Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE): Difference between revisions

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'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}  
'''Top Contributors''' - {{Special:Contributors/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}  
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== Introduction<br> ==
== Introduction   ==
The awareness regarding improving the physical activity of older adults has been growing among policymakers and healthcare professionals during the past few years. The evidence shows that improving older patients physical ability, lifestyle behaviours and  quality of life could promote building resilience and healthy ageing<ref>MacLeod S, Musich S, Hawkins K, Alsgaard K, Wicker ER. The impact of resilience among older adults. Geriatric Nursing. 2016 Jul 1;37(4):266-72.</ref>.         


A physical activity questionnaire is a practical and widely used approach for physical activity assessment in epidemiologic investigations<ref name="Washburn 1986">Washburn RA, Montoye HJ. The assessment of physical activity by questionnaire. Am J Epidemiol. 1986 Apr;123(4):563–76.</ref>.<br>
[[Physical Activity|A physical activity]] questionnaire is a practical and widely used approach for physical activity assessment in epidemiologic investigations<ref name="Washburn 1986">Washburn RA, Montoye HJ. The assessment of physical activity by questionnaire. Am J Epidemiol. 1986 Apr;123(4):563–76.</ref>.  


Activity questionnaires have been used in studies relating physical activity to fall and fracture risk, balance and gait characteristics, bone density, and coronary heart disease in older people<ref name="Sorock 1986">Sorock GS, Bush TL, Golden AL et al. Physical activity and fracture risk in a free-living elderly cohort. J Gerontol 1986; 43: M134-139.</ref><ref name="Campbell 1989">Campbell AJ, Borrie MJ, Spears GF. Risk factors for falls in a community-based prospective study of people 70 years and older. J Gerontol 1989; 44: Ml12-117.</ref><ref name="Dalsky 1988">Dalsky GP, Stocke KS, Ehsani AA et al. Weight- bearing exercise training and lumbar bone mineral content in post-menopausal women. AM Intern Med 1988; 108: 824-828.</ref><ref name="Marti 1989">Marti B, Pekkanen J, Nissinen A et al. Association of physical activity with coronary risk factors and physical ability: twenty year follow-up of a cohort of Finnish men. Age Aging 1989; 18: 103-109.</ref>.<br>  
Activity questionnaires have been used in studies relating physical activity to fall and [[fracture]] risk, [[balance]] and [[gait]] characteristics, bone density, and coronary [[Coronary Artery|heart disease]] in older people<ref name="Sorock 1986">Sorock GS, Bush TL, Golden AL et al. Physical activity and fracture risk in a free-living elderly cohort. J Gerontol 1986; 43: M134-139.</ref><ref name="Campbell 1989">Campbell AJ, Borrie MJ, Spears GF. Risk factors for falls in a community-based prospective study of people 70 years and older. J Gerontol 1989; 44: Ml12-117.</ref><ref name="Dalsky 1988">Dalsky GP, Stocke KS, Ehsani AA et al. Weight- bearing exercise training and lumbar bone mineral content in post-menopausal women. AM Intern Med 1988; 108: 824-828.</ref><ref name="Marti 1989">Marti B, Pekkanen J, Nissinen A et al. Association of physical activity with coronary risk factors and physical ability: twenty year follow-up of a cohort of Finnish men. Age Aging 1989; 18: 103-109.</ref>.<br>  


PASE was initially developed in early 90s to provide an instrument to investigate specifically older people with an age-specific physical activity questionnaire, filling what was an important need in epidemiological research at that time<ref name="Washburn 1993">Washburn RA, Smith KW, Jette AM, Janney CA. The physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE): Development and evaluation. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1993 Feb 1;46(2):153–62.</ref>.<br>  
'''PASE''' was initially developed in early 90s to provide an instrument to investigate specifically older people with an age-specific physical activity questionnaire, filling what was an important need in epidemiological research at that time<ref name="Washburn 1993">Washburn RA, Smith KW, Jette AM, Janney CA. The physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE): Development and evaluation. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1993 Feb 1;46(2):153–62.</ref>.<br>  


[[Image:Exercise older person.jpg|thumb|center|500px]]<br>
[[Image:Exercise older person.jpg|thumb|500px]]


== Objective and Intended Population ==
=== Objective and Intended Population ===
Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) is a brief (5 minutes) and easily scored survey designed specifically to assess physical activity in epidemiological studies of persons age 65 years and older<ref name="Washburn 1993" />.


Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) is a brief (5 minutes) and easily scored survey designed specifically to assess physical activity in epidemiological studies of persons age 65 years and older<ref name="Washburn 1993" />.<br>  
The '''PASE''' score combines information on leisure, household and occupational activity<ref name="Washburn 1999">Washburn RA, McAuley E, Katula J, Mihalko SL, Boileau RA. The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE): Evidence for Validity. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1999 Jul;52(7):643–51.</ref>. The PASE assesses the types of activities typically chosen by older adults (walking, recreational activities, exercise, housework, yard work, and caring for others. It uses frequency, duration, and intensity level of activity over the previous week to assign a score, ranging from 0 to 793, with higher scores indicating greater physical activity.<ref>Logan, S.L. et al. (2013). The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) Questionnaire; Does It Predict Physical Health? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health: 10, 3967-3986; doi:10.3390/ijerph10093967
</ref>


The PASE score combines information on leisure, household and occupational activity<ref name="Washburn 1999">Washburn RA, McAuley E, Katula J, Mihalko SL, Boileau RA. The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE): Evidence for Validity. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1999 Jul;52(7):643–51.</ref>.<br>
=== Method of Use ===
 
Occupational, household and leisure activities are investigated by PASE, over a one-week period<ref name="Washburn 1993" /><ref name="PASE">Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly : Medicine &amp; Science in Sports &amp; Exercise [Internet]. LWW. [cited 2016 Jun 10]. Available from: http://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Fulltext/1997/06001/Physical_Activity_Scale_for_the_Elderly.22.aspx</ref>. The questionnaire can be administered by mail or interview (telephone or in-person)<ref name="Washburn 1999" />. The observed effect of mode of administration on physical activity estimates is of concern and authors recommend that the telephone version of PASE be the method of first choice, furthermore they suggest that the mail questionnaire be used in a modified form with additional respondent instructions in order to clarify the proper categorisation of activities, thus reducing reporting error in the mail version<ref name="Washburn 1993" />.<br>  
== Method of Use ==
== The PASE  ==
 
Occupational, household and leisure activities are investigated by PASE, over a one-week period<ref name="Washburn 1993" /><ref name="PASE">Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly : Medicine &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Science in Sports &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Exercise [Internet]. LWW. [cited 2016 Jun 10]. Available from: http://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Fulltext/1997/06001/Physical_Activity_Scale_for_the_Elderly.22.aspx</ref>.  
 
The questionnaire can be administered by mail or interview (telephone or in person)<ref name="Washburn 1999" />. The observed effect of mode of administration on physical activity estimates is of concern and authors recommend that the telephone version of PASE be the method of first choice, furthermore they suggest that the mail questionnaire be used in a modified form with additional respondent instructions in order to clarify the proper categorisation of activities, thus reducing reporting error in the mail version<ref name="Washburn 1993" />.<br>  
 
== PASE - Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly ==


The questionnaire comprises section on leisure time activity, household activity and work-related activity as follows<ref name="PASE" />:  
The questionnaire comprises section on leisure time activity, household activity and work-related activity as follows<ref name="PASE" />:  
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Answer all items as accurately as possible. All information is strictly confidential.  
Answer all items as accurately as possible. All information is strictly confidential.  


=== Leisure time activity ===
=== Leisure Time Activity ===


'''1.''' Over the past 7 days, how often did you participate in sitting activities such as reading, watching TV, or doing handcrafts?<br>  
'''1.''' Over the past 7 days, how often did you participate in sitting activities such as reading, watching TV, or doing handcrafts?<br>  


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [0.] NEVER (go to question 2)<br>  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;       [0.] NEVER (go to question 2)<br>  


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [1.] SELDOM (1-2 DAYS) (go to question 1.a and 1.b)<br>  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [1.] SELDOM (1-2 DAYS) (go to question 1.a and 1.b)<br>  
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'''3.''' Over the past 7 days, how often did you engage in light sport or recreational activities such as bowling, golf with a cart, shuffleboard, fishing from a boat or pier or other similar activities?<br>  
'''3.''' Over the past 7 days, how often did you engage in light sport or recreational activities such as bowling, golf with a cart, shuffleboard, fishing from a boat or pier or other similar activities?<br>  


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [0.] NEVER (go to question 4)<br>  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp; [0.] NEVER (go to question 4)<br>  


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [1.] SELDOM (1-2 DAYS) (go to question 3.a and 3.b)<br>  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [1.] SELDOM (1-2 DAYS) (go to question 3.a and 3.b)<br>  
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'''4.''' Over the past 7 days, how often did you engage in moderate sport and recreational activities such as doubles tennis, ballroom dancing, hunting, ice skating, golf without a cart, softball or other similar activities?&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br>  
'''4.''' Over the past 7 days, how often did you engage in moderate sport and recreational activities such as doubles tennis, ballroom dancing, hunting, ice skating, golf without a cart, softball or other similar activities?&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <br>  


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [0.] NEVER (go to question 5)<br>  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;     [0.] NEVER (go to question 5)<br>  


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [1.] SELDOM (1-2 DAYS) (go to question 4.a and 4.b)<br>  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [1.] SELDOM (1-2 DAYS) (go to question 4.a and 4.b)<br>  
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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [2.] SOMETIMES (3-4 DAYS) (go to question 4.a and 4.b)<br>  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [2.] SOMETIMES (3-4 DAYS) (go to question 4.a and 4.b)<br>  


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [3.] OFTEN (5-7 DAYS) (go to question 4.a and 4.b)<br>  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp; [3.] OFTEN (5-7 DAYS) (go to question 4.a and 4.b)<br>  


&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; '''''4.a''''' What were these activities? (open end question)<br>  
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; '''''4.a''''' What were these activities? (open end question)<br>  
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'''5.''' Over the past 7 days, how often did you engage in strenuous sport and recreational activities such as jogging, swimming, cycling, singles tennis, aerobic dance, skiing (downhill or cross-country) or other similar activities?  
'''5.''' Over the past 7 days, how often did you engage in strenuous sport and recreational activities such as jogging, swimming, cycling, singles tennis, aerobic dance, skiing (downhill or cross-country) or other similar activities?  


