However, the process of classification is ongoing and it is anticipated that an individuals presentation will change with time and treatment. Ongoing reassessment is, therefore, necessary to determine the most appropriate intervention at any point in time.

Resources

Neck Pain Revision Decision Tree