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.... Below are generally accepted values for a normal ROM for some individual joints as measured in degrees: ...online:https://www.wikem.org/wiki/Range_of_motion_by_joint [accessed 25-10-2021]</ref>

[[File:250px-Longissimus.png|thumb|Longissimus]] ...ilable:https://study.com/academy/lesson/longissimus-muscle-origin-insertion-function.html (accessed 5.2.2022)</ref>:

...control study.] Brazilian journal of physical therapy. 2019 Jul 1;23(4):346-54. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6630105/#bi * Stiff upper thoracic spine or rounded upper spine causing cervical spine to hyperextend to see ahead.

[[File:Osteoarthritic Spine (48605563867).png|right|frameless|alt=|476x476px]] ...and intervertebral disc degeneration: Quite different, quite similar.] JOR spine. 2018 Dec;1(4):e1033.Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PM

...sculoskeletal assessment]. Nursing made incredibly easy. 2004 May 1;2(3):46-50.</ref> ...University of Western Ontario. Available from: <nowiki>https://rheum.ca/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/The_Musculoskeletal_Screening_Examination_Booklet.pd

...spine. ''journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy'', ''40''(8), 455-463.</ref>. This can cause difficulty in finding accurate data at times. ...verse response. ''Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy'', ''29''(1), 51-58.</ref>:

...region (see [[Cranial Nerves|cranial nerves]]) with a few exceptions eg [[Cervical Anatomy|neck muscles]] are supplied by the spinal nerves. ...nerves Available: https://musculoskeletalkey.com/nerves-innervation-of-the-spine/<nowiki/>(accessed 6.2.2022)</ref>

...Contributors''' -{{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}<span style="line-height: 1.5em;">&nbsp;&nbsp;</span> ...eophyte-2 Osteophyte] Available:https://radiopaedia.org/articles/osteophyte-2 (accessed 7.9.2022)</ref>

=== Joints and Ligaments of the Skull === Temporo-mandibular joint:<ref name=":1" />

[[File:Muscles of the cervical region multifidus superficial layer Primal.png|right|frameless]] ...ding of this anatomy is essential for assessment and treatment of cervical spine problems.

...sess the integrity of the [[Alar ligaments|alar ligaments]] and thus upper cervical stability.<br> ...anjabi<ref>Dvorak J, Panjabi MM. Functional anatomy of the alar ligaments. Spine. 1987;12:183–189.</ref> to result from tension generated in the alar liga

...oney V . [https://www.elsevier.com/books/movement-stability-and-lumbopelvic-pain/9780443101786 Movement, Stability & Lumbopelvic Pain 2nd Edition] . Ph ...ligamentum flavum, causing pretension in the neutral position (interspinous-supraspinous thoracolumbar ligamentous complex)<ref name=":0" />

...ons]] that are applied Antero- cranially along the treatment planes of the joints selected. ...raded according to the tolerance of the patient. They should always be pain-free for the patients. If these are painful despite applying correctly, then

...ased on the course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/course_tutor/daphne-xuan/ Daphne Xuan]<br> ...1;12(2):e053999.</ref>[[File:C-spine-picture.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Cervical spine]]

...al of Physiotherapy. He is also the author of two books:<ref name="mulligan-5">Manual therapy NAGS,SNAGS,MWMS,etc by Brian R.Mulligan, 5th edition, 2004 ...of the extremities and SNAGS (sustained natural apophyseal glides) of the spine were first coined by Brian R. Mulligan <ref>Mulligan, BR: Manual Therapy �

[[File:250px-Longissimus.png|thumb|Longissimus]] ...ilable:https://study.com/academy/lesson/longissimus-muscle-origin-insertion-function.html (accessed 5.2.2022)</ref>

...ation of joint range of motion, alleviation of [[Pain Assessment|pain]] in joints and muscles, and restoring strength due to muscle weakness. This case study ...ns in patients with thyroid disease. Clinical Endocrinology. 2003;59(2):162-7</ref>&nbsp;<br>

...capitis posterior major and the dura mater. Spine. 2011 Dec 1;36(25):E1612-4.</ref> Suboccipital nerve or dorsal ramus of cervical spinal nerve (C1).<ref name="AE" />

...153016392695/Effect-of-standing-postural-deviations-on-trunk-and-hip-muscle-activity.pdf?origin=publication_detail (last accessed 10.12.2019)</ref> ...a M, Kotwicki T. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5836359/ Non-structural misalignments of body posture in the sagittal plane]. Scoliosis a

...ysiological Intervertebral movements (PPIVMs) and [[PAIVMs of the Cervical Spine - Assessment|Passive Accessory Intervertebral Movements]] (PAIVMs). Althoug .... Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy (Maney Publishing). 2013;21(1):7-17.</ref> In order to specifically target treatment, it is necessary to loca