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [0.] NEVER (go to question 6)<br>  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;       [0.] NEVER (go to question 6)<br>  


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [1.] SELDOM (1-2 DAYS) (go to question 5.a and 5.b)<br>  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [1.] SELDOM (1-2 DAYS) (go to question 5.a and 5.b)<br>  
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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [2.] SOMETIMES (3-4 DAYS) (go to question 5.a and 5.b)<br>  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [2.] SOMETIMES (3-4 DAYS) (go to question 5.a and 5.b)<br>  


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [3.] OFTEN (5-7 DAYS) (go to question 5.a and 5.b)<br>  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp; [3.] OFTEN (5-7 DAYS) (go to question 5.a and 5.b)<br>  


&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; '''''5.a''''' What were these activities? (open end question)<br>  
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; '''''5.a''''' What were these activities? (open end question)<br>  
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<br>  
<br>  


'''6.''' Over the past 7 days, how often did you do any exercises specifically to increase muscle strength and endurance, such as lifting weights or pushups, etc.?<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [0.] NEVER (go to question 7)<br>  
'''6.''' Over the past 7 days, how often did you do any exercises specifically to increase muscle strength and endurance, such as lifting weights or pushups, etc.?<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;     &nbsp; [0.] NEVER (go to question 7)<br>  


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [1.] SELDOM (1-2 DAYS) (go to question 6.a and 6.b)<br>  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [1.] SELDOM (1-2 DAYS) (go to question 6.a and 6.b)<br>  
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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [2.] SOMETIMES (3-4 DAYS) (go to question 6.a and 6.b)<br>  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [2.] SOMETIMES (3-4 DAYS) (go to question 6.a and 6.b)<br>  


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; [3.] OFTEN (5-7 DAYS) (go to question 6.a and 6.b)<br>  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;       &nbsp; [3.] OFTEN (5-7 DAYS) (go to question 6.a and 6.b)<br>  


&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;'''''6.a''''' What were these activities? (open end question)<br>  
&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;'''''6.a''''' What were these activities? (open end question)<br>  
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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [3.] more than 4 hours<br>  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [3.] more than 4 hours<br>  


=== Household activity ===
=== Household Activity ===


'''7.''' During the past 7 days, have you done any light housework, such as dusting or washing dishes?  
'''7.''' During the past 7 days, have you done any light housework, such as dusting or washing dishes?  


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [1.] NO<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [2.] YES  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; [1.] NO<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [2.] YES  


<br>  
<br>  
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&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''''d.''''' Caring for another person, such as children, dependent spouse, or another adult <br>  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''''d.''''' Caring for another person, such as children, dependent spouse, or another adult <br>  


=== Work-related activity ===
=== Work-related Activity ===


'''10.''' During the past 7 days, did you work for pay or as a volunteer?  
'''10.''' During the past 7 days, did you work for pay or as a volunteer?  


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [1.] NO<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [2.] YES (go to questions 10.a and 10.b)  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [1.] NO<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; [2.] YES (go to questions 10.a and 10.b)  


&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''''10a.''''' How many hours per week did you work for pay and or as a volunteer? ____ hours<br>  
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; '''''10a.''''' How many hours per week did you work for pay and or as a volunteer? ____ hours<br>  
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#Sitting or standing with some walking (Examples: cashier, general office worker, light tool and machinery worker) <br>  
#Sitting or standing with some walking (Examples: cashier, general office worker, light tool and machinery worker) <br>  
#Walking with some handling of materials generally weighing less than 50 pounds (Examples: mailman, waiter/waitress, construction worker, heavy tool and machinery worker)<br>  
#Walking with some handling of materials generally weighing less than 50 pounds (Examples: mailman, waiter/waitress, construction worker, heavy tool and machinery worker)<br>  
#Walking and heavy manual work often requiring handling of materials weighting over 50 pounds (Ex: lumberjack, stone mason, farm or general labourer)
#Walking and heavy manual work often requiring handling of materials weighting over 50 pounds (Ex: lumberjack, ston mason, farm or general labourer)


<br>  
<br>  
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[[Image:PASE calculation table.jpg|thumb|center|600px|Table 1: Contribution of each questionnaire item to the overall PASE score is determined by the product of the sample mean and activity weight.]]  
[[Image:PASE calculation table.jpg|thumb|center|600px|Table 1: Contribution of each questionnaire item to the overall PASE score is determined by the product of the sample mean and activity weight.]]  


