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...ol of the lower limb are likely to result in altered positioning and weight-bearing in the foot. === Specific Foot Conditions ===

...ine to the pelvis, facilitating load transfer from the lumbar spine to the lower extremities. ...auses of pain. International journal of spine surgery. 2020 Feb 1;14(s1):S3-13. Available:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7041664/ (accesse

...my and basic approach. Ultrasonography. 2017 Apr; 36(2):120. </ref>.[[File:Leg veins.png|thumb|375x375px]] ...vein: where does reflux go? Jornal Vascular Brasileiro. 2013 Jun; 12(2):123-8.

...-leg-syndrome-management-a-review-of-physiotherapeutic-modalities-and-their-efficacy#!/ A Review of Physiotherapeutic Modalities and Their Efficacy]. Cu == Causes of Restless Leg Syndrome ==

...tings to monitor neurological and musculoskeletal conditions.[[File:Single Leg Stance.jpg|border|thumb|412x412px]] ...rapy'', ''30''(1), 8–15. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1519/00139143-200704000-00003</nowiki></ref>

...is often conducted using a stopwatch and a 50 cm-long metal beam with a non-slip surface. ...ight, body weight, gender, and test conditions. Perform an appropriate warm-up.

...ries to the lumbar spine (1.1 - 3.4 injuries per squad per season) and the lower limb (0.3 - 5.9 injuries per squad per season (Orchard, 2006). # Scientific evaluation (intervention efficacy assessment under "ideal conditions")

...m (Latin: ''os ischii'') is a paired bone of the [[pelvis]] that forms the lower and back part of the [[Hip Anatomy|hip]] bone, as well as the posterior and # Body of the ischium - the portion that forms the posterior one-third of the acetabulum.

Hemiplegia is paralysis of the muscles of the lower face, arm, and leg on one side of the body. In addition to motor problems other losses may occ ...Dr. V.S.Nandakumar<nowiki/>https://www.slideshare.net/danny14871/hemiplegia-43636165 ''(accessed 29 June 2018)''</ref>

...us Thrombosis. Medscape 2017 https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1911303-workup (Accessed on 3rd July, 2018).</ref>. #Once the knee is extended the examiner raises the patient’s straight leg to 10 degrees, then passively and abruptly dorsiflexes the foot and squeeze

...sed by people who cannot use their legs to support their weight (from short-term injuries to lifelong disabilities). ...an axilla bar, a handpiece and double uprights joined distally by a single leg. They are adjustable in height; both the overall height and handgrip height

...scopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery. 2022 Apr 1;38(4):1189-92.</ref> [[File:Lower back pain.png|center|thumb|260x260px|Low Back Pain ]]

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> ...e [[balance]], decrease the risk of falling, help with weak musculature of lower legs, and to return to previous activity or facilitate patient mobility.

...networks for fast and slow human walking.] J Neurophysiol. 2010;103(1):183-91.</ref>As a result, an individual limb can be preferentially targeted for ...admill can be used to address deficits in stride length, gait speed, weight-bearing, etc. This intervention is most often used with individuals after [[

...wellhealth.com)[https://www.verywellhealth.com/gastrocnemius-muscle-anatomy-4684083]</ref> ...ew image - © Kenhub https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/gastrocnemius-muscle</ref>

...[[Gracilis|gracillis]]. These muscles primarily function to move the thigh/lower extremity closer to the body's central axis. Additionally, the Pectineus mu ...tatpearls.com/articlelibrary/viewarticle/24169/ . Anatomy, bony pelvis and lower limb, thigh muscles].Available:https://www.statpearls.com/articlelibrary/vi

...nch which joins the [[Sural Nerve|sural]] nerve in the middle third of the leg. ...In addition it supplies the skin over the lateral lower two-thirds of the leg and the whole of the dorsum of the foot except for the area between the 1st

...an intermediate phase of rehabilitation with support one the only amputee leg has been realized, using a weight bearing harness. Without final consolidat ...ening. During the crash, she has been amputated under left knee. The right leg was broken and required a surgery with an external fixator and a skin graft

...exercises on elderly people. Indian Journal of Gerontology. 2021;35(4):483-94.</ref> ...ella, the middle of the tibia, and to the ankle joint of the contralateral leg

...lis Posterior''' is located deep in the posterior compartment of the lower leg and situated between the [[Flexor Digitorum Longus|Flexor Digitorium Longus Proximal postero-lateral aspect of the tibia.

