Physiology and Healing in Sport: Difference between revisions

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== Stress ==
== Introduction ==
Stress is defined as any intrinsic or extrinsic stimulus that provokes a biological response.  Stress response is the compensatory reaction to the stressor.  Based on the severity, timing and type of evoked stimulus, stress can cause diverse actions on the body.<ref>Yaribeygi H, Panahi Y, Sahraei H, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319402332_The_impact_of_stress_on_body_function_A_review The impact of stress on body function: A review]. EXCLI journal. 2017;16:1057.</ref> The severity of the physiological reaction to a stimulus is situationally dependent and highly individual.<ref>Anderson GS, Di Nota PM, Metz GA, Andersen JP. [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02501/full The impact of acute stress physiology on skilled motor performance: Implications for policing.] Frontiers in psychology. 2019 Nov 7;10:2501.</ref>
Stress is defined as any intrinsic or extrinsic stimulus that provokes a biological response.  Stress response is the compensatory reaction to the stressor.  Based on the severity, timing and type of evoked stimulus, stress can cause diverse actions on the body.<ref>Yaribeygi H, Panahi Y, Sahraei H, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319402332_The_impact_of_stress_on_body_function_A_review The impact of stress on body function: A review]. EXCLI journal. 2017;16:1057.</ref> The severity of the physiological reaction to a stimulus is situationally dependent and highly individual.<ref>Anderson GS, Di Nota PM, Metz GA, Andersen JP. [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02501/full The impact of acute stress physiology on skilled motor performance: Implications for policing.] Frontiers in psychology. 2019 Nov 7;10:2501.</ref>


== Physical Stress Theory ==
== Physical Stress Theory ==
The physical stress theory suggests that tissues adapt to physical stresses by modifying their composition and structure to best meet the mechanical demands of routine loading.  The direction, magnitude and time of the stressor establishes the overall level of exposure to physical stress. <ref name=":0" />  Injury may occur due to a high-magnitude stress applied for a brief period, a low-magnitude stress applied for a long duration, and/or a moderate-magnitude stress applied to the tissue ma
The physical stress theory suggests that tissues adapt to physical stresses by modifying their composition and structure to best meet the mechanical demands of routine loading.  The direction, magnitude and time of the stressor establishes the overall level of exposure to physical stress. <ref name=":0" />  Injury may occur due to a high-magnitude stress applied for a brief period, a moderate-magnitude stress applied to the tissue multiple times and/or a low-magnitude stress applied for a long duration.<ref name=":0" />
 


This theory proposes five qualitative responses to physical stress; atrophy, maintenance, hypertrophy, injury and death:<ref name=":0">Mueller MJ, Maluf KS. [https://academic.oup.com/ptj/article/82/4/383/2837004?login=false Tissue adaptation to physical stress: a proposed “Physical Stress Theory” to guide physical therapist practice, education, and research.] Physical therapy. 2002 Apr 1;82(4):383-403.</ref><ref>Higgins JD, Wendland DM. T[https://journals.lww.com/jacpt/Abstract/2015/12000/The_Use_of_the_Physical_Stress_Theory_to_Guide_the.3.aspx he Use of the Physical Stress Theory to Guide the Rehabilitation of a Patient With Bilateral Suspected Deep Tissue Injuries and Hip Repair]. Journal of Acute Care Physical Therapy. 2015 Dec 1;6(3):87-92.</ref>  
This theory proposes five qualitative responses to physical stress; atrophy, maintenance, hypertrophy, injury and death:<ref name=":0">Mueller MJ, Maluf KS. [https://academic.oup.com/ptj/article/82/4/383/2837004?login=false Tissue adaptation to physical stress: a proposed “Physical Stress Theory” to guide physical therapist practice, education, and research.] Physical therapy. 2002 Apr 1;82(4):383-403.</ref><ref>Higgins JD, Wendland DM. T[https://journals.lww.com/jacpt/Abstract/2015/12000/The_Use_of_the_Physical_Stress_Theory_to_Guide_the.3.aspx he Use of the Physical Stress Theory to Guide the Rehabilitation of a Patient With Bilateral Suspected Deep Tissue Injuries and Hip Repair]. Journal of Acute Care Physical Therapy. 2015 Dec 1;6(3):87-92.</ref>  
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* tissue death: extreme deviations from the maintenance stress range that exceed the adaptive capacity of tissues<ref name=":0" />
* tissue death: extreme deviations from the maintenance stress range that exceed the adaptive capacity of tissues<ref name=":0" />