== Evidences ==
== Evidence ==


PASE shows strong evidences for validity and reliability useful for large epidemiological studies on general population. On more specific conditions this instrument may not be as accurate as required, and further studies on specific conditions are needed.  
PASE shows strong evidences for validity and reliability useful for large epidemiological studies on general population. On more specific conditions this instrument may not be as accurate as required, and further studies on specific conditions are needed.  
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PASE construct validity has been further studied in 1999. This time it was established by correlating PASE scores with physiologic and performance characteristics: peak oxygen uptake, resting heart rate and blood pressure, percent body fat, and balance<ref name="Washburn 1999" />. PASE scores were significantly associated (P&lt;0.05) with peak oxygen uptake (r = 0.20), systolic blood pressure (r = -0.18) and balance score (r = 0.20); despite this, no significant associations of PASE score and diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, or percent body fat were noted<ref name="Washburn 1999" />. Anyway, these results provided additional evidence for the validity of the PASE as a measure of physical activity suitable for use in epidemiology studies on the association of physical activity, health, and physical function in older individuals<ref name="Washburn 1999" />.<br>  
PASE construct validity has been further studied in 1999. This time it was established by correlating PASE scores with physiologic and performance characteristics: peak oxygen uptake, resting heart rate and blood pressure, percent body fat, and balance<ref name="Washburn 1999" />. PASE scores were significantly associated (P&lt;0.05) with peak oxygen uptake (r = 0.20), systolic blood pressure (r = -0.18) and balance score (r = 0.20); despite this, no significant associations of PASE score and diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, or percent body fat were noted<ref name="Washburn 1999" />. Anyway, these results provided additional evidence for the validity of the PASE as a measure of physical activity suitable for use in epidemiology studies on the association of physical activity, health, and physical function in older individuals<ref name="Washburn 1999" />.<br>  


In 2004, PASE stability and convergent validity has been assessed among rural, community dwelling elderly persons using Computer Science and Applications, Inc. Actigraph Monitors (Actigraph) as the direct criterion measure<ref name="Dinger 2004">Dinger MK, Oman RF, Taylor EL, Vesely SK, Able J. Stability and convergent validity of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE). J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2004 Jun;44(2):186–92.</ref>. The study showed there was a statistically significant Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.43 (p&lt;0.01) between Actigraph data and total PASE scores<ref name="Dinger 2004" />, thus showing good validity even when compared with digital technologies.<br>  
In 2004, PASE stability and convergent validity have been assessed among rural, community dwelling elderly persons using Computer Science and Applications, Inc. Actigraph Monitors (Actigraph) as the direct criterion measure<ref name="Dinger 2004">Dinger MK, Oman RF, Taylor EL, Vesely SK, Able J. Stability and convergent validity of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE). J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2004 Jun;44(2):186–92.</ref>. The study showed there was a statistically significant Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.43 (p&lt;0.01) between Actigraph data and total PASE scores<ref name="Dinger 2004" />, thus showing good validity even when compared with digital technologies.<br>  


in 2008 Hagiwara et al. evaluated a Japanese translated version of the PASE with three hundred and twenty-five (325) healthy and elderly subjects over 65 years enrolled<ref name="Hagiwara 2008">Hagiwara A, Ito N, Sawai K, Kazuma K. Validity and reliability of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) in Japanese elderly people. Geriatrics &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Gerontology International. 2008 Sep 1;8(3):143–51.</ref>. Concurrent validity was evaluated by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient between PASE scores and an accelerometer (waking steps and energy expenditure), a physical activity questionnaire for adults in general (the Japan Arteriosclerosis Longitudinal Study Physical Activity Questionnaire, JALSPAQ), grip strength, mid-thigh muscle area per body-weight, static balance and body-fat percentage<ref name="Hagiwara 2008" />. The PASE score was significantly correlated with walking steps (ρ = 0.17, P = 0.014), energy expenditure (ρ = 0.16, P = 0.024), activity measured with the JALSPAQ (ρ = 0.48, P &lt; 0.001), mid-thigh muscle area per body-weight (ρ = 0.15, P = 0.006) and static balance (ρ = 0.19, P = 0.001)<ref name="Hagiwara 2008" />. Therefore, the Japanese version of PASE was shown to have acceptable validity<ref name="Hagiwara 2008" />.<br>  
in 2008 Hagiwara et al. evaluated a Japanese translated version of the PASE with three hundred and twenty-five (325) healthy and elderly subjects over 65 years enrolled<ref name="Hagiwara 2008">Hagiwara A, Ito N, Sawai K, Kazuma K. Validity and reliability of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) in Japanese elderly people. Geriatrics &amp; Gerontology International. 2008 Sep 1;8(3):143–51.</ref>. Concurrent validity was evaluated by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient between PASE scores and an accelerometer (waking steps and energy expenditure), a physical activity questionnaire for adults in general (the Japan Arteriosclerosis Longitudinal Study Physical Activity Questionnaire, JALSPAQ), grip strength, mid-thigh muscle area per body-weight, static balance and body-fat percentage<ref name="Hagiwara 2008" />. The PASE score was significantly correlated with walking steps (ρ = 0.17, P = 0.014), energy expenditure (ρ = 0.16, P = 0.024), activity measured with the JALSPAQ (ρ = 0.48, P &lt; 0.001), mid-thigh muscle area per body-weight (ρ = 0.15, P = 0.006) and static balance (ρ = 0.19, P = 0.001)<ref name="Hagiwara 2008" />. Therefore, the Japanese version of PASE was shown to have acceptable validity<ref name="Hagiwara 2008" />.<br>  


