HIV and AIDS in Children: Difference between revisions

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== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
There is an unacceptably high number of children becoming recently infected with HIV globally<ref>UNAIDS. Ending of the AIDS epidemic. 2021. Available from https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf. 14/12/2021</ref>. Poor mental health outcomes is a risk factor for children with [[HIV/AIDS]]<ref>Sharp C, Penner F, Marais L, Skinner D. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540121.2018.1511045 School connectedness as psychological resilience factor in children affected by HIV/AIDS.] AIDS care. 2018 Jul 25;30(sup4):34-41.</ref>
There is an unacceptably high number of children becoming recently infected with HIV globally<ref>UNAIDS. Ending of the AIDS epidemic. 2021. Available from https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf. 14/12/2021</ref>. Poor mental health outcomes is a risk factor for children with [[HIV/AIDS]]<ref>Sharp C, Penner F, Marais L, Skinner D. [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540121.2018.1511045 School connectedness as psychological resilience factor in children affected by HIV/AIDS.] AIDS care. 2018 Jul 25;30(sup4):34-41.</ref>HIV/AIDS in children is a significant problem in developing countries<ref name=":0">Embree J. [https://academic.oup.com/pch/article/10/5/261/2648112?login=true The impact of HIV/AIDS on children in developing countries.] Paediatrics & child health. 2005 May 1;10(5):261-3.</ref>


== Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in Children ==
== Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in Children ==
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* Female children consist a higher percentage of children with HIV <ref>HIV.gov. Global Statistics. Available from: https://data.unicef.org/topic/hivaids/global-regional-trends/#:~:text=Global%20trends,live%20in%20sub%2DSaharan%20Africa. (Accessed 01/01/2022).</ref>
* Female children consist a higher percentage of children with HIV <ref>HIV.gov. Global Statistics. Available from: https://data.unicef.org/topic/hivaids/global-regional-trends/#:~:text=Global%20trends,live%20in%20sub%2DSaharan%20Africa. (Accessed 01/01/2022).</ref>


== Sub Heading 3 ==
== Effects of HIV ==
There are direct and indirect effects of HIV.
 
Direct effects: HIV has direct neurotoxic effects on brain structures involved in the regulation of emotion, behavior, and cognition.<ref name=":1">Benton TD, Lachman A, Seedat S. HIV and/or AIDS. Addressing the mental health needs of affected children and families. IACAPAP e-textbook of child and adolescent mental health. Geneva: International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions. 2013. Available from: https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-019-2023-9. (Accessed on 01/01/2022)</ref>
 
Indirect effects: These include social stressors, poverty, illness and trauma on morbidity and mortality<ref>Boivin MJ, Ruiseñor-Escudero H, Familiar-Lopez I. [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11904-016-0342-8 CNS impact of perinatal HIV infection and early treatment: the need for behavioral rehabilitative interventions along with medical treatment and care.] Current Hiv/Aids Reports. 2016 Dec;13(6):318-27.</ref>
 
Children infected with HIV/AIDS  are at increased risk of developmental and neuropsychological disturbances owing to both the direct and indirect effects of the HIV.<ref name=":1" />
 
=== Management ===
The best way to manage pediatric HIV/AIDS is to prevent children from acquiring HIV by preventing the infection of their mothers<ref name=":0" />


== Resources  ==
== Resources  ==

Revision as of 21:34, 1 January 2022

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Original Editor - Franca Ebomah

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Introduction[edit | edit source]

There is an unacceptably high number of children becoming recently infected with HIV globally[1]. Poor mental health outcomes is a risk factor for children with HIV/AIDS[2]HIV/AIDS in children is a significant problem in developing countries[3]

Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS in Children[edit | edit source]

  • Worldwide, there are approximately 2.78 million children aged 0-19 years living with HIV[4]
  • In 2020, approximately 850 children became infected with HIV daily and 330 children died from AIDS-related causes daily.
  • Close to 90% of children newly infected with HIV in 2020 were from sub-Saharan Africa.
  • Female children consist a higher percentage of children with HIV [5]

Effects of HIV[edit | edit source]

There are direct and indirect effects of HIV.

Direct effects: HIV has direct neurotoxic effects on brain structures involved in the regulation of emotion, behavior, and cognition.[6]

Indirect effects: These include social stressors, poverty, illness and trauma on morbidity and mortality[7]

Children infected with HIV/AIDS are at increased risk of developmental and neuropsychological disturbances owing to both the direct and indirect effects of the HIV.[6]

Management[edit | edit source]

The best way to manage pediatric HIV/AIDS is to prevent children from acquiring HIV by preventing the infection of their mothers[3]

Resources[edit | edit source]

  • bulleted list
  • x

or

  1. numbered list
  2. x

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ UNAIDS. Ending of the AIDS epidemic. 2021. Available from https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf. 14/12/2021
  2. ↑ Sharp C, Penner F, Marais L, Skinner D. School connectedness as psychological resilience factor in children affected by HIV/AIDS. AIDS care. 2018 Jul 25;30(sup4):34-41.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Embree J. The impact of HIV/AIDS on children in developing countries. Paediatrics & child health. 2005 May 1;10(5):261-3.
  4. ↑ UNICEF Data. HIV Statistics- Global and Regional Trends. Available from:https://data.unicef.org/topic/hivaids/global-regional-trends/#:~:text=Global%20trends,live%20in%20sub%2DSaharan%20Africa. (Accessed 01/01/2022)
  5. ↑ HIV.gov. Global Statistics. Available from: https://data.unicef.org/topic/hivaids/global-regional-trends/#:~:text=Global%20trends,live%20in%20sub%2DSaharan%20Africa. (Accessed 01/01/2022).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Benton TD, Lachman A, Seedat S. HIV and/or AIDS. Addressing the mental health needs of affected children and families. IACAPAP e-textbook of child and adolescent mental health. Geneva: International Association for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions. 2013. Available from: https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12888-019-2023-9. (Accessed on 01/01/2022)
  7. ↑ Boivin MJ, Ruiseñor-Escudero H, Familiar-Lopez I. CNS impact of perinatal HIV infection and early treatment: the need for behavioral rehabilitative interventions along with medical treatment and care. Current Hiv/Aids Reports. 2016 Dec;13(6):318-27.
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