Longissimus: Difference between revisions

No edit summary
(references, citations and links added. Plagiary correction - direct copying from KenHub)
 
Line 6: Line 6:
== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
[[File:250px-Longissimus.png|thumb|Longissimus]]
[[File:250px-Longissimus.png|thumb|Longissimus]]
The longissimus muscle is a long intrinsic [[Back Muscles|muscle of the back]]. Along with [[spinalis]] and iliocostalis, these three muscles comprise the [[Erector Spinae|erector spinae]] group. Longissimus is the longest, thickest and most central erector spinae muscle.
The longissimus muscle is a long intrinsic [[Back Muscles|muscle of the back]] and together with [[spinalis]] and [[iliocostalis]] muscles, comprises the [[Erector Spinae|erector spinae]] group<ref name=":0">MD GS. Longissimus muscle [Internet]. Kenhub; 2022 [cited 2023 Sept 15]. Available from: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/longissimus-muscle</ref>. Longissimus is the longest and thickest muscle of the erector spinae and lies between spinalis and iliocostalis<ref name=":0" />. Longissimus, together with the rest of the erector spinae group, runs along the entire length of the vertebral column<ref name=":0" />.It is made of three parts listed below<ref name=":0" /><ref>Study.com Longissimus Available:https://study.com/academy/lesson/longissimus-muscle-origin-insertion-function.html (accessed 5.2.2022)</ref>:
 
The longissimus muscle is not one muscle, but a collection of three separate muscles that run up nearly the entire length of both sides of the spinal column, from the lower back up to the neck. These three muscles include:  


#[[Longissimus Capitis|Longissimus capitis]]
#[[Longissimus Capitis|Longissimus capitis]]
# Longissimus cervicis
# Longissimus cervicis
#[[Longissimus Thoracis|Longissimus thoracis]]<ref>Study.com Longissimus Available:https://study.com/academy/lesson/longissimus-muscle-origin-insertion-function.html (accessed 5.2.2022)</ref>
#[[Longissimus Thoracis|Longissimus thoracis]].
 
== Anatomy ==
[[File:Muscles of the Back.png|thumb|401x401px|Back Muscles]]<u>Origins</u><ref name=":0" />:
 
* Longissimus capitis: C4-T5 transverse processes
* Longissimus cervicis: T1-T5 transverse processes
* Longissimus thoracis (thoracic part):  L1-L5 spinous and transverse processes, sacral posterior surface and posterior iliac crest and median sacral crest
* Longissimus thoracis (lumbar part):Lumbar intermuscular aponeurosis, posterior sacroiliac ligament and medial part of sacropelvic surface of ilium
 
<u>Insertions</u><ref name=":0" /><u>:</u>
 
* Longissimus capitis:  Mastoid process of temporal bone
* Longissimus cervicis: C2-C6 transverse processes
* Longissimus thoracis (thoracic part):  T1-T12 transverse processes and the angles of ribs 7-12
* Longissimus thoracis (lumbar part):  L1-L5 accessory and transverse processes
 
<u>Action (entire muscle)</u><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">1. Longissimus [Internet]. [cited 2023 Sept 15]. Available from: https://teachmeanatomy.info/encyclopaedia/l/longissimus/</ref><u>:</u>
 
* Extension of the spine when acting bilaterally
* Ipsilateral lateral flexion of the spine when acting unilaterally
 
<u>Innervation</u><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />:
 
Lateral branches of posterior rami of spinal nerves.


The erector spinae muscles, including longissimus, are the most powerful extensors of the vertebral column. Their main actions include spine extension and lateral flexion. Longissimus capitis also rotates the head<ref>Ken Hub Longissimus Available:https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/longissimus-muscle (accessed 5.2.2022)</ref>.
<u>Blood supply</u><ref name=":0" />:


== Anatomy ==
* Longissimus capitis and cervicis: vertebral artery, transverse cervical artery, deep cervical artery and occipital artery
[[File:Muscles of the Back.png|thumb|401x401px|Back Muscles]]
* Longissimus thoracis: posterior intercostal, subcostal, superior intercostal, lateral sacral and median sacral arteries
For the 3 muscles of Longissimus see links above.


Relations
<u>Relations</u>


# Longissimus is found on either sides of the vertebral bodies, running superficial to the transversospinalis and spinalis thoracis muscles.  
# Longissimus is found on either sides of the vertebral bodies, running superficial to the transversospinalis and spinalis thoracis muscles.
# Longissimus is located deep to the [[Splenius Capitis|splenius capitis]], [[Splenius Cervicis|splenius colli]], [[Iliocostalis Thoracis|iliocostalis thoracis]], iliocostalis lumborum muscles, and erector spinae [[aponeurosis]].
# Longissimus is located deep to the [[Splenius Capitis|splenius capitis]], [[Splenius Cervicis|splenius colli]], [[Iliocostalis Thoracis|iliocostalis thoracis]], iliocostalis lumborum muscles, and erector spinae [[aponeurosis]].
# It is located laterally to the [[semispinalis]]
Nerve Supply: The various parts of longissimus muscle are innervated by branches of the posterior rami of the corresponding regional [[Thoracic Spinal Nerves|spinal nerves]].


