Total Hip Replacement: Difference between revisions

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== Characteristics/Clinical Presentation  ==
== Characteristics/Clinical Presentation  ==


'''Preoperative:'''  
'''Preoperative:'''


*[[Hip Fracture|Neck of femur fractures]]:  Often unable to walk, complains of vague pain in the knee, thigh, groin, back or buttock and difficulty of weight bearing&nbsp;<ref name="Batra S.">BATRA, S., BATRA, M., McMURTRIE, A., SINHA. A.K, Rapidly destructive osteoarthritis of the hip joint: a case series, http://www.josr-online.com/content/3/1/3 ( accessed: 2010-12-25)</ref>.&nbsp;Impacted femur neck on X-ray.
[[Hip Fracture|Neck of femur fractures]]:  Often unable to walk, complains of vague pain in the knee, thigh, groin, back or buttock and difficulty of weight bearing&nbsp;<ref name="Batra S.">BATRA, S., BATRA, M., McMURTRIE, A., SINHA. A.K, Rapidly destructive osteoarthritis of the hip joint: a case series, http://www.josr-online.com/content/3/1/3 ( accessed: 2010-12-25)</ref>.&nbsp;Impacted femur neck on X-ray.[[File:Neck of femur fracture (garden IV).jpeg|center|thumb|Neck of femur fracture]][[Hip Osteoarthritis|Osteoarthritis]]:  Sensible or audible crepitations on movement, inability to assume the neutral anatomical position. Often also linked with painful and/or decreased range of motion. X-ray findings commonly include decreased joint space, subchondral sclerosis, cyst formation and osteophytes.<ref>Brandt CD. Diagnosis and non-surgical management of osteoarthritis. USA: Professional Communications, Inc. 2010</ref>[[File:Hip OA.jpg|center|thumb|Hip osteoarthritis]]
[[File:Hip OA.jpg|center|thumb|Hip osteoarthritis]]
* [[Rheumatoid Arthritis|Rheumatoid arthritis]]:  Range of all hip movements is impaired, movement is painful, pain and stiffness when the activity is resumed after resting. <ref name="Crawford A." />&nbsp;
*[[Hip Osteoarthritis|Osteoarthritis]]:  Sensible or audible crepitations on movement, inability to assume the neutral anatomical position. Often also linked with painful and/or decreased range of motion. X-ray findings commonly include decreased joint space, subchondral sclerosis, cyst formation and osteophytes.<ref>Brandt CD. Diagnosis and non-surgical management of osteoarthritis. USA: Professional Communications, Inc. 2010</ref>
 
[[File:Neck of femur fracture (garden IV).jpeg|center|thumb|Neck of femur fracture]]
*[[Avascular necrosis of the femoral head|Avascular necrosis]]:  Similar signs as with osteoarthritis, often also with referred knee pain.<ref name=":1">Walters J, editor. Orthopaedics - A guide for practitioners. 4th Edition. Cape Town: University of Cape Town, 2010.</ref>
*[[Rheumatoid Arthritis|Rheumatoid arthritis]]:  Range of all hip movements is impaired, movement is painful, pain and stiffness when the activity is resumed after resting. <ref name="Crawford A." />&nbsp;
*[[Avascular necrosis of the femoral head|Avascular necrosis]]:  Similar signs as with osteoarthritis, often also with referred knee pain.<ref>Walters J, editor. Orthopaedics - A guide for practitioners. 4th Edition. Cape Town: University of Cape Town, 2010.</ref>
[[File:AVN.JPG|center|thumb|Avascular necrosis]]  
[[File:AVN.JPG|center|thumb|Avascular necrosis]]  


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The indications for joint replacement in the hip and knee are persistent pain, limited ambulation and night pain, despite full conservative therapy.  
The indications for joint replacement in the hip and knee are persistent pain, limited ambulation and night pain, despite full conservative therapy.  


