Social Connectedness for Health and Disease Management: Difference between revisions

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== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
[[File:Social Connectedness for Health page - Photo credit shutterstock 187400009 wavebreakmedia - social group.jpg|thumb|Social Connectedness]]
[[File:Social Connectedness for Health page - Photo credit shutterstock 187400009 wavebreakmedia - social group.jpg|thumb|Social Connectedness]]
The BMC Geriatrics journal defines social connectedness as "a positive subjective evaluation of the extent to which one has meaningful, close, and constructive relationships with other individuals, groups, or society indicated by: (1) feelings of caring about others and feeling cared about by others, such as love, companionship or affection and (2) feeling of belonging to a group or community." The authors go on to say that a lack of social connections may lead to loneliness and "reduced health and well-being, including poor life satisfaction, depression, low self-esteem, reduced hope, negative affect, and impaired function in activities of daily living."<ref>O'Rourke HM, Collins L, Sidani S. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30219034/ Interventions to address social connectedness and loneliness for older adults: a scoping review]. ''BMC Geriatr''. 2018;18(1):214. doi:10.1186/s12877-018-0897-x</ref>
The BMC Geriatrics journal defines social connectedness as "a positive subjective evaluation of the extent to which one has meaningful, close, and constructive relationships with other individuals, groups, or society indicated by: (1) feelings of caring about others and feeling cared about by others, such as love, companionship or affection and (2) feeling of belonging to a group or community." The authors go on to say that a lack of social connections may lead to loneliness and "reduced health and well-being, including poor life satisfaction, [[depression]], low self-esteem, reduced hope, negative affect, and impaired function in activities of daily living."<ref>O'Rourke HM, Collins L, Sidani S. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30219034/ Interventions to address social connectedness and loneliness for older adults: a scoping review]. ''BMC Geriatr''. 2018;18(1):214. doi:10.1186/s12877-018-0897-x</ref>
 
Social connectivity has been linked to mortality via a variety of mechanisms, including psychological, behavioral, and biological aspects. A meta-analysis of 148 independent research discovered that people's experiences in social interactions significantly predict mortality, with a 50% increase in the probability of surviving as a result of social ties<ref>Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB. Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. PLoS Med. 2010 Jul 27;7(7):e1000316. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316. PMID: 20668659; PMCID: PMC2910600.</ref>. Multidimensional assessments of social integration revealed an even stronger link, with a 91% increase in survival probabilities. Social isolation has been linked to a significantly higher risk of early death from any cause, and the lack of social interaction is an independent risk factor for premature death<ref>Holt-Lunstad J. Social Connection as a Public Health Issue: The Evidence and a Systemic Framework for Prioritizing the "Social" in Social Determinants of Health. Annu Rev Public Health. 2022 Apr 5;43:193-213. doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052020-110732. Epub 2022 Jan 12. PMID: 35021021.</ref>.


== Social Connectedness for Health and Disease Management ==
== Social Connectedness for Health and Disease Management ==


Social connectedness and social interactions may be effective for the following:
Participating in diverse social activities can reduce a person's mortality risk via a variety of physiological and psychological mechanisms. Social connectedness and social interactions may be effective for the following:


* Homebound [[Older People - An Introduction|older adults]]<ref>Choi NG, Pepin R, Marti CN, Stevens CJ, Bruce ML. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32238297/ Improving social connectedness for homebound older adults: randomized controlled trial of tele-delivered behavioral activation versus tele-delivered friendly visits.] ''Am J Geriatr Psychiatry''. 2020;28(7):698-708. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2020.02.008</ref>
* Homebound [[Older People - An Introduction|older adults]]<ref>Choi NG, Pepin R, Marti CN, Stevens CJ, Bruce ML. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32238297/ Improving social connectedness for homebound older adults: randomized controlled trial of tele-delivered behavioral activation versus tele-delivered friendly visits.] ''Am J Geriatr Psychiatry''. 2020;28(7):698-708. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2020.02.008</ref>[[File:Geriatrics social.jpg|thumb|Geriatrics Social Interaction]]
* Individuals with a personality dysfunction<ref>Kealy D, Aafjes-van Doorn K, Ehrenthal JC, Weber R, Ogrodniczuk JS, Joyce AS. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31950590/ Improving social functioning and life satisfaction among patients with personality dysfunction: connectedness and engagement in integrative group treatment.] ''Clin Psychol Psychother''. 2020;27(3):288-299. doi:10.1002/cpp.2427</ref>
* Individuals with a personality dysfunction<ref>Kealy D, Aafjes-van Doorn K, Ehrenthal JC, Weber R, Ogrodniczuk JS, Joyce AS. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31950590/ Improving social functioning and life satisfaction among patients with personality dysfunction: connectedness and engagement in integrative group treatment.] ''Clin Psychol Psychother''. 2020;27(3):288-299. doi:10.1002/cpp.2427</ref>
* [[Mental Health, Physical Activity and Physical Therapy|Mental well-being]]<ref>Leavell MA, Leiferman JA, Gascon M, Braddick F, Gonzalez JC, Litt JS. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31713144/ Nature-based social prescribing in urban settings to improve social connectedness and mental well-being: a review.] ''Curr Environ Health Rep''. 2019;6(4):297-308. doi:10.1007/s40572-019-00251-7</ref>
* [[Mental Health, Physical Activity and Physical Therapy|Mental well-being]]<ref>Leavell MA, Leiferman JA, Gascon M, Braddick F, Gonzalez JC, Litt JS. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31713144/ Nature-based social prescribing in urban settings to improve social connectedness and mental well-being: a review.] ''Curr Environ Health Rep''. 2019;6(4):297-308. doi:10.1007/s40572-019-00251-7</ref>
* [[Low Back Pain|Low back pain]]<ref>Chou L, Cicuttini FM, Urquhart DM, et al. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29574167/ People with low back pain perceive needs for non-biomedical services in workplace, financial, social and household domains: a systematic review.] ''J Physiother''. 2018;64(2):74-83. doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2018.02.011</ref><ref>Buruck G, Tomaschek A, Wendsche J, Ochsmann E, Dörfel D. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31653249/ Psychosocial areas of worklife and chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis]. ''BMC Musculoskelet Disord''. 2019;20(1):480. doi:10.1186/s12891-019-2826-3</ref>
* [[Low Back Pain|Low back pain]]<ref>Chou L, Cicuttini FM, Urquhart DM, et al. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29574167/ People with low back pain perceive needs for non-biomedical services in workplace, financial, social and household domains: a systematic review.] ''J Physiother''. 2018;64(2):74-83. doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2018.02.011</ref><ref>Buruck G, Tomaschek A, Wendsche J, Ochsmann E, Dörfel D. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31653249/ Psychosocial areas of worklife and chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis]. ''BMC Musculoskelet Disord''. 2019;20(1):480. doi:10.1186/s12891-019-2826-3</ref>
* [[Pain Behaviours|Pain]]<ref>Karayannis NV, Baumann I, Sturgeon JA, Melloh M, Mackey SC. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29668841/ The impact of social isolation on pain interference: a longitudinal study]. ''Ann Behav Med''. 2019;53(1):65-74. doi:10.1093/abm/kay017</ref>
* [[Pain Behaviours|Pain]]<ref>Karayannis NV, Baumann I, Sturgeon JA, Melloh M, Mackey SC. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29668841/ The impact of social isolation on pain interference: a longitudinal study]. ''Ann Behav Med''. 2019;53(1):65-74. doi:10.1093/abm/kay017</ref>
* Protective for deficits in social functioning in youth with a [[Brain Tumors|brain tumor]]<ref>Willard VW, Russell KM, Long A, Phipps S. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30614197/ The impact of connectedness on social functioning in youth with brain tumors]. ''Pediatr Blood Cancer''. 2019;66(5):e27607. doi:10.1002/pbc.27607</ref>
* Protective for deficits in social functioning in youth with a [[Brain Tumors|brain tumour]]<ref>Willard VW, Russell KM, Long A, Phipps S. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30614197/ The impact of connectedness on social functioning in youth with brain tumors]. ''Pediatr Blood Cancer''. 2019;66(5):e27607. doi:10.1002/pbc.27607</ref>
* Underserved older adults with [[depression]]<ref>Steinman L, Parrish A, Mayotte C, et al. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33187883/ Increasing social connectedness for underserved older adults living with depression: a pre-post evaluation of PEARLS.] ''Am J Geriatr Psychiatry''. 2021;29(8):828-842. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2020.10.005</ref>
* Underserved older adults with [[depression]]<ref>Steinman L, Parrish A, Mayotte C, et al. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33187883/ Increasing social connectedness for underserved older adults living with depression: a pre-post evaluation of PEARLS.] ''Am J Geriatr Psychiatry''. 2021;29(8):828-842. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2020.10.005</ref>


