Long Term Trends in Physical Activity: Difference between revisions
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== Establishing Global Levels of Physical Activity == | == Establishing Global Levels of Physical Activity == | ||
Comparisons of levels of Physical Activity [PA] between different countries were not possible until a decade ago | Comparisons of levels of [[Physical Activity]] [PA] between different countries were not possible until a decade ago (prior to this there were no standardised instruments suitable for this use)<ref>Bull, FC, Armstrong, TP, Dixon, T, Ham, S, Neiman, A, and Pratt, M. Physical inactivity. in: M Ezzati, AD Lopez, A Rodgers, CJL Murray (Eds.) "Comparative quantification of health risks. Global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors." World Health Organization,Geneva; 2004: 729–881</ref>. Early methods of classifying levels of PA tended to use either occupational classifications or estimations of leisure-time physical activities<ref>Paffenbarger, RS Jr, Hyde, RT, Wing, AL, and Hsieh, CC. | ||
Physical activity, all-cause mortality, and longevity of college alumni. | Physical activity, all-cause mortality, and longevity of college alumni. | ||
N Engl J Med. 1986; 314: 605–613 | N Engl J Med. 1986; 314: 605–613 | ||
| Line 13: | Line 13: | ||
</ref>. | </ref>. | ||
The international physical activity questionnaire ([https://www.physio-pedia.com/images/6/6e/International_Physical_Activity_Questionaire.pdf IPAQ]) was developed by a group of international academics creating a standardised instrument for this purpose (in the late 1990s and publishing the results in 2003)<ref name=":0">Craig, CL, Marshall, AL, Sjostrom, M et al. | |||
International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. | International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. | ||
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003; 35: 1381–1395 | Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003; 35: 1381–1395 | ||
</ref> | </ref> The [https://www.physio-pedia.com/images/6/6e/International_Physical_Activity_Questionaire.pdf IPAQ] monitors population levels of physical activity among 18- to 65-yr-old adults in diverse setting. | ||
Later the global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ)<ref>Bull, FC, Maslin, TS, and Armstrong, T. | |||
Global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ): nine country reliability and validity study. | Global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ): nine country reliability and validity study. | ||
J Phys Act Health. 2009; 6: 790–804 | J Phys Act Health. 2009; 6: 790–804 | ||
</ref>. | </ref> was developed. | ||
* In the past 10 years, IPAQ and GPAQ data have been collected from approximately two-thirds of countries worldwide which, for the first time, permits a comparative assessment of global patterns of physical activity to be undertaken. | |||
In the past 10 years, IPAQ and GPAQ data have been collected from approximately two-thirds of countries worldwide which, for the first time, permits a comparative assessment of global patterns of physical activity to be undertaken. | * The World Health Organisation [WHO] now uses GPAQ to assess levels of PA globally, as it is adaptable to incorporate cultural differences and it covers several components of physical activity (intensity, duration, and frequency) and it assesses three areas in which physical activity is performed (occupational PA, transport-related PA, and PA in leisure activities). | ||
The World Health Organisation [WHO] now uses GPAQ to assess levels of PA globally, as it is adaptable to incorporate cultural differences and it covers several components of physical activity (intensity, duration, and frequency) and it assesses three areas in which physical activity is performed (occupational PA, transport-related PA, and PA in leisure activities). | |||
== Trends in Sedentary Behaviour == | == Trends in Sedentary Behaviour == | ||
[[File:Overweight biker.jpg|right|frameless]] | |||
Sedentary behaviour, (time spent sitting) has only recently been identified as a public health issue<ref>Bauman, A, Ainsworth, BE, Sallis, JF et al. | Sedentary behaviour, (time spent sitting) has only recently been identified as a public health issue<ref>Bauman, A, Ainsworth, BE, Sallis, JF et al. | ||
The descriptive epidemiology of sitting a 20-country comparison using the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ). | The descriptive epidemiology of sitting a 20-country comparison using the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ). | ||
Am J Prev Med. 2011; 41: 228–235 | Am J Prev Med. 2011; 41: 228–235 | ||
</ref>. Sedentary behaviours occur at work, while commuting and during leisure time | </ref>. | ||
* Sedentary behaviours occur at work, while commuting and during leisure time | |||
* As urbanisation increases globally, we may expect to see a trend towards increased sedentary behaviour when commuting. | |||
* Historically, increased mechanisation in agriculture and manufacturing industries has led to in increase in sedentary behaviour in the work situation. | |||
== Trends in Physical Activity == | == Trends in Physical Activity == | ||
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Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. | Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. | ||
