Oxygen: Difference between revisions
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== Introduction == | == Introduction == | ||
Oxygen is a vital gas, responsible for life on earth. It generates energy and supports the life of all the living organisms. In order to survive, all of our cells need oxygen. The complex process of getting your body the oxygen it needs is a collaborative effort among your | Oxygen is a vital gas, responsible for life on earth. It generates energy and supports the life of all the living organisms. In order to survive, all of our cells need oxygen. The complex process of getting your body the oxygen it needs is a collaborative effort among your [[Introduction to Neuroanatomy|nervous system]][[Bone|,]] [[Lung Anatomy|lungs]], [[Blood Physiology|blood]], and [[Anatomy of the Human Heart|heart]]. | ||
* Your brain initiates breathing by sending a message through your nervous system to your muscles | * Your brain initiates [[How We Breathe|breathing]] by sending a message through your nervous system to your [[Muscles of Respiration|muscles of respiration]] and [[ribs]], which ultimately allows your lungs to expand. | ||
* As you unconsciously breathe in, the air around you enters through your nose and mouth. Oxygen then is transported on red blood cells which contain oxygen-binding molecules called hemoglobin. | * As you unconsciously breathe in, the air around you enters through your nose and mouth. Oxygen then is transported on red blood cells which contain oxygen-binding molecules called hemoglobin. | ||
* | * The transport of oxygen is fundamental to aerobic respiration and the survival of complex organisms. The lungs, heart, [[Cardiovascular System|cardiovascular]] network, and red blood cells play essential roles in oxygen transport.<ref name=":0">Rhodes CE, Varacallo M. [https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/26494/ Physiology, oxygen transport.] InStatPearls [Internet] 2020 Sep 13. StatPearls Publishing. Available: https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/26494/<nowiki/>(accessed 22.12.2021)</ref><ref>Medical daily How humans use oxygen Available: https://www.medicaldaily.com/how-oxygen-used-human-body-complex-journey-explained-415657 (accessed 23.12.2021)</ref>. | ||
The primary function of the cardiorespiratory system is to ensure that all metabolically active tissues are adequately oxygenated at all times. Hypoxemia and hypoxia may result when these systems fail and represent major immediate threats to [[Vital Organs|organ]] function and patient survival. | |||
== | == Oxygen Transport == | ||
Oxygen is carried in the blood in two forms. The vast majority of oxygen in the blood is bound to hemoglobin within red blood cells, while a small amount of oxygen is physically dissolved in the plasma. | |||
== | * The regulation of unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin at target tissues is controlled by several factors, including oxygen concentration gradient, temperature, pH, and concentration of the compound 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate. | ||
* The most critical measures of adequate oxygen transportation are hemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation; the latter is often measured clinically using pulse oximetry<ref name=":0" />. | |||
A persistent reduction in oxygen transportation capacity is most often the result of [[Anaemia|anemia.]] | |||
== Hemoglobin (Hgb or Hb) == | |||
Hemoglobin (Hgb or Hb) is the primary carrier of oxygen in humans. Approximately 98% of total oxygen transported in the blood is bound to hemoglobin, while only 2% is dissolved directly in plasma. Hemoglobin is a metalloprotein with four subunits composed of an iron-containing heme group attached to a globin polypeptide chain. One molecule of oxygen can bind to the iron atom of a heme group, giving each hemoglobin the ability to transport four oxygen molecules. Various defects in the synthesis or structure of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, or the globin polypeptide chain can impair the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and lead to hypoxia. | |||
== Resources == | == Resources == | ||
Revision as of 05:56, 22 December 2021
Original Editor - User Name
Top Contributors - Lucinda hampton and Aminat Abolade
Introduction[edit | edit source]
Oxygen is a vital gas, responsible for life on earth. It generates energy and supports the life of all the living organisms. In order to survive, all of our cells need oxygen. The complex process of getting your body the oxygen it needs is a collaborative effort among your nervous system, lungs, blood, and heart.
- Your brain initiates breathing by sending a message through your nervous system to your muscles of respiration and ribs, which ultimately allows your lungs to expand.
- As you unconsciously breathe in, the air around you enters through your nose and mouth. Oxygen then is transported on red blood cells which contain oxygen-binding molecules called hemoglobin.
- The transport of oxygen is fundamental to aerobic respiration and the survival of complex organisms. The lungs, heart, cardiovascular network, and red blood cells play essential roles in oxygen transport.[1][2].
The primary function of the cardiorespiratory system is to ensure that all metabolically active tissues are adequately oxygenated at all times. Hypoxemia and hypoxia may result when these systems fail and represent major immediate threats to organ function and patient survival.
Oxygen Transport[edit | edit source]
Oxygen is carried in the blood in two forms. The vast majority of oxygen in the blood is bound to hemoglobin within red blood cells, while a small amount of oxygen is physically dissolved in the plasma.
- The regulation of unloading of oxygen from hemoglobin at target tissues is controlled by several factors, including oxygen concentration gradient, temperature, pH, and concentration of the compound 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate.
- The most critical measures of adequate oxygen transportation are hemoglobin concentration and oxygen saturation; the latter is often measured clinically using pulse oximetry[1].
A persistent reduction in oxygen transportation capacity is most often the result of anemia.
Hemoglobin (Hgb or Hb)[edit | edit source]
Hemoglobin (Hgb or Hb) is the primary carrier of oxygen in humans. Approximately 98% of total oxygen transported in the blood is bound to hemoglobin, while only 2% is dissolved directly in plasma. Hemoglobin is a metalloprotein with four subunits composed of an iron-containing heme group attached to a globin polypeptide chain. One molecule of oxygen can bind to the iron atom of a heme group, giving each hemoglobin the ability to transport four oxygen molecules. Various defects in the synthesis or structure of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, or the globin polypeptide chain can impair the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and lead to hypoxia.
Resources[edit | edit source]
- bulleted list
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References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rhodes CE, Varacallo M. Physiology, oxygen transport. InStatPearls [Internet] 2020 Sep 13. StatPearls Publishing. Available: https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/26494/(accessed 22.12.2021)
- ↑ Medical daily How humans use oxygen Available: https://www.medicaldaily.com/how-oxygen-used-human-body-complex-journey-explained-415657 (accessed 23.12.2021)
