Healthy Aging with Traumatic Brain Injury: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
No edit summary |
||
| (25 intermediate revisions by 8 users not shown) | |||
| Line 3: | Line 3: | ||
'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}} | '''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}} | ||
</div | </div> | ||
== Life Expectancy | == Life Expectancy Following Traumatic Brain Injury == | ||
A very large study<ref>Brooks JC, Shavelle RM, Strauss DJ, Hammond FM, Harrison-Felix CL. 2015 | A very large study<ref>Brooks JC, Shavelle RM, Strauss DJ, Hammond FM, Harrison-Felix CL. 2015 | ||
Long-Term Survival After Traumatic Brain Injury Part II: Life Expectancy. | Long-Term Survival After Traumatic Brain Injury Part II: Life Expectancy. | ||
Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015 Jun;96(6):1000-5. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2015.02.002. | Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015 Jun;96(6):1000-5. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2015.02.002. | ||
</ref> looked at the life expectancy of people with | </ref> looked at the life expectancy of people with traumatic brain injury in comparison to the general population in the USA found that the life expectancy of people with traumatic brain injury is lower than that of the general population and depends on age, sex, and severity of disability Walking and feeding are is a strong predictive factors, from <40% of normal life expectancy for individuals with a traumatic brain injury who were non-ambulant and dependent on others for feeding, to >85% for those who were independently mobile. These statistics have shown very little change according to a more resent study published in 2022.<ref>Brooks JC, Shavelle RM, Strauss DJ, Hammond FM, Harrison-Felix CL. [https://lifeexpectancy.org/articles/Brooks2021TBI.pdf Life expectancy of 1-year survivors of traumatic brain injury, 1988-2019: updated results from the TBI Model Systems]. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2022 Jan 1;103(1):176-9.</ref> | ||
The brief video below shows some research going on the field of ageing and traumatic brain injury. | |||
{{#ev:youtube|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PTYsqvriDs|width}}<ref>University of Denver Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging - Traumatic Brain Injury Research Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PTYsqvriDs (last accessed 18.10.2019)</ref> | |||
== Effects of Increasing Age with Traumatic Brain Injury == | |||
=== Effects on Cognition === | |||
People who have had moderate or severe traumatic brain injury are known to have an increased risk of decline of cognitive abilities, and increased risk of dementia, later in life. One 2015 study <ref name=":0">Cole JH, Leech R, Sharp DJ, Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Prediction of brain age suggests accelerated atrophy after traumatic brain injury. Annals of Neurology.2015;77(4):571-81 | |||
</ref> compared MRI brain scans of people with traumatic brain injury to a control group; they developed a computer program with an algorithm to estimate the persons "brain age", and the people with traumatic brain injury were found to have a brain age on average 5 years older than the control group. The authors note: "There was also a correlation between time since injury and predicted age difference, suggesting that these changes in brain structure do not occur during the injury itself, but result from ongoing biological processes, potentially similar to those seen in normal ageing, that progress more quickly after an injury." | |||
</ref> | |||
This suggests that after traumatic brain injury there may be secondary process, which leads to increased brain damage for years afterwards.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
< | |||
=== | === Dementia === | ||
There is evidence that a traumatic brain injury earlier in life increases the risk of developing [https://physio-pedia.com/Dementia dementia] of the Alzheimer's type in old age.<ref>Guo Z, Cupples LA, Kurz A, Auerbach SH, Volicer L, Chui H, et al. Head injury and the risk of AD in the MIRAGE study. Neurology. 2000; 54(6):1316-23. | |||
</ref><ref>Mortimer JA, Vanduijn CM, Chandra V, Fratiglioni L, Graves AB, Heyman A, ''et al.'' Head trauma as a risk factor for Alzheimers-disease—a collaborative reanalysis of case-control studies. Int J Epidemiol. 1992;20: S28-S35 | |||
</ref><ref>Plassman BL, Havlik RJ, Steffens DC, Helms MJ, Newman TN, Drosdick D, et al. | |||
Documented head injury in early adulthood and risk of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Neurology. 2000;55(8):1158-66. | |||
</ref> It is commonly thought to be a result of a combination of the following: | </ref> It is commonly thought to be a result of a combination of the following: | ||
====Effects on Physical Condition==== | |||
People with a moderate or severe traumatic brain injury can experience increased musculoskeletal deterioration with aging, more than occurs in the general non-traumatic brain injury population. Frequently this occurs due to the nature of the accident/incident which caused the traumatic brain injury, such as road traffic accidents, also causing bony and soft tissue damage to trunk and/or limbs. | |||