== Practical Application ==
== Practical Application ==
An article published in the ''New England Journal of Medicine'' indicates that social prescribing could help patients with medical conditions that are influenced by social circumstanes.<ref>Roland M, Everington S, Marshall M. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32640128/ Social Prescribing - Transforming the relationship between physicians and their patients.] ''N Engl J Med''. 2020;383(2):97-99. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1917060</ref>
An article published in the ''New England Journal of Medicine'' indicates that social prescribing could help patients with medical conditions that are influenced by social circumstances.<ref>Roland M, Everington S, Marshall M. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32640128/ Social Prescribing - Transforming the relationship between physicians and their patients.] ''N Engl J Med''. 2020;383(2):97-99. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1917060</ref>


The following are some suggested patient education strategies to improve social connectedness for a patient’s health and well-being:
The following are some suggested patient education strategies to improve social connectedness for a patient’s health and well-being:
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* Go to a farmer’s market for grocery shopping
* Go to a farmer’s market for grocery shopping
* Join or create a community garden club
* Join or create a community garden club
* Join a gym or fitness center
* Join a gym or fitness centre
* Join self-help groups
* Join self-help groups
* Join social media platforms such as Facebook or meetup.com
* Join social media platforms such as Facebook or meetup.com
* Play with your pets
* Play with your pets
* [[File:Social Connectedness for Health page - Photo credit Bing Images Creative Commons - gardening.jpg|thumb]]Take classes, such as cooking, dancing, or creative writing, at a local college or community college  
* [[File:Social Connectedness for Health page - Photo credit Bing Images Creative Commons - gardening.jpg|thumb|Gardening]]Take classes, such as cooking, dancing, or creative writing, at a local college or community college
* Volunteer at a community center or hospital
* Volunteer at a community centre or hospital
* Volunteer to coach sports or mentor students
* Volunteer to coach sports or mentor students
* Walk in a mall club
* Walk in a mall club
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== Social Measures ==
== Social Measures ==


* SOCIAL CONNECTEDNESS INDEX Bailey M, Cao R, Kuchler T, Stroebel J, Wong A. Social connectedness: measurement, determinants, and effects. ''J Econ Perspect''. 2018;32(3):259-280.
* Social Connectedness Index. Bailey M, Cao R, Kuchler T, Stroebel J, Wong A. [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?url=https://www.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/jep.32.3.259&hl=en&sa=T&oi=gsb&ct=res&cd=0&d=13228237630124806951&ei=8T4_Yc-9Co7gyQSIj4PwDQ&scisig=AAGBfm03Plpp2Shd6MEx-juAZZp-1sTe-w Social connectedness: measurement, determinants, and effects]. ''J Econ Perspect''. 2018;32(3):259-280.
* SOCIAL NEEDS SCREENING TOOL  American Academy of Family Physicians. Social Needs Screening Tool. Accessed July 31, 2021. www.aafp.org/dam/AAFP/documents/patient_care/everyone_project/hops19-physician-form-sdoh.pdf
* Social Needs Screening Tool. [https://www.aafp.org/dam/AAFP/documents/patient_care/everyone_project/hops19-physician-form-sdoh.pdf American Academy of Family Physicians. Social Needs Screening Tool]. Accessed July 31, 2021.
* SOCIAL INCLUSION MEASURE (25 measures)  Cordier R, Milbourn B, Martin R, Buchanan A, Chung D, Speyer R. A systematic review evaluating the psychometric properties of measures of social inclusion. ''PLoS One''. 2017;12(6):e0179109.
* Social Inclusion Measure. (25 measures)  Cordier R, Milbourn B, Martin R, Buchanan A, Chung D, Speyer R. [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article%3Fid%3D10.1371/journal.pone.0179109&hl=en&sa=T&oi=gsb-ggp&ct=res&cd=0&d=17101767189959517761&ei=bz8_Yaq1M6KKywSQlY2QCQ&scisig=AAGBfm3gHoCiUNxUyMmfYiG8K4f-THfseA A systematic review evaluating the psychometric properties of measures of social inclusion]. ''PLoS One''. 2017;12(6):e0179109.
* THE SOCIAL CONNECTEDNESS SCALE Lee RM, Robbins SB. Measuring belongingness: The Social Connectedness and the Social Assurance scales. ''J Couns Psychol'' 1995;42:232–41.
* The Social Connectedness Scale. Lee RM, Robbins SB. [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1995-23687-001&hl=en&sa=T&oi=gsb&ct=res&cd=0&d=12010326886379152486&ei=mz8_YeCOL4yMyATW66eoCg&scisig=AAGBfm2NDjCX6p0rCDgTcR0GbM-y2nrTOg Measuring belongingness: The Social Connectedness and the Social Assurance scales]. ''J Couns Psychol'' 1995;42:232–41.
* UCLA LONELINESS SCALE Russell D, Peplau LA, Cutrona CE. The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence. ''J Pers Soc Psychol''. 1980;39(3):472-480.
* UCLA Loneliness Scale. Russell D, Peplau LA, Cutrona CE. [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_url?url=https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1981-24820-001&hl=en&sa=T&oi=gsb&ct=res&cd=0&d=1200778556487648921&ei=sT8_YYrCGo6Ty9YPw-ukQA&scisig=AAGBfm0rgVxYHmQP8ET4cXrjKG5rn1F-NA The revised UCLA Loneliness Scale: concurrent and discriminant validity evidence]. ''J Pers Soc Psychol''. 1980;39(3):472-480.