Common indications include:
Common indications include:<ref>Affatato S. Perspectives in total hip arthroplasty: Advances in biomaterials and their tribological interactions. London: Woodhead Publishing, 2014.
</ref>
* [[Osteoarthritis]]  
* [[Osteoarthritis]]  
* Post-traumatic arthritis
* Post-traumatic arthritis
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* [[Avascular necrosis of the femoral head|Avascular necrosis]]
* [[Avascular necrosis of the femoral head|Avascular necrosis]]
* Hardware failure after internal fixation of [[Hip Fracture|hip fractures]]
* Hardware failure after internal fixation of [[Hip Fracture|hip fractures]]
* Congenital hip dislocations and displasia<br>  
* Congenital hip dislocations and displasia <br>  


== Diagnostic Procedures  ==
== Diagnostic Procedures  ==


Diagnosis of patients requiring total hip replacement surgery is mostly symptom based. Pain, loss of range of motion and functional impairments are mostly considered here. A comprehensive differential diagnosis should also be made for patients complaining of hip pain, as it can often be referred from the spine or pelvis and have no connection to the hip joint itself.<ref name="Crawford A.">CRAWFORD, A.J., HAMBLEN, D.L., Outline of Orthopaedics , thirteenth edition, London: Churchill Livingstone, 2001</ref> There are ways to see if the patient has the conditions in which a total hip replacement can be required for example an [[MRI Scans|MRI]]&nbsp;and&nbsp;a physical examination. It will be the decision of the treating doctor to do a hip replacement.  
Diagnosis of patients requiring total hip replacement surgery is mostly symptom based. Pain, loss of range of motion and functional impairments are mostly considered here. A comprehensive differential diagnosis should also be made for patients complaining of hip pain, as it can often be referred from the spine or pelvis and have no connection to the hip joint itself.<ref name="Crawford A.">CRAWFORD, A.J., HAMBLEN, D.L., Outline of Orthopaedics , thirteenth edition, London: Churchill Livingstone, 2001</ref> An orthopaedic surgeon will guide the diagnosis and management process.  


There are specific ways to diagnose [[Osteoarthritis|osteoarthritis]], [[Rheumatoid Arthritis|rheumatoid arthritis]] and hip fracture but for those subjects see the links above.<br>
Consultation with an orthopaedic surgeon would include the following:<ref name=":1" />
* Observation
* Subjective interview:
** Complaints of pain, deformity, stiffness and/or limp
** Previous history linked to hip pain (congenital or childhood problems, previous trauma)
* Physical examination:
** Standing
** Trendelenberg test
** [[Gait]]
** Supine (including leg length)
* Objective observation (posture, deformities, muscle atrophy)
* Range of motion


== Examination  ==
There are specific ways to diagnose [[Osteoarthritis|osteoarthritis]], [[Rheumatoid Arthritis|rheumatoid arthritis]] and hip fracture but for those subjects see the links above.


The task of a physical therapist consists before the operation of investigating the muscular state (force, volume), ROM and the circulatory state of the injured as well as the healthy limb.<ref name="Sohier">Raymond Sohier, Kinesitherapie de la hanche ; La Hestre : Sohier, 1974</ref>&nbsp;This gives an idea of the preoperative state of the patient.<br>The general physical and psychological state of the patient should also be taken care of. <br>For example explaining the surgical technique and the therapeutic monitoring after surgery can help lowering the patient’s anxiety. Explaining how to use a rollator or walk on [[Crutches|crutches properly]] can also make the patient more self-confident when entering the postoperative stage of the therapy<ref name="Sohier" />.(level of evidence 5)
=== Special investigations ===
* X-rays:  AP pelvis for hips
This would be the first and, in a lot of cases, only radiological investigations requested, as a lot of the diagnoses in need of a hip replacement can be diagnosed or confirmed with this. This will guide the need for further investigations.<ref name=":1" />
* Other: [[CT Scans|CT]], [[MRI Scans|MRI]]  


== Medical Management <br>  ==
== Medical Management <br>  ==
Line 68: Line 81:


== Physical Therapy Management <br>  ==  
== Physical Therapy Management <br>  ==  
The task of a physical therapist consists before the operation of investigating the muscular state (force, volume), ROM and the circulatory state of the injured as well as the healthy limb.<ref name="Sohier">Raymond Sohier, Kinesitherapie de la hanche ; La Hestre : Sohier, 1974</ref>&nbsp;This gives an idea of the preoperative state of the patient.<br>The general physical and psychological state of the patient should also be taken care of. <br>For example explaining the surgical technique and the therapeutic monitoring after surgery can help lowering the patient’s anxiety. Explaining how to use a rollator or walk on [[Crutches|crutches properly]] can also make the patient more self-confident when entering the postoperative stage of the therapy<ref name="Sohier" />.(level of evidence 5) 