== Physiotherapy ==
== Physiotherapy ==
[[File:Lower back extension.jpeg|thumb|225x225px|Muscles back, neurodynamic stabilisers]]
[[File:Lower back extension.jpeg|thumb|225x225px|Muscles back, neurodynamic stabilisers]]
Muscles are the dynamic stabilizers of the spine, including the Longissimus.  In their ability to control movement and provide stability, muscles must be seen not as isolated structures, but as part of a chain including ligaments, joints and their capsules, and an intricate neurologic feedback mechanism to coordinate system efficiency. We should take this into consideration when assessing [[Low Back Pain|back pain]].
Longissimus is a global stabilizer of the back.  In their ability to control movement and provide stability, muscles must be seen not as isolated structures, but as part of a chain including ligaments, joints and their capsules, and an intricate neurologic feedback mechanism to coordinate system efficiency. We should take this into consideration when assessing [[Low Back Pain|back pain]].


== References  ==
== References  ==

Latest revision as of 10:29, 15 September 2023

Original Editor - Lucinda hampton

Top Contributors - Lucinda hampton and Wendy Snyders  

Introduction[edit | edit source]

Longissimus

The longissimus muscle is a long intrinsic muscle of the back and together with spinalis and iliocostalis muscles, comprises the erector spinae group[1]. Longissimus is the longest and thickest muscle of the erector spinae and lies between spinalis and iliocostalis[1]. Longissimus, together with the rest of the erector spinae group, runs along the entire length of the vertebral column[1].It is made of three parts listed below[1][2]:

  1. Longissimus capitis
  2. Longissimus cervicis
  3. Longissimus thoracis.

Anatomy[edit | edit source]

Back Muscles

Origins[1]:

  • Longissimus capitis: C4-T5 transverse processes
  • Longissimus cervicis: T1-T5 transverse processes
  • Longissimus thoracis (thoracic part): L1-L5 spinous and transverse processes, sacral posterior surface and posterior iliac crest and median sacral crest
  • Longissimus thoracis (lumbar part):Lumbar intermuscular aponeurosis, posterior sacroiliac ligament and medial part of sacropelvic surface of ilium

Insertions[1]:

  • Longissimus capitis: Mastoid process of temporal bone
  • Longissimus cervicis: C2-C6 transverse processes
  • Longissimus thoracis (thoracic part): T1-T12 transverse processes and the angles of ribs 7-12
  • Longissimus thoracis (lumbar part): L1-L5 accessory and transverse processes

Action (entire muscle)[1][3]:

  • Extension of the spine when acting bilaterally
  • Ipsilateral lateral flexion of the spine when acting unilaterally

Innervation[1][3]:

Lateral branches of posterior rami of spinal nerves.

Blood supply[1]:

  • Longissimus capitis and cervicis: vertebral artery, transverse cervical artery, deep cervical artery and occipital artery
  • Longissimus thoracis: posterior intercostal, subcostal, superior intercostal, lateral sacral and median sacral arteries

Relations

  1. Longissimus is found on either sides of the vertebral bodies, running superficial to the transversospinalis and spinalis thoracis muscles.
  2. Longissimus is located deep to the splenius capitis, splenius colli, iliocostalis thoracis, iliocostalis lumborum muscles, and erector spinae aponeurosis.

Physiotherapy[edit | edit source]

Muscles back, neurodynamic stabilisers

Longissimus is a global stabilizer of the back. In their ability to control movement and provide stability, muscles must be seen not as isolated structures, but as part of a chain including ligaments, joints and their capsules, and an intricate neurologic feedback mechanism to coordinate system efficiency. We should take this into consideration when assessing back pain.

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 MD GS. Longissimus muscle [Internet]. Kenhub; 2022 [cited 2023 Sept 15]. Available from: https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/longissimus-muscle
  2. ↑ Study.com Longissimus Available:https://study.com/academy/lesson/longissimus-muscle-origin-insertion-function.html (accessed 5.2.2022)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 1. Longissimus [Internet]. [cited 2023 Sept 15]. Available from: https://teachmeanatomy.info/encyclopaedia/l/longissimus/
Retrieved from "https://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php?title=Longissimus&oldid=341440"