More recently, PASE validity has been studied for specific conditions. In cancer patients, PASE has shown a low construct validity but a good content validity<ref name="Liu 2011">Liu RDK, Buffart LM, Kersten MJ, Spiering M, Brug J, van Mechelen W, et al. Psychometric properties of two physical activity questionnaires, the AQuAA and the PASE, in cancer patients. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2011;11:30.</ref>. In hip osteoarthritis patients, the PASE construct validity was poor revealing that it was unable to assess PA intensity levels. Therefore authors stated that PASE is not recommended as a valid tool to examine PA level for patients with hip OA<ref name="Svege 2012">Svege I, Kolle E, Risberg MA. Reliability and validity of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) in patients with hip osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2012;13:26.</ref>.<br>  
More recently, PASE validity has been studied for specific conditions. In cancer patients, PASE has shown a low construct validity but a good content validity<ref name="Liu 2011">Liu RDK, Buffart LM, Kersten MJ, Spiering M, Brug J, van Mechelen W, et al. Psychometric properties of two physical activity questionnaires, the AQuAA and the PASE, in cancer patients. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2011;11:30.</ref>. In hip osteoarthritis patients, the PASE construct validity was poor revealing that it was unable to assess PA intensity levels. Therefore authors stated that PASE is not recommended as a valid tool to examine PA level for patients with hip OA<ref name="Svege 2012">Svege I, Kolle E, Risberg MA. Reliability and validity of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) in patients with hip osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2012;13:26.</ref>.<br>  
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== Resources  ==
== Resources  ==
* [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Physical_activity Physical activity] page in Physiopedia
* [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Physical_Activity_and_Older_Adults Physical activity and older adults] in Physiopedia
* [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Category:Physical_Activity All Physiopedia pages with PHYSICAL ACTIVITY as their category]
* [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Category:Older_People/Geriatrics All Physiopedia pages with OLDER PEOPLE/GERIATRICS as their category]
* [http://www.physio-pedia.com/Physiotherapy,_Exercise_and_Physical_Activity_Course Physiotherapy, Exercise and Physical Activity Course] from Exercise Works and Physiopedia
* To order the PASE tool, [https://www.healthcore.com/capabilities/research-instruments-ds/ click here].
* For detailed information about the PASE Questionnaire with regards to various populations, we direct you to the [https://www.sralab.org/rehabilitation-measures/physical-activity-scale-elderly Shirley Ryan Ability Lab website].
* For full access to the manual and scoring sheet, [https://www.researchgate.net/post/Dear_have_you_found_a_way_to_score_PASE click here].


[http://www.physio-pedia.com/Physical_activity Physical activity] page in Physiopedia
[http://www.physio-pedia.com/Physical_Activity_and_Older_Adults Physical activity and older adults] in Physiopedia<br>
[http://www.physio-pedia.com/Category:Physical_Activity All Physiopedia pages with PHYSICAL ACTIVITY as their category]<br>
[http://www.physio-pedia.com/Category:Older_People/Geriatrics All Physiopedia pages with OLDER PEOPLE/GERIATRICS as their category]<br>
[http://www.physio-pedia.com/Physiotherapy,_Exercise_and_Physical_Activity_Course Physiotherapy, Exercise and Physical Activity Course] from Exercise Works and Physiopedia<br>
== Recent Related Research (from [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Pubmed])  ==
<div class="researchbox">
<rss>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/erss.cgi?rss_guid=14wpWf7MA3ANQSQoQGTniKWQy0UZd1oVA3X53FDfR2cedi_9uj|charset=UTF-8|short|max=10</rss>
</div>
== References  ==
== References  ==


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<references />  
<references />  


[[Category:Assessment]] [[Category:Physical_Activity]] [[Category:Older_People/Geriatrics]]
[[Category:Assessment]]  
[[Category:Physical_Activity]]  
[[Category:Older_People/Geriatrics]]
[[Category:Outcome Measures]]
[[Category:Older People/Geriatrics - Outcome Measures]]
[[Category:Older People/Geriatrics - Assessment and Examination]]

Latest revision as of 19:05, 12 April 2020

Original Editor - Ajay Upadhyay

Top Contributors - Alberto Bertaggia, Kim Jackson, Gayatri Jadav Upadhyay, Ajay Upadhyay, Lauren Lopez, 127.0.0.1, Shaimaa Eldib, Amanda Ager, Evan Thomas, Michelle Lee and WikiSysop

Introduction[edit | edit source]

The awareness regarding improving the physical activity of older adults has been growing among policymakers and healthcare professionals during the past few years. The evidence shows that improving older patients physical ability, lifestyle behaviours and quality of life could promote building resilience and healthy ageing[1].