Lancet. 2012 Jul 21;380(9838):247-5 | Lancet. 2012 Jul 21;380(9838):247-5 | ||
</ref>. Urbanisation, mechanisation and increased use of motorised transport lead to global changes in PA<ref>Sullivan, R, Kinra, S, Ekelund, U et al. | </ref>. | ||
* Urbanisation, mechanisation and increased use of motorised transport lead to global changes in PA<ref>Sullivan, R, Kinra, S, Ekelund, U et al. | |||
Socio-demographic patterning of physical activity across migrant groups in India: results from the Indian Migration Study. | Socio-demographic patterning of physical activity across migrant groups in India: results from the Indian Migration Study. | ||
PLoS One. 2011; 6: e24898 | PLoS One. 2011; 6: e24898 | ||
| Line 41: | Line 46: | ||
Urbanization, physical activity, and metabolic health in sub-Saharan Africa. | Urbanization, physical activity, and metabolic health in sub-Saharan Africa. | ||
Diabetes Care. 2011; 34: 491–496 | Diabetes Care. 2011; 34: 491–496 | ||
</ref>. | </ref>. | ||
* Only in recent years, and in high income countries, national surveillance systems have been used to assess trends in PA<ref name=":1" />. | |||
==== High Income Countries ==== | ==== High Income Countries ==== | ||
A 2009 systematic review<ref>Knuth, AG and Hallal, PC. | * A 2009 systematic review<ref>Knuth, AG and Hallal, PC. | ||
Temporal trends in physical activity: a systematic review. | Temporal trends in physical activity: a systematic review. | ||
J Phys Act Health. 2009; 6: 548–559 | J Phys Act Health. 2009; 6: 548–559 | ||
</ref> shows that leisure PA in high income countries has increased in the past 20 to 30 years | </ref> shows that leisure PA in high income countries has increased in the past 20 to 30 years as work-related PA has decreased ie for adults leisure-time activity levels tend to be increasing over time, while occupational-related PA is decreasing over time. | ||
* A US study showed that daily energy expenditure in work-related physical activity has fallen by more than 100 calories per day during the past 50 years<ref>Brownson, RC, Boehmer, TK, and Luke, DA. | |||
Declining rates of physical activity in the United States: what are the contributors?. Annu Rev Public Health. | Declining rates of physical activity in the United States: what are the contributors?. Annu Rev Public Health. | ||
2005; 26: 421–443 | 2005; 26: 421–443 | ||
| Line 53: | Line 60: | ||
==== Low and Middle Income Countries ==== | ==== Low and Middle Income Countries ==== | ||
Studies for time trends in PA in low and middle countries are few, and lack consistency<ref>Matsudo, VK, Matsudo, SM, Araujo, TL, Andrade, DR, Oliveira, LC, and Hallal, PC. | * Studies for time trends in PA in low and middle countries are few, and lack consistency<ref>Matsudo, VK, Matsudo, SM, Araujo, TL, Andrade, DR, Oliveira, LC, and Hallal, PC. | ||
Time trends in physical activity in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil: 2002–2008. | Time trends in physical activity in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil: 2002–2008. | ||
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010; 42: 2231–2236 | Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010; 42: 2231–2236 | ||
| Line 59: | Line 66: | ||
Time trends of physical activity in Brazil (2006–2009). | Time trends of physical activity in Brazil (2006–2009). | ||
Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2011; 14: 53–60 | Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2011; 14: 53–60 | ||
</ref>. There is very little data available for Africa, and the poorest parts of Latin America and Central Asia<ref name=":1" />. | </ref>. | ||
* There is very little data available for Africa, and the poorest parts of Latin America and Central Asia<ref name=":1" />. | |||
== WHO Global Action Plan on Physical Activity == | == WHO Global Action Plan on Physical Activity == | ||
In June 2018 the World Health Organisation [WHO] launched its new "''[http://www.who.int/news-room/detail/04-06-2018-who-launches-global-action-plan-on-physical-activity WHO Global action plan on physical activity and health 2018-2030: More active people for a healthier world."]'' <ref>World Health Organization, 2018. Global action plan on physical activity 2018–2030: more active people for a healthier world.</ref> | In June 2018 the World Health Organisation [WHO] launched its new "''[http://www.who.int/news-room/detail/04-06-2018-who-launches-global-action-plan-on-physical-activity WHO Global action plan on physical activity and health 2018-2030: More active people for a healthier world."]'' <ref>World Health Organization, 2018. Global action plan on physical activity 2018–2030: more active people for a healthier world.</ref> | ||
The report highlights: "Worldwide, one in five adults, and four out of five adolescents (11-17 years), do not do enough physical activity. Girls, women, older adults, poorer people, people with disabilities and chronic diseases, marginalised populations, and indigenous people have fewer opportunities to be active." | The report highlights: "'''Worldwide, one in five adults, and four out of five adolescents (11-17 years), do not do enough physical activity. Girls, women, older adults, poorer people, people with disabilities and chronic diseases, marginalised populations, and indigenous people have fewer opportunities to be active'''." | ||