As a result of the underlying pathology prior to the total hip replacement  
As a result of the underlying pathology prior to the total hip replacement  

Revision as of 16:34, 25 June 2018

Original Editors - Annelies Beckers, Vincent Everaert

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THR X-ray

Definition/Description
[edit | edit source]

A total hip replacement is a surgical procedure in which both damaged surfaces of the hip joint are replaced with prosthetic substitutes. It was first performed in the 1960's and was called "The operation of the century" in an article published in the Lancet in 2007, as a result of the excellent outcomes achieved with this operation.[1] According to the guideline for hip replacements at a tertiary centre in South Africa, 90-95% of hip replacements will still be functioning well after 10-15 years.[2]

Joint replacement is a very successful operation and 90 to 95% of joint replacements will still be in place and functioning well at ten to fifteen years.

During a hip replacement, the head of the femur is replaced with a prosthetic head on a shaft, and the joint surface of the acetabulum is lined with a bowl shaped synthetic joint surface. A partial replacement can also be done for neck of femur fractures (mostly displaced)[3] where only the femoral part is replaced. A lot of advances occurred in hip research over the last decade, but age, medical problems, hip disease, activity status and possible fracture characteristics should all be taken into account when considering hip replacement surgery.[4][5]

Clinically Relevant Anatomy[edit | edit source]

The hip is a ball and socket joint, meaning that the head of the femur fits into the acetabulum of the pelvis. The ball is the femoral head which fits into the socket, the acetabular part of the pelvis. This ball and socket design allows the poly-axial movement seen at the hip. The acetabulum is cup-shaped, providing the articular surface for the head of femur to move within. The head of the femur is gripped by the acetabulum beyond its maximum diameter. The head of the femur and the inside of the acetabulum are covered with a layer of hyaline cartilage.[6] Once this cartilage is worn away or damaged (usually by arthritis), the underlying bone is exposed, resulting in pain, stiffness and possibly shortening of the affected leg. By replacing these surfaces the aim is to reduce pain and stiffness to restore an active and pain-free life.

Hip.jpg


Epidemiology /Etiology[edit | edit source]

Total hip replacement is a frequently done procedure.[7][8][9][10] Although mostly done electively, it is also used to repair hip fractures (mostly displaced neck of femur fractures) caused by trauma (e.g. fall) or pathological processes. Osteoporosis and osteomalacia are significant factors responsible for the high incidence of hip fractures within the elderly population. Arthritis is a common degenerative process occurring in joints within this elderly population, with osteoarthritis being the most common of the varieties. Due to the high degree of success at reinstating independence and mobility of osteoarthritis sufferers, total hip replacement procedures have become a well accepted treatment modality for hip degeneration secondary to osteoarthritis[7][8][9][11][10]. It is also a treatment for juvenile rheumatoid arthritis but only if all the other options have failed[11].

Characteristics/Clinical Presentation[edit | edit source]

Preoperative:

Neck of femur fractures: Often unable to walk, complains of vague pain in the knee, thigh, groin, back or buttock and difficulty of weight bearing [12]. Impacted femur neck on X-ray.

Neck of femur fracture

Osteoarthritis: Sensible or audible crepitations on movement, inability to assume the neutral anatomical position. Often also linked with painful and/or decreased range of motion. X-ray findings commonly include decreased joint space, subchondral sclerosis, cyst formation and osteophytes.[13]

Hip osteoarthritis
  • Rheumatoid arthritis: Range of all hip movements is impaired, movement is painful, pain and stiffness when the activity is resumed after resting. [11] 
Avascular necrosis

Indications for surgery[edit | edit source]

Pain and loss of mobility are the most common preoperative complaints of patients prior to a total hip arthroplasty.[15] In advanced cases, despite full conservative management, persistent pain, limited mobility and night pain is normally present.[2] Preexisting hip disease is a valid indication for primary total hip replacement. When there are complications with the internal fixation of a fracture to the femoral neck, in particularly if articular cartilage in the acetabulum is lost or when endoprosthesis have failed in acute fractures, a total hip replacement is a good solution.[6]

Fractures of the neck of the femur caused by an underlying pathology for example Paget’s disease in older patients are generally treated with a total hip replacement.[6][16] When a patient is suffering from a rapidly destructive hip disease[15] ,a rapid destruction of the femoral head or the pubic ramus is observed on the radiographs, therefore a total hip replacement should be the only option.[11]

Important considerations before choosing for a total hip arthroplasty are age, activity status, the patients expectations and medical conditions based on radiological disorders. [6][5] Medics are cautious with performing a total hip replacement. It’s only used when all other options failed.[11] In the end it’s the surgeon who decides if a total hip replacement is the best solution for the patient.[6] 

The indications for joint replacement in the hip and knee are persistent pain, limited ambulation and night pain, despite full conservative therapy.