A physical activity questionnaire is a practical and widely used approach for physical activity assessment in epidemiologic investigations[2].

Activity questionnaires have been used in studies relating physical activity to fall and fracture risk, balance and gait characteristics, bone density, and coronary heart disease in older people[3][4][5][6].

PASE was initially developed in early 90s to provide an instrument to investigate specifically older people with an age-specific physical activity questionnaire, filling what was an important need in epidemiological research at that time[7].

Exercise older person.jpg

Objective and Intended Population[edit | edit source]

Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) is a brief (5 minutes) and easily scored survey designed specifically to assess physical activity in epidemiological studies of persons age 65 years and older[7].

The PASE score combines information on leisure, household and occupational activity[8]. The PASE assesses the types of activities typically chosen by older adults (walking, recreational activities, exercise, housework, yard work, and caring for others. It uses frequency, duration, and intensity level of activity over the previous week to assign a score, ranging from 0 to 793, with higher scores indicating greater physical activity.[9]

Method of Use[edit | edit source]

Occupational, household and leisure activities are investigated by PASE, over a one-week period[7][10]. The questionnaire can be administered by mail or interview (telephone or in-person)[8]. The observed effect of mode of administration on physical activity estimates is of concern and authors recommend that the telephone version of PASE be the method of first choice, furthermore they suggest that the mail questionnaire be used in a modified form with additional respondent instructions in order to clarify the proper categorisation of activities, thus reducing reporting error in the mail version[7].

The PASE[edit | edit source]

The questionnaire comprises section on leisure time activity, household activity and work-related activity as follows[10]:

Instruction[edit | edit source]

Please complete this questionnaire by either circling the correct response or filling in the blank. Here is an example:

During the past 7 days, how often have you seen the sun?

                                 [0.] NEVER

                                 [1.] SELDOM (1-2 DAYS)

                                 [2.] SOMETIMES (3-4 DAYS)

                                 [3.] OFTEN (5-7 DAYS)

Answer all items as accurately as possible. All information is strictly confidential.

Leisure Time Activity[edit | edit source]

1. Over the past 7 days, how often did you participate in sitting activities such as reading, watching TV, or doing handcrafts?

                                [0.] NEVER (go to question 2)

                                [1.] SELDOM (1-2 DAYS) (go to question 1.a and 1.b)

                                [2.] SOMETIMES (3-4 DAYS) (go to question 1.a and 1.b)

                                [3.] OFTEN (5-7 DAYS) (go to question 1.a and 1.b)

          1.a What were these activities? (open end question)

         1.b On average, how many hours did you engage in these sitting activities?

                                                     [0.] Less than 1 hour

                                                     [1.] 1 but less than 2 hours

                                                     [2.] 2 - 4 hours

                                                     [3.] more than 4 hours


2. Over the past 7 days, how often did you take a walk outside your home or yard for any reason? For example, for fun or exercise, walking to work, walking the dog, etc

                                [0.] NEVER (go to question 3)

                                [1.] SELDOM (1-2 DAYS) (go to question 2.a)

                                [2.] SOMETIMES (3-4 DAYS) (go to question 2.a)

                                [3.] OFTEN (5-7 DAYS) (go to question 2.a)

          2a. On average, how many hours per day did you spend walking?

                                                     [0.] Less than 1 hour

                                                     [1.] 1 but less than 2 hours

                                                     [2.] 2 - 4 hours

                                                     [3.] more than 4 hours


3. Over the past 7 days, how often did you engage in light sport or recreational activities such as bowling, golf with a cart, shuffleboard, fishing from a boat or pier or other similar activities?

                                [0.] NEVER (go to question 4)

                                [1.] SELDOM (1-2 DAYS) (go to question 3.a and 3.b)

                                [2.] SOMETIMES (3-4 DAYS) (go to question 3.a and 3.b)

                                [3.] OFTEN (5-7 DAYS) (go to question 3.a and 3.b)

         3.a What were these activities? (open end question)

          3.b On average, how many hours did you engage in these light sport or recreational activities?

                                                     [0.] Less than 1 hour

                                                     [1.] 1 but less than 2 hours

                                                     [2.] 2 - 4 hours

                                                     [3.] more than 4 hours


4. Over the past 7 days, how often did you engage in moderate sport and recreational activities such as doubles tennis, ballroom dancing, hunting, ice skating, golf without a cart, softball or other similar activities?    

                                [0.] NEVER (go to question 5)

                                [1.] SELDOM (1-2 DAYS) (go to question 4.a and 4.b)

                                [2.] SOMETIMES (3-4 DAYS) (go to question 4.a and 4.b)

                                [3.] OFTEN (5-7 DAYS) (go to question 4.a and 4.b)

          4.a What were these activities? (open end question)

         4.b On average, how many hours did you engage in these moderate sport or recreational activities?

                                                     [0.] Less than 1 hour

                                                     [1.] 1 but less than 2 hours

                                                     [2.] 2 - 4 hours

                                                     [3.] more than 4 hours


5. Over the past 7 days, how often did you engage in strenuous sport and recreational activities such as jogging, swimming, cycling, singles tennis, aerobic dance, skiing (downhill or cross-country) or other similar activities?