==== Frailty in Elderly People ==== | |||
Definition: “[[Frailty: Theoretical Frameworks|Frailty]]" is a clinical state in which there is an increase in an individual’s vulnerability for developing increased dependency and/or mortality when exposed to a stressor.”<ref>Morley JE, Vellas B, Abellan van Kan G, Anker SD, Bauer JM, Bernabel R et al. Frailty consensus: a call to action. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013. 14(6): 392-7</ref> | |||
=== Sarcopenia === | |||
This is defined as loss of muscle function, strength and mass; it is a normal consequence of growing older, and in some people with traumatic brain injury an increase in sarcopenia when compared to the general population may be seen as a result of reduced physical activity and exercise levels. | |||
[[Osteoporosis]] is a | |||
=== Osteopenia / Osteoporosis === | |||
[[Osteoporosis]] is a characterised by a decrease in bone density which results in bones become increasingly porous and brittle leading to increased risk of fracture. Osteoporosis is a major health threat across the globe.<ref>Johnell O, Kanis JA. An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and disability associated with osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(12):1726-33</ref> | |||
Osteopenia is a milder reduction in bone density, which can be described as being a midpoint between having healthy bones and osteoporosis. In osteopenia the bones are weaker than normal, but not sufficiently weak that they fracture easily (as they do in osteoporosis). | Osteopenia is a milder reduction in bone density, which can be described as being a midpoint between having healthy bones and osteoporosis. In osteopenia the bones are weaker than normal, but not sufficiently weak that they fracture easily (as they do in osteoporosis). | ||
People who are taking anti-epileptic medication are known to have an increased risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis, and so people with seizures following | The incidence of osteopenia increases with age, with most people losing approximately '''.'''5% of bone mass every year after the age of 50. People who are taking anti-epileptic medication are known to have an increased risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis, and so people with seizures following traumatic brain injury who take such medication have a markedly increased risk. | ||
== Physical Activity == | |||
The amount of physical activity, which any person with traumatic brain injury engages in, has a great impact on healthy ageing, just as it does in the general population. The [https://physio-pedia.com/Benefits_of_Physical_Activity Health Benefits of Physical Activity] are shown below: | |||
== Physical Activity | |||
The amount of physical activity | |||
[[File:Physical_and_mental_health_benefits.png|frameless|900x900px]] | |||
[[ | Other benefits include a decrease in the risks of secondary conditions, such as hypertension, [https://physio-pedia.com/Osteoporosis osteoporosis], and [https://physio-pedia.com/Cardiovascular_Disease#sts=What%20are%20cardiovascular%20diseases? cardiovascular disease.] <ref name=":1">Irwin K, Ed A, Buddhadev H, Driver S, Ronai P. Physical Activity and Traumatic Brain Injury. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 2011; 33 (4): 43-47 doi: 10.1519/SSC.0b013e318210e899 | ||
</ref> | |||
=== Physical Activity in the Traumatic Brain Injury Population === | |||
Physical Activity | |||
People with traumatic brain injury have been found to have fitness levels well below the lowest fitness levels of adults, matched for age and sex.<ref>Hassett L, Moseley AM, Harmer AR. Fitness training for cardiorespiratory conditioning after traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017(12): CD006123. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006123.pub3</ref> Studies have demonstrated that the traumatic brain injury population benefit from aerobic conditioning and strength training <ref name=":1" />, specifically: | |||
People with | * An increase in aerobic capacity <ref>Jankowski LW, Sullivan SJ. Aerobic and neuromuscular training: Effect on the capacity, efficiency, and fatigability of patients with traumatic brain injuries. ''Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1990;''71: 500-504. | ||
</ref> | |||
* Increase in muscle strength and endurance <ref>Bhambhani Y, Rowland G, Farag M. Effects of circuit training on body composition and peak cardiorespiratory responses in patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. ''Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;'' 86: 268-276. | |||
</ref> | |||
* Reduced risk of secondary conditions - cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, hypertension <ref>U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2008 physical activity guidelines for Americans. 2009. Available from:http://www.health.gov/PAGuidelines/pdf/paguide.pdf. [Accessed 1 September 2019.]</ref> | |||
== Healthy Aging Advice == | |||
People with a traumatic brain injury encounter the same challenges as the general population in regard to aging, and the advice which is given to the general population applies just as much to individuals following traumatic brain injury. | |||
This advice includes: | |||