Common indications include:[17]

Diagnostic Procedures[edit | edit source]

Diagnosis of patients requiring total hip replacement surgery is mostly symptom based. Pain, loss of range of motion and functional impairments are mostly considered here. A comprehensive differential diagnosis should also be made for patients complaining of hip pain, as it can often be referred from the spine or pelvis and have no connection to the hip joint itself.[11] An orthopaedic surgeon will guide the diagnosis and management process.

Consultation with an orthopaedic surgeon would include the following:[14]

  • Observation
  • Subjective interview:
    • Complaints of pain, deformity, stiffness and/or limp
    • Previous history linked to hip pain (congenital or childhood problems, previous trauma)
  • Physical examination:
    • Standing
    • Trendelenberg test
    • Gait
    • Supine (including leg length)
  • Objective observation (posture, deformities, muscle atrophy)
  • Range of motion

There are specific ways to diagnose osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and hip fracture but for those subjects see the links above.

Special investigations[edit | edit source]

  • X-rays: AP pelvis for hips

This would be the first and, in a lot of cases, only radiological investigations requested, as a lot of the diagnoses in need of a hip replacement can be diagnosed or confirmed with this. This will guide the need for further investigations.[14]

Medical Management
[edit | edit source]

Many surgical approaches for THR are described but we can resume them to anterior, lateral and posterior approach. These approaches determine the amount of soft tissue damaged. Many surgeons are changing from a posterior approach to a more anterior one. Cadaveric studies show that this type of approach is less invasive and damaging for muscles, capsules, ligaments and nerves[18][19]. Other studies have shown a better rehabilitation time and functional outcome[20]. Because of the lowered risk of dislocation compared to a posterior approach[21], early mobilizations as well as full weight bearing exercises according to tolerance are made possible in the first postoperative days[20].
The articulating couples (head and cup) used by surgeons are made of metal-on-polyethylene (PE), ceramic-on-PE, metal-on-metal and ceramic-on-ceramic[22]. Important components of prosthesis are friction-coefficient, survival, stability against dislocation and fixation in bone tissue[23][24]. In some cases there can be formation of osteonecrosis due to erosion of the two components rubbing against each other[25].


Physical Therapy Management
[edit | edit source]

The task of a physical therapist consists before the operation of investigating the muscular state (force, volume), ROM and the circulatory state of the injured as well as the healthy limb.[26] This gives an idea of the preoperative state of the patient.
The general physical and psychological state of the patient should also be taken care of.
For example explaining the surgical technique and the therapeutic monitoring after surgery can help lowering the patient’s anxiety. Explaining how to use a rollator or walk on crutches properly can also make the patient more self-confident when entering the postoperative stage of the therapy[26].(level of evidence 5)

As a result of the underlying pathology prior to the total hip replacement

Because patients with a hip replacement have muscular atrophy and loss of muscle strength, particularly in the gluteus medius muscle and ipsilateral quadriceps, it may be good to consult a physiotherapist after surgery.[7] The result of the loss of strength is that the elderly are less independent.[7] Early postoperative rehabilitation after a total hip replacement focuses on resorting mobility, strength, flexibility and reducing pain. [9] Patients with total hip replacement often present with a gradual decline in hip muscle strength two to three years after the operation. [8] Research has also shown that when the hip abductors are weak after surgery there is a major risk associated with joint instability and prosthetic loosening.[8] A gait dysfunction may persist for many months after joint replacement. [10]

The main factors defining the therapy management are the surgical approach and the general state of the patient. Whether the patient desires to gain physical fitness or wishes to recover for recreational activity should also be taken into account when establishing the rehabilitation program.