The action plan notes that "[[Non-Communicable Diseases]] (NCDs) are responsible for 71% of all deaths globally, including for the deaths of 15 million people per year aged 30 to 70." | The action plan notes that "[[Non-Communicable Diseases]] (NCDs) are responsible for 71% of all deaths globally, including for the deaths of 15 million people per year aged 30 to 70." | ||
| Line 72: | Line 80: | ||
It proposes four strategic objectives to be pursued by countries: | It proposes four strategic objectives to be pursued by countries: | ||
# Create active societies - create positive social norms and attitudes relating to PA | #[[File:WHF-CAP-Global-Target-Physical-Inactivity-ENGLISH-690x320.jpg|right|frameless]]Create active societies - create positive social norms and attitudes relating to PA | ||
# Create active environments - create supportive spaces and places where all people can engage in PA | # Create active environments - create supportive spaces and places where all people can engage in PA | ||
# Create active people - develop programmes and opportunities to help people to engage in regular PA | # Create active people - develop programmes and opportunities to help people to engage in regular PA | ||
# Create active systems - make the investments needed to implement and coordinate actions at international, national and subnational levels | # Create active systems - make the investments needed to implement and coordinate actions at international, national and subnational levels | ||
To meet these objectives, 20 policy actions are proposed, which encourage more active societies through improving the environments and opportunities for people of all ages and abilities to do more walking and cycling both as a means of Active Transport, and as leisure activities, plus increase in sport and other active recreational activities. | To meet these objectives, 20 policy actions are proposed, which encourage more active societies through improving the environments and opportunities for people of all ages and abilities to do more walking and [[Cycling Biomechanics|cycling]] both as a means of Active Transport, and as leisure activities, plus increase in sport and other active recreational activities. | ||
Resources | Resources | ||
Revision as of 07:46, 16 February 2020
Original Editor - Wendy Walker.
Top Contributors - Wendy Walker, Tony Lowe, Tarina van der Stockt, Simisola Ajeyalemi, Kim Jackson, Chelsea Mclene, Admin, Shaimaa Eldib, Rucha Gadgil and Lucinda hampton
Establishing Global Levels of Physical Activity[edit | edit source]
Comparisons of levels of Physical Activity [PA] between different countries were not possible until a decade ago (prior to this there were no standardised instruments suitable for this use)[1]. Early methods of classifying levels of PA tended to use either occupational classifications or estimations of leisure-time physical activities[2][3].
The international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) was developed by a group of international academics creating a standardised instrument for this purpose (in the late 1990s and publishing the results in 2003)[4] The IPAQ monitors population levels of physical activity among 18- to 65-yr-old adults in diverse setting.
Later the global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ)[5] was developed.
- In the past 10 years, IPAQ and GPAQ data have been collected from approximately two-thirds of countries worldwide which, for the first time, permits a comparative assessment of global patterns of physical activity to be undertaken.
- The World Health Organisation [WHO] now uses GPAQ to assess levels of PA globally, as it is adaptable to incorporate cultural differences and it covers several components of physical activity (intensity, duration, and frequency) and it assesses three areas in which physical activity is performed (occupational PA, transport-related PA, and PA in leisure activities).
Trends in Sedentary Behaviour[edit | edit source]
Sedentary behaviour, (time spent sitting) has only recently been identified as a public health issue[6].
- Sedentary behaviours occur at work, while commuting and during leisure time
- As urbanisation increases globally, we may expect to see a trend towards increased sedentary behaviour when commuting.
- Historically, increased mechanisation in agriculture and manufacturing industries has led to in increase in sedentary behaviour in the work situation.
Trends in Physical Activity[edit | edit source]
Changes in the environment and in society have (and will continue to) major effects on population levels of PA[7].
- Urbanisation, mechanisation and increased use of motorised transport lead to global changes in PA[8][9].
- Only in recent years, and in high income countries, national surveillance systems have been used to assess trends in PA[7].
High Income Countries[edit | edit source]
- A 2009 systematic review[10] shows that leisure PA in high income countries has increased in the past 20 to 30 years as work-related PA has decreased ie for adults leisure-time activity levels tend to be increasing over time, while occupational-related PA is decreasing over time.