* Stay active - do exercise targeting aerobic, strengthening and balance | |||
* | * Eat a balanced diet of healthy, natural food | ||
* Manage body weight, avoiding obesity | |||
* Stay connected to your community | |||
* Maintain your brain - keep learning and challenging your mind | |||
* Look after your vision, which deteriorates with age, and use glasses as appropriate | |||
== Resources == | |||
* The US National Institute on Aging has some useful documents, freely available on their [https://order.nia.nih.gov/ website]. | |||
* The charity [https://www.ageuk.org.uk/information-advice/health-wellbeing/mind-body/10-tips-for-ageing-better/ Age UK] have a series of documents with pertinent advice as well as a booklet [https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/a-practical-guide-to-healthy-ageing.pdf A Practical Guide to Healthy Aging]. | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
Latest revision as of 18:45, 14 November 2022
Original Editor - Wendy Walker
Top Contributors - Wendy Walker, Naomi O'Reilly, Admin, Kim Jackson, Uchechukwu Chukwuemeka, Lucinda hampton, Tarina van der Stockt, Rachael Lowe, Simisola Ajeyalemi, Jess Bell and Stacy Schiurring
Life Expectancy Following Traumatic Brain Injury[edit | edit source]
A very large study[1] looked at the life expectancy of people with traumatic brain injury in comparison to the general population in the USA found that the life expectancy of people with traumatic brain injury is lower than that of the general population and depends on age, sex, and severity of disability Walking and feeding are is a strong predictive factors, from <40% of normal life expectancy for individuals with a traumatic brain injury who were non-ambulant and dependent on others for feeding, to >85% for those who were independently mobile. These statistics have shown very little change according to a more resent study published in 2022.[2]
The brief video below shows some research going on the field of ageing and traumatic brain injury.
Effects of Increasing Age with Traumatic Brain Injury[edit | edit source]
Effects on Cognition[edit | edit source]
People who have had moderate or severe traumatic brain injury are known to have an increased risk of decline of cognitive abilities, and increased risk of dementia, later in life. One 2015 study [4] compared MRI brain scans of people with traumatic brain injury to a control group; they developed a computer program with an algorithm to estimate the persons "brain age", and the people with traumatic brain injury were found to have a brain age on average 5 years older than the control group. The authors note: "There was also a correlation between time since injury and predicted age difference, suggesting that these changes in brain structure do not occur during the injury itself, but result from ongoing biological processes, potentially similar to those seen in normal ageing, that progress more quickly after an injury."
This suggests that after traumatic brain injury there may be secondary process, which leads to increased brain damage for years afterwards.[4]
Dementia[edit | edit source]
There is evidence that a traumatic brain injury earlier in life increases the risk of developing dementia of the Alzheimer's type in old age.[5][6][7] It is commonly thought to be a result of a combination of the following:
Effects on Physical Condition[edit | edit source]
People with a moderate or severe traumatic brain injury can experience increased musculoskeletal deterioration with aging, more than occurs in the general non-traumatic brain injury population. Frequently this occurs due to the nature of the accident/incident which caused the traumatic brain injury, such as road traffic accidents, also causing bony and soft tissue damage to trunk and/or limbs.
Frailty in Elderly People[edit | edit source]
Definition: “Frailty" is a clinical state in which there is an increase in an individual’s vulnerability for developing increased dependency and/or mortality when exposed to a stressor.”[8]
Sarcopenia[edit | edit source]
This is defined as loss of muscle function, strength and mass; it is a normal consequence of growing older, and in some people with traumatic brain injury an increase in sarcopenia when compared to the general population may be seen as a result of reduced physical activity and exercise levels.
Osteopenia / Osteoporosis[edit | edit source]
Osteoporosis is a characterised by a decrease in bone density which results in bones become increasingly porous and brittle leading to increased risk of fracture. Osteoporosis is a major health threat across the globe.[9]
Osteopenia is a milder reduction in bone density, which can be described as being a midpoint between having healthy bones and osteoporosis. In osteopenia the bones are weaker than normal, but not sufficiently weak that they fracture easily (as they do in osteoporosis).
The incidence of osteopenia increases with age, with most people losing approximately .5% of bone mass every year after the age of 50. People who are taking anti-epileptic medication are known to have an increased risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis, and so people with seizures following traumatic brain injury who take such medication have a markedly increased risk.