It is found that THR patients can achieve significant improvements through a targeted strengthening program delivered at a center or at home.[27] (level of evidence 2b)

Prescribing preoperative exercise as soon as people are approved for hip surgery could play an important role towards improving preoperative quality of life, because people can wait many months for surgery and might experience further deterioration in health-related quality of life during long waits.[28] (level of evidence 1a)

Pre-operative physiotherapy in patients undergoing hip arthroplasty does not improve impairment and health-related quality of life after intervention. Physiotherapy and educational therapy may be useful for end-stage osteoarthritis. [29] (level of evidence 2b)


After a total hip replacement there are a set of essential and mandatory precautions patients should be taught and adhere to prevent dislocation. These precautions are hip flexion above 90 degrees, endorotation and adduction across midline. For example, cycling with elevated saddle and low resistance keeps the articulation in a reasonable range of motion and induces bearable joint load[30] (level of evidence 1a). For the anterior approach it is the combination of extension, extra-rotation and abduction although the probability of dislocation is less great than for the posterior approach.

The risk of dislocation after replacement is great because of the trauma to the stabilizers of the hip such as the capsule, ligaments and muscles but also due to the size difference of the prosthesis to the bones. The average diameter of the head of femur in a human is 46mm and the prosthetic head of femur can range between 32mm-38mm and therefore this reduced size makes it easier to dislocate until the stabilizing tissues have healed and adapted to this smaller size[31]. This generally takes up to 6 weeks to occur.


The treatment after a total hip arthroplasty (without other complications) includes the non-exhaustive set of items listed below[26](level of evidence 5)[32](level of evidence 1b). The given order is not fixed but shows a progressive contribution of the patient in the therapy. It should start as soon as possible according to the patient’s tolerance and medical recommendations.


  • First postoperative day:

• Static contraction of the M. Quadriceps in order to have a muscular and circulatory effect.
• Flexion/extension/rotation of feet and toes to prevent edema
• Education of muscular relaxation
• Upper limb exercises to stimulate the cardiac function
• Maintenance of the non-operated leg: attention should be paid to the range of motion in order to preserve controlled mobilization on the operated hip.

Bed exercise following total hip replacement does not seem to have an effect on the quality of life[33] (level of evidence 1b) but remains none of the less important (edema, cardiac function, etc.)[34].(level of evidence 4). It also allows an assessment of the physical and psychological condition of the patient right after surgery.


  • First postoperative week:

• Active/passive mobilizations to gain ROM
• Progressive resistance exercises
• Progressive weight bearing exercises according to tolerance
• Equilibrium exercises including walking with crutches/2 canes/1 cane.

Early exercises including full weight bearing exercises have shown different positive effects on the recovery of patients after THA[35] (level of evidence 1a) (faster recovery[36](level of evidence 1b), gain in walking ability[37])(level of evidence 2b). Physical activity is also good for quality of bone tissue[25]. (level of evidence 2b) It improves the fixation of the prosthesis and decreases the incidence of early loosening. Once again the amount of activity is linked to the general state of the patient. Certain specific sport movements have a higher risk of injury for unskilled individuals.


  • 1-12 postoperative month:

• Gain of initial ROM, muscular force (stabilization), and control (proprioception).
• Endurance
• Flexibility
• Equilibrium on one foot
• Speed, precision, neurological coordination
• Functional exercises

Ergometer cycling in the early postoperative phase improves function and quality of life. The beneficial effect of ergometer cycling is probably due to improved muscular coordination, proprioception, and range of motion. There are (limited) beneficial effects in muscle strength, rate of force development, and work efficiency due to maximal strength training for hip abduction and leg press.[38] (level of evidence 1a)

Physiotherapy can improve strength and gait speed after THA and help prevent frequent complications, which include luxation and thromboembolic disease. In addition, physiotherapy increases the patient’s mobility and offers education about the exercises and precautions that are necessary during hospitalization and after discharge. [39] (level of evidence 1a)

Physical therapy quickly maximizes the patient’s function which is associated with a greater probability of earlier discharge, which is in turn associated with a lower total cost of care[40].(level of evidence 2c)

Physiotherapy provides pain relief, promotes rehabilitation and the reintegration of patients into ADLs, and it also provides a better quality of life through the patients’ reintegration into social life. [41] (level of evidence 1b)

Outcome Measures[edit | edit source]

WOMAC

SF-36

HOOS

OHS

Key Research[edit | edit source]

Minns Lowe C. J. et al. Effectiveness of physiotherapy exercise following hip arthroplasty for osteoarthritis: a systematic review of clinical trials. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders 2009; 10 (98)

Clinical Bottom Line[edit | edit source]

Proper preoperative examination and early postoperative rehabilitation is crucial for successful outcome.