'''Physical Stress Theory'''
* Injury may occur due to a high-magnitude stress applied for a brief period, a low-magnitude stress applied for a long duration, and/or a moderate-magnitude stress applied to the tissue man<ref name=":1" />




''t has been suggested that proper manipulation of RT variables (e.g., load, volume, rest, and frequency) can optimize muscle hypertrophic response<ref>Scarpelli MC, Nóbrega SR, Santanielo N, Alvarez IF, Otoboni GB, Ugrinowitsch C, Libardi CA. [https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Fulltext/2022/04000/Muscle_Hypertrophy_Response_Is_Affected_by.40.aspx Muscle hypertrophy response is affected by previous resistance training volume in trained individuals.] Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2022 Apr 8;36(4):1153-7.</ref>''[[File:Physical Stress theory.png|thumb]]''Maintaining a sufficient stimulus to match adaptive capacity is termed progressive overload. hile the term progressive overload refers to “the gradual increase of stress placed on the body during resistance training''<ref>Plotkin D, Coleman M, Van Every D, Maldonado J, Oberlin D, Israetel M, Feather J, Alto A, Vigotsky AD, Schoenfeld BJ. [https://peerj.com/articles/14142/ Progressive overload without progressing load? The effects of load or repetition progression on muscular adaptations]. PeerJ. 2022 Sep 30;10:e14142.</ref>
''t has been suggested that proper manipulation of RT variables (e.g., load, volume, rest, and frequency) can optimize muscle hypertrophic response<ref>Scarpelli MC, Nóbrega SR, Santanielo N, Alvarez IF, Otoboni GB, Ugrinowitsch C, Libardi CA. [https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Fulltext/2022/04000/Muscle_Hypertrophy_Response_Is_Affected_by.40.aspx Muscle hypertrophy response is affected by previous resistance training volume in trained individuals.] Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2022 Apr 8;36(4):1153-7.</ref>''[[File:Physical Stress theory.png|thumb]]''Maintaining a sufficient stimulus to match adaptive capacity is termed progressive overload. hile the term progressive overload refers to “the gradual increase of stress placed on the body during resistance training''<ref>Plotkin D, Coleman M, Van Every D, Maldonado J, Oberlin D, Israetel M, Feather J, Alto A, Vigotsky AD, Schoenfeld BJ. [https://peerj.com/articles/14142/ Progressive overload without progressing load? The effects of load or repetition progression on muscular adaptations]. PeerJ. 2022 Sep 30;10:e14142.</ref>


'''Physical Stress Theory'''
* Biological tissues adapt to changes in the levels of applied stress
* Maintaining tissue tolerance is essential to prevent atrophy, whereas overloading results in hypertrophy
* Excessively high levels of stress lead to tissue injury and potential permanent damage
* The magnitude, time, and direction of stress application determine the overall level of exposure to physical stress
* [[File:Physical Stress theory.png|thumb]]Injury may occur due to a high-magnitude stress applied for a brief period, a low-magnitude stress applied for a long duration, and/or a moderate-magnitude stress applied to the tissue man<ref name=":1">Mueller MJ, Maluf KS. [https://open.spotify.com/ Tissue adaptation to physical stress: a proposed “Physical Stress Theory” to guide physical therapist practice, education, and research. Physical therapy]. 2002 Apr 1;82(4):383-403.</ref>


f''lammation occurs immediately following tissue injury and renders the injured tissue less tolerant of stress than it was prior to injury.''<ref name=":0" /> ''Injured and inflamed tissues must be protected from subsequent excessive stress until acute inflammation subsides.''<ref name=":0" />PST, we propose that tissues accommodate to physical stresses by altering their structure and composition to best meet the mechanical demands of routine loading. The 5 qualitative responses to physical stress are decreased stress tolerance (eg, atrophy), maintenance, increased stress tolerance (eg, hypertrophy), injury, and death.<ref name=":0" />
f''lammation occurs immediately following tissue injury and renders the injured tissue less tolerant of stress than it was prior to injury.''<ref name=":0" /> ''Injured and inflamed tissues must be protected from subsequent excessive stress until acute inflammation subsides.''<ref name=":0" />P