- A US study showed that daily energy expenditure in work-related physical activity has fallen by more than 100 calories per day during the past 50 years[11].
Low and Middle Income Countries[edit | edit source]
- Studies for time trends in PA in low and middle countries are few, and lack consistency[12][13].
- There is very little data available for Africa, and the poorest parts of Latin America and Central Asia[7].
WHO Global Action Plan on Physical Activity[edit | edit source]
In June 2018 the World Health Organisation [WHO] launched its new "WHO Global action plan on physical activity and health 2018-2030: More active people for a healthier world." [14]
The report highlights: "Worldwide, one in five adults, and four out of five adolescents (11-17 years), do not do enough physical activity. Girls, women, older adults, poorer people, people with disabilities and chronic diseases, marginalised populations, and indigenous people have fewer opportunities to be active."
The action plan notes that "Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) are responsible for 71% of all deaths globally, including for the deaths of 15 million people per year aged 30 to 70."
Action Plan Aims[edit | edit source]
The action plan on PA shows how countries can reduce physical inactivity in both adults and adolescents by 15% by 2030.
It proposes four strategic objectives to be pursued by countries:
- Create active societies - create positive social norms and attitudes relating to PA
- Create active environments - create supportive spaces and places where all people can engage in PA
- Create active people - develop programmes and opportunities to help people to engage in regular PA
- Create active systems - make the investments needed to implement and coordinate actions at international, national and subnational levels
To meet these objectives, 20 policy actions are proposed, which encourage more active societies through improving the environments and opportunities for people of all ages and abilities to do more walking and cycling both as a means of Active Transport, and as leisure activities, plus increase in sport and other active recreational activities.
Resources
- WHO Global Action Plan on Physical Activity 2018-2030
- WHO Walk the Talk: The Health for All Challenge
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Bull, FC, Armstrong, TP, Dixon, T, Ham, S, Neiman, A, and Pratt, M. Physical inactivity. in: M Ezzati, AD Lopez, A Rodgers, CJL Murray (Eds.) "Comparative quantification of health risks. Global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors." World Health Organization,Geneva; 2004: 729–881
- ↑ Paffenbarger, RS Jr, Hyde, RT, Wing, AL, and Hsieh, CC. Physical activity, all-cause mortality, and longevity of college alumni. N Engl J Med. 1986; 314: 605–613
- ↑ Morris, JN, Heady, JA, Raffle, PA, Roberts, CG, and Parks, JW. Coronary heart-disease and physical activity of work. Lancet. 1953; 265: 1053–1057
- ↑ Craig, CL, Marshall, AL, Sjostrom, M et al. International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2003; 35: 1381–1395
- ↑ Bull, FC, Maslin, TS, and Armstrong, T. Global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ): nine country reliability and validity study. J Phys Act Health. 2009; 6: 790–804
- ↑ Bauman, A, Ainsworth, BE, Sallis, JF et al. The descriptive epidemiology of sitting a 20-country comparison using the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ). Am J Prev Med. 2011; 41: 228–235
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Hallal PC1, Andersen LB, Bull FC, Guthold R, Haskell W, Ekelund U; Lancet Physical Activity Series Working Group. Global physical activity levels: surveillance progress, pitfalls, and prospects. Lancet. 2012 Jul 21;380(9838):247-5
- ↑ Sullivan, R, Kinra, S, Ekelund, U et al. Socio-demographic patterning of physical activity across migrant groups in India: results from the Indian Migration Study. PLoS One. 2011; 6: e24898
- ↑ Assah, FK, Ekelund, U, Brage, S, Mbanya, JC, and Wareham, NJ. Urbanization, physical activity, and metabolic health in sub-Saharan Africa. Diabetes Care. 2011; 34: 491–496
- ↑ Knuth, AG and Hallal, PC. Temporal trends in physical activity: a systematic review. J Phys Act Health. 2009; 6: 548–559
- ↑ Brownson, RC, Boehmer, TK, and Luke, DA. Declining rates of physical activity in the United States: what are the contributors?. Annu Rev Public Health. 2005; 26: 421–443
- ↑ Matsudo, VK, Matsudo, SM, Araujo, TL, Andrade, DR, Oliveira, LC, and Hallal, PC. Time trends in physical activity in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil: 2002–2008. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2010; 42: 2231–2236
- ↑ Hallal, PC, Knuth, AG, Rombaldi, AJ et al. Time trends of physical activity in Brazil (2006–2009). Rev Bras Epidemiol. 2011; 14: 53–60
- ↑ World Health Organization, 2018. Global action plan on physical activity 2018–2030: more active people for a healthier world.
