Biomechanics of the Thorax: Difference between revisions
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* The sternum consists of manubrium, body and xiphoid process. Its details can be referred to on page : [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Sternum?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal sternum]. | * The sternum consists of manubrium, body and xiphoid process. Its details can be referred to on page : [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Sternum?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal sternum]. | ||
* The [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Ribs?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal ribs] are from T1 to T12 region | * The [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Ribs?utm_source=physiopedia&utm_medium=search&utm_campaign=ongoing_internal ribs] are from T1 to T12 region | ||
* Refer the [[Thoracic Anatomy]] for further details of Thoracic vertebrae & the joint which they form. | * Refer the [[Thoracic Anatomy]] for further details of [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Thoracic_Vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae] & the joint which they form. | ||
==== Articulations ==== | ==== Articulations ==== | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|+ | |+ | ||
! | |||
!Joint | !Joint | ||
!Bones involved in the joint articulation | !Bones involved in the joint articulation | ||
!Special features | !Special features | ||
|- | |- | ||
|1. | |||
|Manubriosternal | |Manubriosternal | ||
|Manubrium and superior part of body of Sternum | |Manubrium and superior part of body of Sternum | ||
| Line 73: | Line 75: | ||
- Also called Angle of Louis | - Also called Angle of Louis | ||
|- | |- | ||
|2. | |||
|Xiphisternal | |Xiphisternal | ||
|Xiphoid process and inferior part of body of Sternum | |Xiphoid process and inferior part of body of Sternum | ||
| Line 78: | Line 81: | ||
- Ossifies by 40 to 50 yrs. of age | - Ossifies by 40 to 50 yrs. of age | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Typical Costovertebral | |3. | ||
| | |Typical [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Costovertebral_Joints Costovertebral] (CV) | ||
| - Synovial type of joint | |Head of ribs 2 to 9, two adjacent vertebral bodies and | ||
interposed intervertebral disk | |||
| - [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Synovial_Joints Synovial] type of joint | |||
|- | |||
|4. | |||
|Atypical Costovertebral | |||
|Head of ribs 1, 10 to 12 and corresponding vertebral | |||
body | |||
| - More mobile than | |||
typical CV joint | |||
|- | |- | ||
|5. | |||
|Costotransverse | |Costotransverse | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|6. | |||
|Costochondral | |Costochondral | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|7. | |||
|Costosternal | |Costosternal | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
|- | |- | ||
|8. | |||
|Interchondral | |Interchondral | ||
| | | | ||
Revision as of 17:52, 4 May 2022
Original Editor - User Name
Top Contributors - Sonal Joshi and Manisha Shrestha
This article is currently under review and may not be up to date. Please come back soon to see the finished work! (15/12/2021)
Introduction[edit | edit source]
Biomechanics is an area of science that uses principles of physics to measure and study, how forces interact with and affect living body[1]. These forces could be Internal i.e. within the body or External i.e. outside the body.
To understand the biomechanics of thorax we will need to study the basic anatomy, joint articulations, muscles associated in the thorax along with kinematics of the rib cage.
The thorax is formed by the thoracic vertebrae ,the ribs and the sternum.
It has two main functions,
- Providing anchor for muscle attachments
- Major role of ventilation
Structure of Thorax[edit | edit source]
The main three structures mentioned above work in a coordinated motion in thorax to produce respiration.
Anatomy[edit | edit source]
- The rib cage is a system of various bones and muscle. Bones involved are sternum, 12 pairs of Ribs, 12 Thoracic vertebrae.
It is like a compartment sealed by various structures from each side.
- They can be described as[1],
| Side of compartment | Contents |
|---|---|
| Posterior-laterally | - Thoracic vertebrae
- Ribs - Intercoastal muscles and membrane |
| Anteriorly | - Coastal cartilages
- Sternum -Intercoastal muscles and membrane |
| Superiorly | - Upper ribs and clavicle
- Cervical fascia surrounding esophagus and trachea |
| Inferiorly | -Diaphragm muscle |
- The sternum consists of manubrium, body and xiphoid process. Its details can be referred to on page : sternum.
- The ribs are from T1 to T12 region
- Refer the Thoracic Anatomy for further details of Thoracic vertebrae & the joint which they form.
Articulations[edit | edit source]
| Joint | Bones involved in the joint articulation | Special features | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Manubriosternal | Manubrium and superior part of body of Sternum | - Synchondrosis type of joint
- Also called Angle of Louis |
| 2. | Xiphisternal | Xiphoid process and inferior part of body of Sternum | - Synchondrosis type of joint
- Ossifies by 40 to 50 yrs. of age |
| 3. | Typical Costovertebral (CV) | Head of ribs 2 to 9, two adjacent vertebral bodies and
interposed intervertebral disk |
- Synovial type of joint |
| 4. | Atypical Costovertebral | Head of ribs 1, 10 to 12 and corresponding vertebral
body |
- More mobile than
typical CV joint |
| 5. | Costotransverse | ||
| 6. | Costochondral | ||
| 7. | Costosternal | ||
| 8. | Interchondral |
Function of Thorax[edit | edit source]
Kinematics[edit | edit source]
The motion of the ribs in conjunction with sternum and thoracic vertebrae helps produce the movements of respiration. These consist of inspiration and expiration. The changes in the ribcage
Muscles involved in Rib Cage[edit | edit source]
Primary Muscles[edit | edit source]
- Diaphragm
- Intercoastal muscles
- Scalene
Accessory Muscles[edit | edit source]
- Sternocleidomastoid
- Trapezius
- Pectoralis major
- Pectoralis minor
- Subclavius
- Levatores costarum
- Serratus posterior superior
- Serratus posterior inferior
- Abdominal muscles
- Transverse thoracis
