Physiology and Healing in Sport: Difference between revisions

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Stress
== Stress ==
Stress is defined as any intrinsic or extrinsic stimulus that provokes a biological response.  Stress response is the compensatory reaction to the stressor.  Based on the severity, timing and type of evoked stimulus, stress can cause diverse actions on the body.<ref>Yaribeygi H, Panahi Y, Sahraei H, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319402332_The_impact_of_stress_on_body_function_A_review The impact of stress on body function: A review]. EXCLI journal. 2017;16:1057.</ref> The severity of the physiological reaction to a stimulus is situationally dependent and highly individual.<ref>Anderson GS, Di Nota PM, Metz GA, Andersen JP. [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02501/full The impact of acute stress physiology on skilled motor performance: Implications for policing.] Frontiers in psychology. 2019 Nov 7;10:2501.</ref>
 
== Physical Stress Theory ==
The physical stress theory suggests that tissues adapt to physical stresses by modifying their composition and structure to best meet the mechanical demands of routine loading.  This theory proposes there are five qualitative responses to physical stress; atrophy, maintenance, hypertrophy, injury and death.<ref name=":0">Mueller MJ, Maluf KS. [https://academic.oup.com/ptj/article/82/4/383/2837004?login=false Tissue adaptation to physical stress: a proposed “Physical Stress Theory” to guide physical therapist practice, education, and research.] Physical therapy. 2002 Apr 1;82(4):383-403.</ref>
 
* Atrophy: physical stress levels that are lower than maintenance range; subsequent stresses to tissues lead to decreased tolerance
* No apparent change:  stressors that are in the maintenance range
* hypertrophy: stressors that exceed the maintenance range (overload); subsequent stress leads tissue to increased tolerance
* tissue injury: excessively high levels of physical stress
* tissue death: extreme deviations from the maintenance stress range that exceed the adaptive capacity of tissues<ref name=":0" />
 


''larity, in the current review, stress is defined according to the definition provided by Selye (1956), as a challenge or stimulus and is separate from the physiological reactivity that follows in response to the stress or challenge. Thus, a stressor is anything that leads to physiological stress reactivity. The intensity of the physiological reaction to a stressor is therefore highly individual and situationally dependen''<ref>Anderson GS, Di Nota PM, Metz GA, Andersen JP. [https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02501/full The impact of acute stress physiology on skilled motor performance: Implications for policing.] Frontiers in psychology. 2019 Nov 7;10:2501.</ref>


''t has been suggested that proper manipulation of RT variables (e.g., load, volume, rest, and frequency) can optimize muscle hypertrophic response<ref>Scarpelli MC, Nóbrega SR, Santanielo N, Alvarez IF, Otoboni GB, Ugrinowitsch C, Libardi CA. [https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Fulltext/2022/04000/Muscle_Hypertrophy_Response_Is_Affected_by.40.aspx Muscle hypertrophy response is affected by previous resistance training volume in trained individuals.] Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2022 Apr 8;36(4):1153-7.</ref>''
''t has been suggested that proper manipulation of RT variables (e.g., load, volume, rest, and frequency) can optimize muscle hypertrophic response<ref>Scarpelli MC, Nóbrega SR, Santanielo N, Alvarez IF, Otoboni GB, Ugrinowitsch C, Libardi CA. [https://journals.lww.com/nsca-jscr/Fulltext/2022/04000/Muscle_Hypertrophy_Response_Is_Affected_by.40.aspx Muscle hypertrophy response is affected by previous resistance training volume in trained individuals.] Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2022 Apr 8;36(4):1153-7.</ref>''


''Maintaining a sufficient stimulus to match adaptive capacity is termed progressive overload. hile the term progressive overload refers to “the gradual increase of stress placed on the body during resistance training''<ref>Plotkin D, Coleman M, Van Every D, Maldonado J, Oberlin D, Israetel M, Feather J, Alto A, Vigotsky AD, Schoenfeld BJ. [https://peerj.com/articles/14142/ Progressive overload without progressing load? The effects of load or repetition progression on muscular adaptations]. PeerJ. 2022 Sep 30;10:e14142.</ref>
''Maintaining a sufficient stimulus to match adaptive capacity is termed progressive overload. hile the term progressive overload refers to “the gradual increase of stress placed on the body during resistance training''<ref>Plotkin D, Coleman M, Van Every D, Maldonado J, Oberlin D, Israetel M, Feather J, Alto A, Vigotsky AD, Schoenfeld BJ. [https://peerj.com/articles/14142/ Progressive overload without progressing load? The effects of load or repetition progression on muscular adaptations]. PeerJ. 2022 Sep 30;10:e14142.</ref>
''The physical stress theory states that changes in the amount of physical stress applied to tissue cause an expected response in all biological tissues..Decreased tolerance to stress (atrophy), maintenance of tolerance to stress, increased tolerance to stress (hypertrophy), tissue injury, and tissue death.'' <ref>Higgins JD, Wendland DM. T[https://journals.lww.com/jacpt/Abstract/2015/12000/The_Use_of_the_Physical_Stress_Theory_to_Guide_the.3.aspx he Use of the Physical Stress Theory to Guide the Rehabilitation of a Patient With Bilateral Suspected Deep Tissue Injuries and Hip Repair]. Journal of Acute Care Physical Therapy. 2015 Dec 1;6(3):87-92.</ref>