...have recognised trauma and complications of management of musculoskeletal conditions by traditional bone setters as the leading cause of amputation in Nigeria. ...nt on his way to the farm and had a comminuted tibia fracture of the right leg. He was taken to a primary health center within the village but due to lack

...the Back or Lower Extremities. Archives of Neurology]. 1961 Dec 1;5(6):673-8.</ref>. ...A NEW SIGN FOR THE DETECTION OF MALINGERING AND FUNCTIONAL PARESIS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES. Journal of the American Medical Association. [https://jamanetw

..." is a [[Muscle Energy Technique|Muscle Energy Technique (MET)]] used to re-align the pelvis and treat a variety of pelvic dysfunctions. ...Pain" ''Journal of Osteopathic Medicine'', vol. 119, no. 11, 2019, pp. e42-e43. </ref>

==== Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) ==== ...ric Pain Rating Scale|Numeric Pain Reporting Scale]] (NPRS 0-10) and the [[Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS)]] both of which are generic outcome measu

...ood]] and nutrients throughout the body. At any point in time, nearly three-fourths of the circulating blood volume is contained in the venous system.<r ...vailable: https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/524180/11-amazing-facts-about-veins (accessed 15.7.2021)</ref>

Case Study Lower Limb Amputation: Amputee Case Study A case study about a 10-year-old Nepali boy, receiving amputation surgery following his congenital club f

...y painful ankle, reduced functional ability, and increased likelihood of re-injury. Care should also be taken to avoid missing the less common causes of [[File:Cross-section_of_ankle.png|right|frameless|300x300px]]

...tellofemoral Pain Syndrome|patellofemoral pain syndrome]]; [[Low Back Pain|lower back pain]]; [[osteoarthritis]]; [[Rheumatoid Arthritis|rheumatoid arthriti ...lable from: <nowiki>https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/hip-and-thigh-muscles</nowiki></ref>

...thopedic emergency that relies heavily on precise clinical findings. Lower leg ACS is a condition in which increased pressure within a [[Muscle Cells (Myo ...r leg: a review.] The Journal for Nurse Practitioners. 2016 Apr 1;12(4):265-70. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4970751/<nowiki/

[[File:Gait-Cycle.jpg|right|frameless|558x558px]] ...lthline Antalgic gait Available: https://www.healthline.com/health/antalgic-gait#takeaway (accessed 20.7.2021)</ref>

...ankle joint]], an articulation between the [[tibia]] and [[fibula]] of the leg and the [[talus]] of the [[Foot Anatomy|foot]]. See the page for [[Ankle Jo ...together create an architectural vault, which is one of the strongest load-bearing structures known to mankind.<ref>The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britan

..., Published in India by arrangement with Baillier Tindall, london 2005 p 33-37 </ref> |Balances lower leg on foot

...registered clinical trial. Journal of Athletic Training. 2017 Jun;52(6):592-605. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5488851/<nowiki # Strength of lower extremity

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]]. ...] The Journal of bone and joint surgery. British volume. 1985 Nov;67(5):741-6.</ref>This is often referred to as the Trendelenburg test but should not b

<div class="pp-no-course-suggestions pp-no-article-suggestions"></div> ...ordiae’s admission statement can be accessed from http://www.mater.ie/about-us/mission/ and the specialities of the physiotherapy department from http:/