                                [0.] NEVER (go to question 6)

                                [1.] SELDOM (1-2 DAYS) (go to question 5.a and 5.b)

                                [2.] SOMETIMES (3-4 DAYS) (go to question 5.a and 5.b)

                                [3.] OFTEN (5-7 DAYS) (go to question 5.a and 5.b)

          5.a What were these activities? (open end question)

         5.b On average, how many hours did you engage in these strenuous sport or recreational activities?

                                                     [0.] Less than 1 hour

                                                     [1.] 1 but less than 2 hours

                                                     [2.] 2 - 4 hours

                                                     [3.] more than 4 hours


6. Over the past 7 days, how often did you do any exercises specifically to increase muscle strength and endurance, such as lifting weights or pushups, etc.?
                                [0.] NEVER (go to question 7)

                                [1.] SELDOM (1-2 DAYS) (go to question 6.a and 6.b)

                                [2.] SOMETIMES (3-4 DAYS) (go to question 6.a and 6.b)

                                [3.] OFTEN (5-7 DAYS) (go to question 6.a and 6.b)

         6.a What were these activities? (open end question)

         6.b On average, how many hours did you engage in these strenuous sport or recreational activities?

                                                     [0.] Less than 1 hour

                                                     [1.] 1 but less than 2 hours

                                                     [2.] 2 - 4 hours

                                                     [3.] more than 4 hours

Household Activity[edit | edit source]

7. During the past 7 days, have you done any light housework, such as dusting or washing dishes?

                            [1.] NO
                           [2.] YES


8. During the past 7 days, have you done any heavy housework or chores, such as vacuuming, scrubbing floors, washing windows, or carrying wood?

                           [1.] NO
                           [2.] YES


During the past 7 days, did you engage in any of the following activities? Please answer YES or NO for each item.

          a. Home repairs like painting, wallpapering, electrical work, etc.

          b. Lawn work or yard care, including snow or leaf removal, wood chopping, etc.

          c. Outdoor gardening

          d. Caring for another person, such as children, dependent spouse, or another adult

Work-related Activity[edit | edit source]

10. During the past 7 days, did you work for pay or as a volunteer?

                           [1.] NO
                           [2.] YES (go to questions 10.a and 10.b)

    10a. How many hours per week did you work for pay and or as a volunteer? ____ hours

    10b. Which of the following categories best describes the amount of physical activity required on your job and or volunteer work?

  1. Mainly sitting with some slight arm movement (Examples: office worker, watchmaker, seated assembly line worker, bus driver, etc.)
  2. Sitting or standing with some walking (Examples: cashier, general office worker, light tool and machinery worker)
  3. Walking with some handling of materials generally weighing less than 50 pounds (Examples: mailman, waiter/waitress, construction worker, heavy tool and machinery worker)
  4. Walking and heavy manual work often requiring handling of materials weighting over 50 pounds (Ex: lumberjack, ston mason, farm or general labourer)


Calculations[edit | edit source]

The PASE authors devised a set of item weights (Table 1) for the PASE questionnaire by using principal components analysis and regression techniques[7]. Total PASE scores are computed by multiplying activity weights by activity frequencies.

Table 1: Contribution of each questionnaire item to the overall PASE score is determined by the product of the sample mean and activity weight.

Evidence[edit | edit source]

PASE shows strong evidences for validity and reliability useful for large epidemiological studies on general population. On more specific conditions this instrument may not be as accurate as required, and further studies on specific conditions are needed.

Validity[edit | edit source]

Washburn et al. first studied PASE construct validity in early 90s, and it has been established by correlating PASE scores with health status and physiologic measures[7]. PASE scores were positively associated with grip strength (r = 0.37), static balance (r = +0.33), leg strength (r = 0.25) and negatively correlated with resting heart rate (r = - 0.13), age (r = - 0.34) and perceived health status (r = -0.34); and overall Sickness Impact Profile score (r = -0.42)[7], thus showing a strong validity of this instrument.

PASE construct validity has been further studied in 1999. This time it was established by correlating PASE scores with physiologic and performance characteristics: peak oxygen uptake, resting heart rate and blood pressure, percent body fat, and balance[8]. PASE scores were significantly associated (P<0.05) with peak oxygen uptake (r = 0.20), systolic blood pressure (r = -0.18) and balance score (r = 0.20); despite this, no significant associations of PASE score and diastolic blood pressure, resting heart rate, or percent body fat were noted[8]. Anyway, these results provided additional evidence for the validity of the PASE as a measure of physical activity suitable for use in epidemiology studies on the association of physical activity, health, and physical function in older individuals[8].