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Learnmouth ID, Young C, Rorabeck C. The operation of the century: total hip replacement. Lancet 2007; 370: 1508–19.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 University of Stellenbosch, Advanced orthopaedic training center. Orthopaedic referral guidelines, Tygerberg Hospital 2013 - Arthroplasty unit. http://www0.sun.ac.za/aotc/referrals/guidelines/Arthroplasty.pdf (accessed 26/06/2018).
  3. ↑ Iglesias SL, Gentile L, Vanoli F, et al. Femoral neck fractures in the elderly: from risk factors to pronostic features for survival. J Trauma Crit Care. 2017;1(1):16-21.
  4. ↑ MEYERS, H. M., Fractures of the hip, Chicago: Year of the book medical publishers Inc.,1985
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 TRUDELLE-JACKSON, E., SMITH, S.S., Effects of a late-phase exercise program after total hip arthroplasty: a randomized controlled trial http://www.archives-pmr.org/article/S0003-9993%2804%2900156-X/fulltext (accessed 2010-12-25)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 MEYERS, H. M., Fractures of the hip. Chicago: Year of the book medical publishers Inc., 1985
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 GREMEAUX, V., RENAULT, J., PARDON, L., DELEY, G., LEPERS, R., CASILLAS, J., Low frequency electric muscle stimulation combined with physical therapy after total hip arthroplasty for hip osteoarthritis in elderly patients: a randomized controlled trial, http://www.archives-pmr.org/article/S0003-9993%2808%2901388-9/fulltext (accessed: 2010-12-25)
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 JAN, M., HUNG, J., LIN, J.C., WANG, S., LIU, T. TANG, P., Effects of a home program on strength, walking speed, and function after total hip replacement, http://www.archives-pmr.org/article/S0003-9993%2804%2900306-5/fulltext ( accessed: 2010-12-25)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 STOCKTON, K.A., MENGERSEN, K.A., Effects of multiple physiotherapy sessions on functional outcomes in the initial postoperative period after primary total hip replacement: a randomized controlled trial, http://www.archives-pmr.org/article/S0003-9993%2809%2900377-3/fulltext (accessed: 2010-12-25)
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 RAHMANN, A.E, BRAUER, S.G., NITZ, J.C., A specific inpatient aquatic physiotherapy program improves strength after total hip or knee replacement surgery: a randomized controlled trial, http://www.archives-pmr.org/article/S0003-9993%2809%2900144-0/fulltext ( accessed: 2010-12-25)
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 CRAWFORD, A.J., HAMBLEN, D.L., Outline of Orthopaedics , thirteenth edition, London: Churchill Livingstone, 2001
  12. ↑ BATRA, S., BATRA, M., McMURTRIE, A., SINHA. A.K, Rapidly destructive osteoarthritis of the hip joint: a case series, http://www.josr-online.com/content/3/1/3 ( accessed: 2010-12-25)
  13. ↑ Brandt CD. Diagnosis and non-surgical management of osteoarthritis. USA: Professional Communications, Inc. 2010
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Walters J, editor. Orthopaedics - A guide for practitioners. 4th Edition. Cape Town: University of Cape Town, 2010.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 BRUNNER, L.C., ESHILIAN-OATES, L., KUO, T.Y., Hip fractures in adults, http://www.aafp.org/afp/2003/0201/p537.html (last checked: 2010-12-25)
  16. ↑ KINGMA, M.J., KOEKENBERG, L.J.L., VAN LINGE, B., VAN RENS, TH.J.G., SIJBRANDIJ, S., Letsels van het steun en bewegingsapparaat, Utrecht/Antwerpen: Scheltema; Holkema BV,1983
  17. ↑ Affatato S. Perspectives in total hip arthroplasty: Advances in biomaterials and their tribological interactions. London: Woodhead Publishing, 2014.
  18. ↑ Van Oldenrijk J. et al., Soft tissue damage after minimally invasive THA. Acta Orthopaedica 2010; 81 (6): 696-702
  19. ↑ Zhang X. et al. Anterolateral muscle sparing approach total hip arthroplasty: an anatomic and clinical study. Chinese Medicine Journal 2008; 121 (15):1358-1363
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Röttinger H. Minimally invasive anterolateral approach for total hip replacement.,Operative Orthopädie und Traumatologie (4)