...VanBlarcom CW, editor. [https://www.thejpd.org/article/S0022-3913(99)70234-9/fulltext The glossary of prosthodontic terms]. Mosby; 1999.</ref>, support ...indications and methods]. American family physician. 2009 Sep 1;80(5):491-9.</ref>

...s. Farlex Partner Medical Dictionary, 2012. Available from: https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/thrombophlebitis (last accessed: 26.09.2020 <div class="col-md-6"> {{#ev:youtube|FwyTCcYNfm8 |250}} </div>

...ht bearing]] and stability of [[Gait|gait.]] An essential component of the lower [[Closed Chain Exercise|kinetic chain]]. ...B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532982/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Femur.] InStatPearls [Internet] 2019 Jul 3. StatPearls Publishing.Ava

...B. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538262/ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Femoral Artery]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): Sta ...e changes to the [[Popliteal Fossa|popliteal]] artery which provides oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the knee compartment. The deep femoral artery give

...l border of the popliteus muscle, deep to gastrocnemius and soleus. In the leg, it is accompanied by the posterior tibial vessels and lies in the tarsal t ...erve#1 .] Available from: https://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/tibial-nerve#1 (last accessed 17/03/2019).</ref> It also has articular and cutaneou

...ay or may not experience back pain along with radiculopathy, but roughly 12-40% of people with back pain also experience radiculopathy symptoms.<ref nam ...disord.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12891-022-05196-x Effects of non-surgical decompression therapy in addition to routine physical therapy on pa

...pain and dysfunction of lateral epicondylalgia.] Pain. 1996 Nov 1;68(1):69-74.</ref>Neural mobilization, as a treatment technique, was introduced nearl ...s/261-neural-manipulation.pdf https://www.iahe.com/docs/articles/261-neural-manipulation.pdf.] (Accessed 31 May 2022) </ref>

...bs: a protocol of a systematic review]. Systematic Reviews. 2019 Dec;8(1):1-6.</ref> ...A thorough assessment is required to not only diagnose tendinopathy in the lower limb but also to identify the contributing and aggravating factors that hav

...d controlled study. Journal of rehabilitation medicine. 2015 Jan 5;47(1):31-7.</ref> ...of musculoskeletal condition and reduce spasticity in certain neurological conditions. <br>

.... [https://now.aapmr.org/biomechanic-of-gait-and-treatment-of-abnormal-gait-patterns/ Biomechanic of Gait and Treatment of Abnormal Gait Patterns].</ref ...opedic problems (e.g. osteoarthritis and skeletal deformities) and medical conditions (e.g. heart failure, respiratory insufficiency, peripheral arterial occlusi

...ussel Evidence-based Practice Project|Vrije Universiteit Brussel's Evidence-based Practice project]] ...f patellar tendon ruptures: Evidence today.] The Knee. 2015 Jun 1;22(3):148-55.</ref> The tear can be partial, with only some fibers torn, or complete

...</ref>, specifically spatial and temporal accuracies <ref name=":1" />, in conditions such as [[stroke]], [[Spinal Cord Injury|spinal cord injuries]], [[ataxia]] It is a coordination test where individuals are required to move their lower extremity at their maximal capacity. <ref name=":1" /> It is able to detect

...i.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546698/#_article-21883_s2_ Anatomy, Bony Pelvis and Lower Limb, Foot.] InStatPearls [Internet] 2021 Aug 11. StatPearls Publishing. Ac ...nctional representations in the literature.] The foot. 2014 Dec 1;24(4):203-9. Accessed 15 June 2022.</ref>

...wska]] based on course by [https://members.physio-pedia.com/instructor/rina-pandya/ Rina Pandya] ...total hip arthroplasty. Indian Journal of Orthopaedics. 2017 Aug;51(4):359-67.</ref>

...ee disorders. ''Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research'' 1989: 246: 238-249.</ref> ...onstructions]] among athletes, the CKRS is applicable to a variety of knee conditions such as articular cartilage restorative procedures, meniscus repairs or tra