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...chromosome, making Klinefelter syndrome one of the most common chromosomal disorders seen among newborns. Variants of Klinefelter syndrome (such as 48, XXXY, 49 ...lung disease, varicose veins, and osteoporosis as well as some autoimmune disorders such as systemic lupus erythematosus<ref name=":4" />, [[Rheumatoid Arthrit

....N. Physical injury: Spine. In: Resnick D, ed. Diagnosis of Bone and Joint Disorders. W.B. Saunders Co.; 2002; 2964-2967</ref>. ...racture can be made using x- ray and CT scan. MRI can be done to check for ligamentous and/or soft tissue injury.

Most of the ligamentous injuries are managed by immobilisation. ...der Dislocation|anterior shoulder dislocation]], [[Acromioclavicular Joint Disorders|acromioclavicular joint injury]], and [[Clavicular Fracture|clavicular frac

...Dunning 2001">Dunning CE, Zarzour ZDS, Patterson SD, Johnson JA, King GJW. Ligamentous stabilizers against posterolateral rotatory instability of the elbow. J Bon #'''Ligamentous constraints''': Injury to or laxity of the LUCL was initially thought to be

...disc disease]], [[osteoarthritis]], facet joint degeneration/hypertrophy, ligamentous hypertrophy, [[spondylolisthesis]], or a combination of these factors. Ra ...physical examination for chronic lumbar radiculopathy. BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2013 Dec;14(1):1-9.</ref>.

...ndylolisthesis]], [[Scoliosis|Scoliosis]], Hypermobility, Various uncommon disorders. ...rauma''': [[Fracture]], [[Stress Fractures|Stress fracture]], Subluxation, Ligamentous injury.

...ral condyles, the balance between vastus lateralis and medialis and by the ligamentous support of the medial and lateral retinaculum<ref name="p3" />^. Patellar malalignment may be the underlining cause for certain disorders like patellofemoral pain syndrome<ref name="p8" /><ref name="p9">Ng GY, Che

== Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders in Down Syndrome == ...their knees stiff and their feet turned out. They do so because hypotonia, ligamentous laxity and weakness make their legs less stable. Physiotherapy should start

* The spinal cord can be directly compressed by osteophytic bones and ligamentous hypertrophy. ...nisms. The spinal cord can be directly compressed by osteophytic bones and ligamentous hypertrophy. Compression of local vascular structures can lead to ischemia

...icans ligamentosa, senile ankylosing hyperostosis, physiological vertebral ligamentous calcification and others <ref name="p9">Giles LGF, Singer KP, Vol.3: Clinic ...1007/s00586-008-0764-0 Spinal fractures in patients with ankylosing spinal disorders: a systematic review of the literature on treatment, neurological status an

...the midshaft of the clavicle is the thinnest segment and does not contain ligamentous attachments, it is the most easily fractured location.<ref name=":0" /> ...ator Cuff Tendinopathy|rotator cuff injury]], and [[Sternoclavicular Joint Disorders|sternoclavicular]] joint injury.

...Developmental''': [[Scoliosis|Scoliosis]], Hypermobility, Various uncommon disorders. *'''Trauma''': Fracture, Stress fracture, Subluxation, Ligamentous injury.

...ntarflexion and dorsiflexion(sagittal plane).The talocrural joint receives ligamentous support from a joint capsule and several ligaments, including the anterior ...). It also has an important role as a shock absorber<ref name=":0" />. The ligamentous support of the subtalar joint is extensive, it is divided into 3 groups: (1

...s not a good tool to evaluate change in the clinic for patients with elbow disorders because it is not responsive and specific to the symptoms that the patient <br> Ligamentous Tests:

...ficant disease burden for the individual and the wider community. Headache disorders are ranked as the third most disabling condition in people aged under 50 ye ...Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/headache-disorders (accessed 1/12/2020).</ref> While there are regional variations, headaches

...r axial rotation at the AC joint.<ref>Turnbull JR. Acromioclavicular joint disorders. Med Sci Sports Exerc.1998;30:S26-32.</ref> ...tal shear<ref>Fukuda K, Craig EV, An KN, et al: Biomechanical study of the ligamentous system of the acromioclavicular joint. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1986; 68:434–

...[Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome|Ehlers-Danos Syndrome]] can be prone to congenital ligamentous laxity.<ref name=":3" /> * Other cases tend to be associated with disorders such as [[Spina Bifida]], [[Cerebral Palsy Introduction|Cerebral Palsy]] an

An avulsion fracture is where a fragment of bone is pulled away at the ligamentous or tendinous attachment. It can be caused by traumatic traction (repetitive ...nd Lower Limbs.] Clinical Medicine Insights: Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders. 2018; 11:1179544118809050.</ref>. The typical cause of injury is an invers

.... (LoE:4)</ref> While no tools exists for the assessment of upper cervical ligamentous instability, an approach that takes into account risk factors, patient hist ...pine. Part II. Neutral Zone and Instability Hypothesis.” Journal of Spinal Disorders 5, no. 4: 390–397, December 1992 (LoE:5)</ref><ref name="Olson et al" /><

=== Ligamentous Trigger Points === * Neurological Disorders