Physical Activity[edit | edit source]
The amount of physical activity, which any person with traumatic brain injury engages in, has a great impact on healthy ageing, just as it does in the general population. The Health Benefits of Physical Activity are shown below:
Other benefits include a decrease in the risks of secondary conditions, such as hypertension, osteoporosis, and cardiovascular disease. [10]
Physical Activity in the Traumatic Brain Injury Population[edit | edit source]
People with traumatic brain injury have been found to have fitness levels well below the lowest fitness levels of adults, matched for age and sex.[11] Studies have demonstrated that the traumatic brain injury population benefit from aerobic conditioning and strength training [10], specifically:
- An increase in aerobic capacity [12]
- Increase in muscle strength and endurance [13]
- Reduced risk of secondary conditions - cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, hypertension [14]
Healthy Aging Advice[edit | edit source]
People with a traumatic brain injury encounter the same challenges as the general population in regard to aging, and the advice which is given to the general population applies just as much to individuals following traumatic brain injury.
This advice includes:
- Stay active - do exercise targeting aerobic, strengthening and balance
- Eat a balanced diet of healthy, natural food
- Manage body weight, avoiding obesity
- Stay connected to your community
- Maintain your brain - keep learning and challenging your mind
- Look after your vision, which deteriorates with age, and use glasses as appropriate
Resources[edit | edit source]
- The US National Institute on Aging has some useful documents, freely available on their website.
- The charity Age UK have a series of documents with pertinent advice as well as a booklet A Practical Guide to Healthy Aging.
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Brooks JC, Shavelle RM, Strauss DJ, Hammond FM, Harrison-Felix CL. 2015 Long-Term Survival After Traumatic Brain Injury Part II: Life Expectancy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2015 Jun;96(6):1000-5. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2015.02.002.
- ↑ Brooks JC, Shavelle RM, Strauss DJ, Hammond FM, Harrison-Felix CL. Life expectancy of 1-year survivors of traumatic brain injury, 1988-2019: updated results from the TBI Model Systems. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2022 Jan 1;103(1):176-9.
- ↑ University of Denver Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging - Traumatic Brain Injury Research Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5PTYsqvriDs (last accessed 18.10.2019)
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cole JH, Leech R, Sharp DJ, Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Prediction of brain age suggests accelerated atrophy after traumatic brain injury. Annals of Neurology.2015;77(4):571-81
- ↑ Guo Z, Cupples LA, Kurz A, Auerbach SH, Volicer L, Chui H, et al. Head injury and the risk of AD in the MIRAGE study. Neurology. 2000; 54(6):1316-23.
- ↑ Mortimer JA, Vanduijn CM, Chandra V, Fratiglioni L, Graves AB, Heyman A, et al. Head trauma as a risk factor for Alzheimers-disease—a collaborative reanalysis of case-control studies. Int J Epidemiol. 1992;20: S28-S35
- ↑ Plassman BL, Havlik RJ, Steffens DC, Helms MJ, Newman TN, Drosdick D, et al. Documented head injury in early adulthood and risk of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias. Neurology. 2000;55(8):1158-66.
- ↑ Morley JE, Vellas B, Abellan van Kan G, Anker SD, Bauer JM, Bernabel R et al. Frailty consensus: a call to action. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013. 14(6): 392-7
- ↑ Johnell O, Kanis JA. An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and disability associated with osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(12):1726-33
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Irwin K, Ed A, Buddhadev H, Driver S, Ronai P. Physical Activity and Traumatic Brain Injury. Strength and Conditioning Journal. 2011; 33 (4): 43-47 doi: 10.1519/SSC.0b013e318210e899
- ↑ Hassett L, Moseley AM, Harmer AR. Fitness training for cardiorespiratory conditioning after traumatic brain injury. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2017(12): CD006123. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006123.pub3
- ↑ Jankowski LW, Sullivan SJ. Aerobic and neuromuscular training: Effect on the capacity, efficiency, and fatigability of patients with traumatic brain injuries. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1990;71: 500-504.
- ↑ Bhambhani Y, Rowland G, Farag M. Effects of circuit training on body composition and peak cardiorespiratory responses in patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005; 86: 268-276.
- ↑ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2008 physical activity guidelines for Americans. 2009. Available from:http://www.health.gov/PAGuidelines/pdf/paguide.pdf. [Accessed 1 September 2019.]