== Related Articles ==
== Related Articles ==
Omodior O, Ramos WD. Social determinants of health-related quality of life: a recreation setting analysis. ''Health Promot Pract''. 2020;21(6):952-961. doi:10.1177/1524839919827572 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30786790/
Omodior O, Ramos WD. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30786790/ Social determinants of health-related quality of life: a recreation setting analysis]. ''Health Promot Pract''. 2020;21(6):952-961. doi:10.1177/1524839919827572


== Resources ==
== Resources ==


* American Academy of Psychotherapists http://www.aapweb.com/
* [http://www.aapweb.com/ American Academy of Psychotherapists]
* American College of Lifestyle Medicine https://www.lifestylemedicine.org/
* [https://www.lifestylemedicine.org/ American College of Lifestyle Medicine]
* American Psychological Association https://www.apa.org/
* [https://www.apa.org/ American Psychological Association]
* Facebook Social Connectedness Index https://dataforgood.fb.com/tools/social-connectedness-index/
* [https://dataforgood.fb.com/tools/social-connectedness-index/ Facebook Social Connectedness Index]
* National Association of Social Workers https://www.socialworkers.org/
* [https://www.socialworkers.org/ National Association of Social Workers]
* Suicide Prevention Resource Center https://www.sprc.org/comprehensive-approach/social-connectedness
* [https://www.sprc.org/comprehensive-approach/social-connectedness Suicide Prevention Resource Center]
* '''Audio from''' Roland M, Everington S, Marshall M. Social Prescribing - Transforming the relationship between physicians and their patients. ''N Engl J Med''. 2020;383(2):97-99. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1917060 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32640128/
* '''Audio from''' Roland M, Everington S, Marshall M. [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32640128/ Social Prescribing - Transforming the relationship between physicians and their patients]. ''N Engl J Med''. 2020;383(2):97-99. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1917060  
* '''Audio''' https://www.nejm.org/action/showMediaPlayerdoi=10.1056%2FNEJMdo005800&aid=10.1056%2FNEJMp1917060&area=
* '''Audio''' [https://www.nejm.org/action/showMediaPlayer?doi=10.1056%2FNEJMdo005800&aid=10.1056%2FNEJMp1917060&area= Interview with Dr. Martin Roland on opportunities for using socially oriented interventions when illnesses are influenced by social circumstances]


== References  ==
== References  ==

Latest revision as of 19:36, 11 July 2023

Welcome to the Integrative Lifestyle Medicine Content Development Project. This space was created by Ziya Altug. Please do not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!!

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Introduction[edit | edit source]

Social Connectedness

The BMC Geriatrics journal defines social connectedness as "a positive subjective evaluation of the extent to which one has meaningful, close, and constructive relationships with other individuals, groups, or society indicated by: (1) feelings of caring about others and feeling cared about by others, such as love, companionship or affection and (2) feeling of belonging to a group or community." The authors go on to say that a lack of social connections may lead to loneliness and "reduced health and well-being, including poor life satisfaction, depression, low self-esteem, reduced hope, negative affect, and impaired function in activities of daily living."[1]

Social connectivity has been linked to mortality via a variety of mechanisms, including psychological, behavioral, and biological aspects. A meta-analysis of 148 independent research discovered that people's experiences in social interactions significantly predict mortality, with a 50% increase in the probability of surviving as a result of social ties[2]. Multidimensional assessments of social integration revealed an even stronger link, with a 91% increase in survival probabilities. Social isolation has been linked to a significantly higher risk of early death from any cause, and the lack of social interaction is an independent risk factor for premature death[3].

