Ageing Effects on Motor Control: Difference between revisions
Wendy Walker (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
Wendy Walker (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
||
Line 5: | Line 5: | ||
</div> | </div> | ||
== Summary == | == Summary == | ||
<div>Motor control is the individual's abiliy to direct and regulate movement<ref>Shumway-Cook A, Woolacott MH: Motor control: translating research into clinical practice, ed 3, Philadelphia, PA, 2007, Lippincott Williams &amp;amp; Wilkins</ref>. Neural control of movement involves coordination between large numbers of different structures within the nervous system.</div><div>Motor control impairments in older adults are caused by medical conditions which primarily affect this population, such as Parkinsons and Stroke. They can be caused by impairments of both the motor and sensory systems.</div><div>'''Motor system:'''</div> | <div>Motor control is the individual's abiliy to direct and regulate movement<ref>Shumway-Cook A, Woolacott MH: Motor control: translating research into clinical practice, ed 3, Philadelphia, PA, 2007, Lippincott Williams &amp;amp;amp; Wilkins</ref>. Neural control of movement involves coordination between large numbers of different structures within the nervous system.</div><div>Motor control impairments in older adults are caused by medical conditions which primarily affect this population, such as Parkinsons and Stroke. They can be caused by impairments of both the motor and sensory systems.</div><div>'''Motor system:'''</div> | ||
*Abnormal tone | *Abnormal tone | ||
*Paresis | *Paresis | ||
Line 55: | Line 55: | ||
=== Fractionated movement deficits === | === Fractionated movement deficits === | ||
<div> This is defined as reduced ablity to isolate or fractionate movement. Many different central nervous system pathologies which affect the corticospinal system and cause reduced ability to selectivvely activate muscles can result in fractionate movement deficits, including stroke and multiple sclerosis.</div> | <div> This is defined as reduced ablity to isolate or fractionate movement. Many different central nervous system pathologies which affect the corticospinal system and cause reduced ability to selectivvely activate muscles can result in fractionate movement deficits, including stroke and multiple sclerosis.</div> | ||
== Sensory Impairments == | == Sensory Impairments == | ||
*Somatosensory loss | |||
*Perceptual deficits | |||
<div></div> | |||
<br> | |||
== Recent Related Research (from [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Pubmed]) == | == Recent Related Research (from [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ Pubmed]) == |
Revision as of 23:18, 10 June 2014
Original Editor - Wendy Walker
Top Contributors - Wendy Walker, Lauren Lopez, Kim Jackson, 127.0.0.1, Admin, Tony Lowe, Garima Gedamkar, George Prudden and WikiSysop
Summary[edit | edit source]
- Abnormal tone
- Paresis
- Ataxia
- Hypokineisa
- Fractionated movement deficits
Sensory system:
- Perceptual deficits
- Somatosensory deficits
Motor System Impairments[edit | edit source]
Abnormal tone[edit | edit source]
Muscle tone = the resistance of mscle to passive elongation or stretch.
Hypertonicity[edit | edit source]
Hypertonicity, increased muscle tone, occurs as a result of loss of supraspinal inhibition to the spinal cord and is usually caused by damage to either the corticospinal tract or to the parietal lobe (from where 40% of the fibres of the corticospinal tract originate[2]).
Spasticity = velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement, common in Stroke
Rigidity = non-velocity-dependent resistance to passive movement, common in later stages of Parkinsons
Hypotonicity[edit | edit source]
Hypotonicity, ie. reduced muscle tone, is defined as a decreased resistance to passive movement, and reduced or absent stretch reflex response.
It occurs as a result of decreased or absent neural drive to the muscles[3], and is seen in a number of conditions affecting elderly people including degenerative neuromuscular diseases and the early stages of stroke, in addition to peripheral nerve damage.
Paresis[edit | edit source]
This is the single most common motor impairment; it is defined as the reduced ability to voluntarily activate the spinal motorneurons. It occurs primarily as a result of damage to the corticospinal system (ie. the motor cortical areas, the corticospinal tract and the spinal cord.
Paresis occurs in a wide range of neurological disorders common in the older population, including stroke, multiple sclerosis and peripheral neuropathy.
Ataxia[edit | edit source]
This is a lack of coordination between movements and/or body parts, and occurs as a result of damage to the cerebellar inputs, outputs, and/or cerebellar structures.
Conditions which can cause ataxia include stroke, multiple sclerosis and spinocerebellar atrophies.
Hypokinesia[edit | edit source]
This is primarily associated with Parkinsons and sometimes with dementia, and is characterised by slow movement (bradykinesia) or absence of movement (akinesia) and is usually caused by damage to the basal ganglia. Typically, people with hypokinesia struggle with the onset of movement, and can freeze during movement[4].
Fractionated movement deficits[edit | edit source]
Sensory Impairments[edit | edit source]
- Somatosensory loss
- Perceptual deficits
Recent Related Research (from Pubmed)[edit | edit source]
Extension:RSS -- Error: Not a valid URL: Feed goes here!!|charset=UTF-8|short|max=10
References[edit | edit source]
References will automatically be added here, see adding references tutorial.
- ↑ Shumway-Cook A, Woolacott MH: Motor control: translating research into clinical practice, ed 3, Philadelphia, PA, 2007, Lippincott Williams &amp;amp; Wilkins
- ↑ Porter R, Lemon RN: Corticospinal function and voluntary movement, Vol. 45, Oxford, UK, 1993, Oxford University Press
- ↑ Fredericks CM, Saladin LK: Clinical presentations in disorders of motor function. In Fredericks CM, Saladin LK, editors: Pathophysiology of the motor systems: principles and clinical presentations, Philadelphia, PA, 1996, FA Davis.
- ↑ Morris ME, Iansek R, Galna B: Gait festination and freezing in Parkinson’s disease: pathogenesis and rehabilitation. Mov Disord 23 (Suppl 2):S451-S460, 2008