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* [[File:Physical Stress theory.png|thumb]]Injury may occur due to a high-magnitude stress applied for a brief period, a low-magnitude stress applied for a long duration, and/or a moderate-magnitude stress applied to the tissue man<ref>Mueller MJ, Maluf KS. [https://open.spotify.com/ Tissue adaptation to physical stress: a proposed “Physical Stress Theory” to guide physical therapist practice, education, and research. Physical therapy]. 2002 Apr 1;82(4):383-403.</ref>
* [[File:Physical Stress theory.png|thumb]]Injury may occur due to a high-magnitude stress applied for a brief period, a low-magnitude stress applied for a long duration, and/or a moderate-magnitude stress applied to the tissue man<ref>Mueller MJ, Maluf KS. [https://open.spotify.com/ Tissue adaptation to physical stress: a proposed “Physical Stress Theory” to guide physical therapist practice, education, and research. Physical therapy]. 2002 Apr 1;82(4):383-403.</ref>


 
f''lammation occurs immediately following tissue injury and renders the injured tissue less tolerant of stress than it was prior to injury.''<ref name=":0" /> ''Injured and inflamed tissues must be protected from subsequent excessive stress until acute inflammation subsides.''<ref name=":0" />PST, we propose that tissues accommodate to physical stresses by altering their structure and composition to best meet the mechanical demands of routine loading. The 5 qualitative responses to physical stress are decreased stress tolerance (eg, atrophy), maintenance, increased stress tolerance (eg, hypertrophy), injury, and death.<ref name=":0" />


== General Adaptation ==
== General Adaptation ==

Revision as of 22:22, 9 December 2022

Stress[edit | edit source]

Stress is defined as any intrinsic or extrinsic stimulus that provokes a biological response. Stress response is the compensatory reaction to the stressor. Based on the severity, timing and type of evoked stimulus, stress can cause diverse actions on the body.[1] The severity of the physiological reaction to a stimulus is situationally dependent and highly individual.[2]

Physical Stress Theory[edit | edit source]

The physical stress theory suggests that tissues adapt to physical stresses by modifying their composition and structure to best meet the mechanical demands of routine loading. This theory proposes there are five qualitative responses to physical stress; atrophy, maintenance, hypertrophy, injury and death.[3]

  • Atrophy: physical stress levels that are lower than maintenance range; subsequent stresses to tissues lead to decreased tolerance
  • No apparent change: stressors that are in the maintenance range
  • hypertrophy: stressors that exceed the maintenance range (overload); subsequent stress leads tissue to increased tolerance
  • tissue injury: excessively high levels of physical stress
  • tissue death: extreme deviations from the maintenance stress range that exceed the adaptive capacity of tissues[3]


t has been suggested that proper manipulation of RT variables (e.g., load, volume, rest, and frequency) can optimize muscle hypertrophic response[4]

Maintaining a sufficient stimulus to match adaptive capacity is termed progressive overload. hile the term progressive overload refers to “the gradual increase of stress placed on the body during resistance training[5]


The physical stress theory states that changes in the amount of physical stress applied to tissue cause an expected response in all biological tissues..Decreased tolerance to stress (atrophy), maintenance of tolerance to stress, increased tolerance to stress (hypertrophy), tissue injury, and tissue death. [6]


Physical Stress Theory

  • Biological tissues adapt to changes in the levels of applied stress
  • Maintaining tissue tolerance is essential to prevent atrophy, whereas overloading results in hypertrophy
  • Excessively high levels of stress lead to tissue injury and potential permanent damage
  • The magnitude, time, and direction of stress application determine the overall level of exposure to physical stress
  • Physical Stress theory.png
    Injury may occur due to a high-magnitude stress applied for a brief period, a low-magnitude stress applied for a long duration, and/or a moderate-magnitude stress applied to the tissue man[7]

flammation occurs immediately following tissue injury and renders the injured tissue less tolerant of stress than it was prior to injury.[3] Injured and inflamed tissues must be protected from subsequent excessive stress until acute inflammation subsides.[3]PST, we propose that tissues accommodate to physical stresses by altering their structure and composition to best meet the mechanical demands of routine loading. The 5 qualitative responses to physical stress are decreased stress tolerance (eg, atrophy), maintenance, increased stress tolerance (eg, hypertrophy), injury, and death.[3]

General Adaptation[edit | edit source]

Resources[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Yaribeygi H, Panahi Y, Sahraei H, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. The impact of stress on body function: A review. EXCLI journal. 2017;16:1057.
  2. ↑ Anderson GS, Di Nota PM, Metz GA, Andersen JP. The impact of acute stress physiology on skilled motor performance: Implications for policing. Frontiers in psychology. 2019 Nov 7;10:2501.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Mueller MJ, Maluf KS. Tissue adaptation to physical stress: a proposed “Physical Stress Theory” to guide physical therapist practice, education, and research. Physical therapy. 2002 Apr 1;82(4):383-403.
  4. ↑ Scarpelli MC, Nóbrega SR, Santanielo N, Alvarez IF, Otoboni GB, Ugrinowitsch C, Libardi CA. Muscle hypertrophy response is affected by previous resistance training volume in trained individuals. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 2022 Apr 8;36(4):1153-7.
  5. ↑ Plotkin D, Coleman M, Van Every D, Maldonado J, Oberlin D, Israetel M, Feather J, Alto A, Vigotsky AD, Schoenfeld BJ. Progressive overload without progressing load? The effects of load or repetition progression on muscular adaptations. PeerJ. 2022 Sep 30;10:e14142.
  6. ↑ Higgins JD, Wendland DM. The Use of the Physical Stress Theory to Guide the Rehabilitation of a Patient With Bilateral Suspected Deep Tissue Injuries and Hip Repair. Journal of Acute Care Physical Therapy. 2015 Dec 1;6(3):87-92.
  7. ↑ Mueller MJ, Maluf KS. Tissue adaptation to physical stress: a proposed “Physical Stress Theory” to guide physical therapist practice, education, and research. Physical therapy. 2002 Apr 1;82(4):383-403.
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