== General Adaptation ==
General Adaptation


== Resources ==
== Resources ==

Revision as of 23:30, 9 December 2022

Introduction[edit | edit source]

Stress is defined as any intrinsic or extrinsic stimulus that provokes a biological response. Stress response is the compensatory reaction to the stressor. Based on the severity, timing and type of evoked stimulus, stress can cause diverse actions on the body.[1] The severity of the physiological reaction to a stimulus is situationally dependent and highly individual.[2]

Physical Stress Theory[edit | edit source]

The physical stress theory suggests that tissues adapt to physical stresses by modifying their composition and structure to best meet the mechanical demands of routine loading. The direction, magnitude and time of the stressor establishes the overall level of exposure to physical stress. [3] Injury may occur due to a high-magnitude stress applied for a brief period, a moderate-magnitude stress applied to the tissue multiple times and/or a low-magnitude stress applied for a long duration.[3]

This theory proposes five qualitative responses to physical stress; atrophy, maintenance, hypertrophy, injury and death:[3][4]

  • Atrophy: physical stress levels that are lower than maintenance range; subsequent stresses to tissues lead to decreased tolerance
  • No apparent change: stressors that are in the maintenance range
  • hypertrophy: stressors that exceed the maintenance range (overload); subsequent stress leads tissue to increased tolerance
  • tissue injury: excessively high levels of physical stress
  • tissue death: extreme deviations from the maintenance stress range that exceed the adaptive capacity of tissues[3]


t has been suggested that proper manipulation of RT variables (e.g., load, volume, rest, and frequency) can optimize muscle hypertrophic response[5]

Physical Stress theory.png

Maintaining a sufficient stimulus to match adaptive capacity is termed progressive overload. hile the term progressive overload refers to “the gradual increase of stress placed on the body during resistance training[6]


flammation occurs immediately following tissue injury and renders the injured tissue less tolerant of stress than it was prior to injury.[3] Injured and inflamed tissues must be protected from subsequent excessive stress until acute inflammation subsides.[3]P

General Adaptation

Resources[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Yaribeygi H, Panahi Y, Sahraei H, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. The impact of stress on body function: A review. EXCLI journal. 2017;16:1057.
  2. ↑ Anderson GS, Di Nota PM, Metz GA, Andersen JP. The impact of acute stress physiology on skilled motor performance: Implications for policing. Frontiers in psychology. 2019 Nov 7;10:2501.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Mueller MJ, Maluf KS. Tissue adaptation to physical stress: a proposed “Physical Stress Theory” to guide physical therapist practice, education, and research. Physical therapy. 2002 Apr 1;82(4):383-403.
  4. ↑ Higgins JD, Wendland DM. The Use of the Physical Stress Theory to Guide the Rehabilitation of a Patient With Bilateral Suspected Deep Tissue Injuries and Hip Repair. Journal of Acute Care Physical Therapy. 2015 Dec 1;6(3):87-92.
  5. ↑ Scarpelli MC, Nóbrega SR, Santanielo N, Alvarez IF, Otoboni GB, Ugrinowitsch C, Libardi CA. Muscle hypertrophy response is affected by previous resistance training volume in trained individuals. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2022 Apr 8;36(4):1153-7.
  6. ↑ Plotkin D, Coleman M, Van Every D, Maldonado J, Oberlin D, Israetel M, Feather J, Alto A, Vigotsky AD, Schoenfeld BJ. Progressive overload without progressing load? The effects of load or repetition progression on muscular adaptations. PeerJ. 2022 Sep 30;10:e14142.
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