Social Connectedness for Health and Disease Management[edit | edit source]

Participating in diverse social activities can reduce a person's mortality risk via a variety of physiological and psychological mechanisms. Social connectedness and social interactions may be effective for the following:

Practical Application[edit | edit source]

An article published in the New England Journal of Medicine indicates that social prescribing could help patients with medical conditions that are influenced by social circumstances.[12]

The following are some suggested patient education strategies to improve social connectedness for a patient’s health and well-being:

  • Attend local sports events, music performances, or art and museum exhibits
  • Cooking Together
    Connect with family and friends locally or through Zoom
  • Create or join a lunchtime walking or tai chi club at work
  • Engage in conventional group exercises such as softball, volleyball, basketball, pickleball, or tennis
  • Engage in mind body exercises such as yoga, tai chi, or Pilates
  • Enroll in art-based community activities such pottery, music, art, poetry, writing, or drama classes
  • Go to a farmer’s market for grocery shopping
  • Join or create a community garden club
  • Join a gym or fitness centre
  • Join self-help groups
  • Join social media platforms such as Facebook or meetup.com
  • Play with your pets
  • Gardening
    Take classes, such as cooking, dancing, or creative writing, at a local college or community college
  • Volunteer at a community centre or hospital
  • Volunteer to coach sports or mentor students
  • Walk in a mall club
  • Walk at a park or on a nature trail

Social Measures[edit | edit source]

Related Articles[edit | edit source]

Omodior O, Ramos WD. Social determinants of health-related quality of life: a recreation setting analysis. Health Promot Pract. 2020;21(6):952-961. doi:10.1177/1524839919827572

Resources[edit | edit source]

References [edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ O'Rourke HM, Collins L, Sidani S. Interventions to address social connectedness and loneliness for older adults: a scoping review. BMC Geriatr. 2018;18(1):214. doi:10.1186/s12877-018-0897-x
  2. ↑ Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB. Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. PLoS Med. 2010 Jul 27;7(7):e1000316. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316. PMID: 20668659; PMCID: PMC2910600.
  3. ↑ Holt-Lunstad J. Social Connection as a Public Health Issue: The Evidence and a Systemic Framework for Prioritizing the "Social" in Social Determinants of Health. Annu Rev Public Health. 2022 Apr 5;43:193-213. doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-052020-110732. Epub 2022 Jan 12. PMID: 35021021.
  4. ↑ Choi NG, Pepin R, Marti CN, Stevens CJ, Bruce ML. Improving social connectedness for homebound older adults: randomized controlled trial of tele-delivered behavioral activation versus tele-delivered friendly visits. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2020;28(7):698-708. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2020.02.008
  5. ↑ Kealy D, Aafjes-van Doorn K, Ehrenthal JC, Weber R, Ogrodniczuk JS, Joyce AS. Improving social functioning and life satisfaction among patients with personality dysfunction: connectedness and engagement in integrative group treatment. Clin Psychol Psychother. 2020;27(3):288-299. doi:10.1002/cpp.2427
  6. ↑ Leavell MA, Leiferman JA, Gascon M, Braddick F, Gonzalez JC, Litt JS. Nature-based social prescribing in urban settings to improve social connectedness and mental well-being: a review. Curr Environ Health Rep. 2019;6(4):297-308. doi:10.1007/s40572-019-00251-7
  7. ↑ Chou L, Cicuttini FM, Urquhart DM, et al. People with low back pain perceive needs for non-biomedical services in workplace, financial, social and household domains: a systematic review. J Physiother. 2018;64(2):74-83. doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2018.02.011
  8. ↑ Buruck G, Tomaschek A, Wendsche J, Ochsmann E, Dörfel D. Psychosocial areas of worklife and chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2019;20(1):480. doi:10.1186/s12891-019-2826-3
  9. ↑ Karayannis NV, Baumann I, Sturgeon JA, Melloh M, Mackey SC. The impact of social isolation on pain interference: a longitudinal study. Ann Behav Med. 2019;53(1):65-74. doi:10.1093/abm/kay017
  10. ↑ Willard VW, Russell KM, Long A, Phipps S. The impact of connectedness on social functioning in youth with brain tumors. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2019;66(5):e27607. doi:10.1002/pbc.27607
  11. ↑ Steinman L, Parrish A, Mayotte C, et al. Increasing social connectedness for underserved older adults living with depression: a pre-post evaluation of PEARLS. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2021;29(8):828-842. doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2020.10.005
  12. ↑ Roland M, Everington S, Marshall M. Social Prescribing - Transforming the relationship between physicians and their patients. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(2):97-99. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1917060

 

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