In 2004, PASE stability and convergent validity have been assessed among rural, community dwelling elderly persons using Computer Science and Applications, Inc. Actigraph Monitors (Actigraph) as the direct criterion measure[11]. The study showed there was a statistically significant Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.43 (p<0.01) between Actigraph data and total PASE scores[11], thus showing good validity even when compared with digital technologies.

in 2008 Hagiwara et al. evaluated a Japanese translated version of the PASE with three hundred and twenty-five (325) healthy and elderly subjects over 65 years enrolled[12]. Concurrent validity was evaluated by Spearman's rank correlation coefficient between PASE scores and an accelerometer (waking steps and energy expenditure), a physical activity questionnaire for adults in general (the Japan Arteriosclerosis Longitudinal Study Physical Activity Questionnaire, JALSPAQ), grip strength, mid-thigh muscle area per body-weight, static balance and body-fat percentage[12]. The PASE score was significantly correlated with walking steps (ρ = 0.17, P = 0.014), energy expenditure (ρ = 0.16, P = 0.024), activity measured with the JALSPAQ (ρ = 0.48, P < 0.001), mid-thigh muscle area per body-weight (ρ = 0.15, P = 0.006) and static balance (ρ = 0.19, P = 0.001)[12]. Therefore, the Japanese version of PASE was shown to have acceptable validity[12].

More recently, PASE validity has been studied for specific conditions. In cancer patients, PASE has shown a low construct validity but a good content validity[13]. In hip osteoarthritis patients, the PASE construct validity was poor revealing that it was unable to assess PA intensity levels. Therefore authors stated that PASE is not recommended as a valid tool to examine PA level for patients with hip OA[14].

Reliability[edit | edit source]

On Washburn et al. paper from 1993 authors stated that the PASE test-retest reliability coefficient (0.75) exceeded those reported for other physical activity surveys[7]. Back then, test-retest reliability has been assessed over a 3-7 week interval, resulting in a 0.75 (95% CI = 0.69-0.80). Results showed also reliability for mail administration (r = 0.84) was higher than for telephone administration (r = 0.68)[7].

Hagiwara et al. in 2008 evaluated reliability of the PASE Japanese version, by the test–retest method over a period of 3–4 weeks[12]. The proportion of consistency in the response between the first and second surveys was adequately high, with a intraclass correlation coefficient for the PASE score of 0.65, showing this instrument to have acceptable reliability too[12].

Reliability has been evaluated also in specific conditions. In cancer patients, reliability for the PASE scores ranged from good to excellent (ICC = 0.67 to 0.90)[13]; in hip osteoarthritis patients, the test-retest reliability of the total PASE score was moderate, with acceptable ICC, but with large measurement errors[14].


Resources[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

References will automatically be added here, see adding references tutorial.

  1. ↑ MacLeod S, Musich S, Hawkins K, Alsgaard K, Wicker ER. The impact of resilience among older adults. Geriatric Nursing. 2016 Jul 1;37(4):266-72.
  2. ↑ Washburn RA, Montoye HJ. The assessment of physical activity by questionnaire. Am J Epidemiol. 1986 Apr;123(4):563–76.
  3. ↑ Sorock GS, Bush TL, Golden AL et al. Physical activity and fracture risk in a free-living elderly cohort. J Gerontol 1986; 43: M134-139.
  4. ↑ Campbell AJ, Borrie MJ, Spears GF. Risk factors for falls in a community-based prospective study of people 70 years and older. J Gerontol 1989; 44: Ml12-117.
  5. ↑ Dalsky GP, Stocke KS, Ehsani AA et al. Weight- bearing exercise training and lumbar bone mineral content in post-menopausal women. AM Intern Med 1988; 108: 824-828.
  6. ↑ Marti B, Pekkanen J, Nissinen A et al. Association of physical activity with coronary risk factors and physical ability: twenty year follow-up of a cohort of Finnish men. Age Aging 1989; 18: 103-109.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 7.8 Washburn RA, Smith KW, Jette AM, Janney CA. The physical activity scale for the elderly (PASE): Development and evaluation. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1993 Feb 1;46(2):153–62.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Washburn RA, McAuley E, Katula J, Mihalko SL, Boileau RA. The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE): Evidence for Validity. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 1999 Jul;52(7):643–51.
  9. ↑ Logan, S.L. et al. (2013). The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) Questionnaire; Does It Predict Physical Health? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health: 10, 3967-3986; doi:10.3390/ijerph10093967
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly : Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise [Internet]. LWW. [cited 2016 Jun 10]. Available from: http://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/Fulltext/1997/06001/Physical_Activity_Scale_for_the_Elderly.22.aspx
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Dinger MK, Oman RF, Taylor EL, Vesely SK, Able J. Stability and convergent validity of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE). J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2004 Jun;44(2):186–92.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Hagiwara A, Ito N, Sawai K, Kazuma K. Validity and reliability of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) in Japanese elderly people. Geriatrics & Gerontology International. 2008 Sep 1;8(3):143–51.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Liu RDK, Buffart LM, Kersten MJ, Spiering M, Brug J, van Mechelen W, et al. Psychometric properties of two physical activity questionnaires, the AQuAA and the PASE, in cancer patients. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2011;11:30.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Svege I, Kolle E, Risberg MA. Reliability and validity of the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) in patients with hip osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2012;13:26.
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