  21. ↑ Sköldenberg O. et al. Reduced dislocation rate after hip arthroplasty for femoral neck fractures when changing posterolateral to anterolateral approach. Acta Orthopaedica 2010; 81 (5): 583-587
  22. ↑ http://orthopedics.about.com/od/hipkneereplacement/a/implants.htm
  23. ↑ Bader R. et al. Differences between the wear couples metal-on-polyethylene and ceramic-on-ceramic in the stability of dislocation of total hip replacement. Journal of materials science: materials in medicine 2004; 15:711-718
  24. ↑ Garcia-Rey E. et al. Alumina-on-alumina total hip arthroplasty in young patients. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research; 467 (9):2281-2289
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Mahendra G. et al. Necrotic and inflammatory changes in metal-on-metal resurfacing hip arthroplasties. Acta Orthopaedica 2009; 80 (6): 653-659.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Raymond Sohier, Kinesitherapie de la hanche ; La Hestre : Sohier, 1974
  27. ↑ Galea MP, Levinger P, Lythgo N, Cimoli C, Weller R, Tully E, et al. A targeted home- and center-based exercise program for people after total hip replacement: A randomized clinical trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;(8):1442-7.
  28. ↑ Gill SD, McBurney H. Does Exercise Reduce Pain and Improve Physical Function Before Hip or Knee Replacement Surgery? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2013 Jan;94(1):164-76.
  29. ↑ Ferrara P, Rabini A, Aprile I, Maggi L, Piazzini D, Logroscino G, et al. Effect of pre-operative physiotherapy in patients with end-stage osteoarthritis undergoing hip arthroplasty. Clin Rehabil. 2008 Oct;22(10-11):977-86.
  30. ↑ Kuster M. Exercise recommendations after total joint replacement. Sports medicine 2002 ;32(7) : 433-445
  31. ↑ Mirza S, Dunlop D G, Panesar S, Syed G N, Shafat G, Saif S. Basic Science Considerations in Primary Total Hip Replacement Arthroplasty. The Open Orthopaedics Journal. 2010;4,169-180
  32. ↑ Suetta C. et al. Training-induced changes in muscle CSA, muscle strength, EMG, and rate of force development in elderly subjects after long-term unilateral disuse 2004; 97: 1954-1961
  33. ↑ Smith T. et al. Bed exercises following total hip replacement : a randomized controlled trial. Physiotherapy 2008; 94: 286-291
  34. ↑ Perhonen M. et al. Cardiac atrophy after bed rest and spaceflight. Journal of Applied Physiology 2001; 91: 645-653
  35. ↑ Peng Tian, Zhi-jun Li, Gui-Jun Xu, Xiao-lei Sun, and Xin-long Ma. Partial versus early full weight bearing after uncemented total hip arthroplasty: a meta-analysis. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research. 2017; 12: 31.
  36. ↑ Ström H. et al. Unrestricted weight bearing and intensive physiotherapy after uncemented total hip arthroplasty. Scandinavian Journal of Surgery 2006; 95: 55-60
  37. ↑ Kishida Y. et al. Full weight-bearing after cementless total hip arthroplasty. International Orthopaedics 2001; 25: 25-28
  38. ↑ Di Monaco M, Castiglioni C. Which type of exercise therapy is effective after hip arthroplasty? A systematic review of randomized controlled trails. European journal of physical and rehabilitation medicine. 2013 Dec;49(6):893-907, quiz 921-3.
  39. ↑ Coulter CL, Scarvell JM, Neeman TM, Smith PN. Physiotherapist-directed rehabilitation exercises in the outpatient or home setting improve strength, gait speed and cadence after elective total hip replacement: a systematic review. Journal of physiotherapy. 2013 Dec;59(4):219-26.
  40. ↑ Freburger J. An analysis of the relationship between the utilization of physical therapy services and outcomes of care for patients after total hip arthroplasty. Physical therapy 2000; 80 (5): 448-458
  41. ↑ Umpierres CS, Ribeiro TA, Marchisio ÂE, Galvão L, Borges ÍN, Macedo CA, Galia CR. Rehabilitation following total hip arthroplasty evaluation over short follow-up time: Randomized clinical trial. Journal of rehabilitation research and development. 2014;51(10):1567-78


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