Mobile Phone Use in Disaster, Conflict and Displacement: Difference between revisions
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== Introduction == | == Introduction == | ||
Mobile device usage has steadily increased with around 95% of the global population having mobile coverage. | Mobile device usage has steadily increased with around 95% of the global population having mobile coverage. For marginalised individuals, mobile technologies help ensure more equitable resilience to disaster situations. Marginalised groups include people with disabilities, who are four times more likely to perish in disaster settings, and women, who have been identified as more vulnerable in disaster settings.<ref name=":1" /> In low-income countries, women are 10% less likely to own a mobile phone due to availability, as well as cultural, social, religious and attitude's towards women's rights. This exclusion from the digital world negatively impacts a woman's opportunity to be rescued in dangerous situations.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
== Humanitarian Crisis == | == Humanitarian Crisis == | ||
In emergency humanitarian conditions, mobile phones can be used to inform and educate the public about the emergency and to disseminate information.<ref name=":1">Paul JD, Bee E, Budimir M. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212096321000255 Mobile phone technologies for disaster risk reduction]. Climate Risk Management. 2021 Jan 1;32:100296.</ref> Communities living in harsh | In emergency humanitarian conditions, mobile phones can be used to inform and educate the public about the emergency and to disseminate information.<ref name=":1">Paul JD, Bee E, Budimir M. [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212096321000255 Mobile phone technologies for disaster risk reduction]. Climate Risk Management. 2021 Jan 1;32:100296.</ref> Communities living in harsh conditions can use their mobile phone apps or platforms to: | ||
* access up-to date information | * access up-to date information | ||
* stay in touch with | * stay in touch with each other | ||
* report on life-threatening | * report on life-threatening conditions that require emergency help | ||
* connect with humanitarian facilities<ref name=":0">Akhmatova DM, Akhmatova MS. [https://jhumanitarianaction.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41018-020-00076-2 Promoting digital humanitarian action in protecting human rights: hope or hype]. Journal of International Humanitarian Action. 2020 Dec;5(1):1-7.</ref> | * connect with humanitarian facilities<ref name=":0">Akhmatova DM, Akhmatova MS. [https://jhumanitarianaction.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41018-020-00076-2 Promoting digital humanitarian action in protecting human rights: hope or hype]. Journal of International Humanitarian Action. 2020 Dec;5(1):1-7.</ref> | ||
Mobile phones become essential tools for refugees | Mobile phones have become essential tools for refugees to "navigate their migration journeys [...] and the complexities of life during resettlement ".<ref name=":3">Alencar A. [https://compass.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/soc4.12802 Mobile communication and refugees: An analytical review of academic literature]. Sociology Compass. 2020 Aug;14(8):e12802.</ref> | ||
== | == Displaced Persons == | ||
For | For displaced persons fleeing their country, modern communication can provide some level of emotional support.<ref name=":2" /> Being able to store as much as possible in the mobile device also allows displaced persons to avoid carrying maps, cash, documents, torches and dictionaries.<ref name=":6" /> Mobile phones not only enable displaced persons to keep in touch with their family at home, they also provide logistical information during dangerous and stressful journeys.<ref name=":2">Eide E. Mobile flight: [https://journal-njmr.org/articles/10.33134/njmr.250 Refugees and the importance of cell phones]. Nordic Journal of Migration Research. 2020 May 28;10(2).</ref> Specific logistical guidance is often needed regarding borders to cross, distance to cover, food, transportation and accommodation.<ref name=":3" /> In addition to logistics and communication, mobile phone use can help provide refugees with information, surveillance, entertainment and diversions along their journey.<ref name=":4">Alencar A, Kondova K, Ribbens W. [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0163443718813486 The smartphone as a lifeline: An exploration of refugees’ use of mobile communication technologies during their flight.] Media, Culture & Society. 2019 Sep;41(6):828-44.</ref> Refugees prioritise mobile ownership and connectivity as crucial for their safety.<ref name=":3" /> | ||
The video below by Ars Technica demonstrates how important the phone is for refugees: | The video below by Ars Technica demonstrates how important the phone is for refugees: | ||
| Line 23: | Line 23: | ||
=== Communication === | === Communication === | ||
Mobile access allows refugees to keep their friends and families updated about their journey. | Mobile access allows refugees to keep their friends and families updated about their journey. Texting or calling their loved ones provides emotional support through their perilous journey. Some refugees postpone communication until they reach their final destination. In this case, mobile phones might be used to document memories of their experiences to share at a later date.<ref name=":3" /> | ||
=== Social Inclusion === | === Social Inclusion === | ||
For refugees experiencing resettlement, the use mobile technologies has been correlated with social inclusion and opportunities to gain access to | For refugees experiencing resettlement, the use of mobile technologies has been correlated with social inclusion and opportunities to gain access to information that supports daily life.<ref name=":3" /> Being able to connect with loved ones at home while establishing new relationships in host communities helps create a sense of belonging. A mobile phone acts as a virtual space to develop transcultural connections bridging the cultural gap between the local culture and the displaced person.<ref name=":5" /> | ||
=== Social Network === | === Social Network === | ||
Social media communication can connect migrants to fellow refugees in host countries providing them with logistical information about routes, transportation arrangements and | Social media communication can connect migrants to fellow refugees in host countries providing them with logistical information about routes, transportation arrangements and accommodation. In addition, these networks provide general information to help displaced persons navigate the following settlement issues: | ||
* appropriate behaviours | * appropriate behaviours | ||
* | * style of dress | ||
* rights | * rights | ||
* citizenship | * citizenship | ||
* | * support services | ||
* employment | * employment | ||
* community housing | * community housing | ||
| Line 41: | Line 41: | ||
=== Health === | === Health === | ||
Mobile technologies can be used in a variety of ways to facilitate health inclusion. | Mobile technologies can be used in a variety of ways to facilitate health inclusion. Displaced persons use online platforms to access health information, health support groups and to communicate with health care providers.<ref name=":5" /> Subsequently, providers can monitor a displaced person's health conditions virtually with the use of various apps.<ref name=":3" /> | ||
=== Politics === | === Politics === | ||
Mobile phone use allows refugees to exercise their right to engage | Mobile phone use allows refugees to exercise their right to engage in political discussion in both their home country and their host society. Social media allows them to voice their opinion, advocate for refugee rights, influence policy and politics and engage in both offline and online activism.<ref name=":5" /> | ||
== Issues == | == Issues == | ||
Displaced persons may claim mobile phones are a lifeline, but there are inherent risks with their use during the journey to resettlement.<ref name=":6">Mancini T, Sibilla F, Argiropoulos D, Rossi M, Everri M. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6886855/ The opportunities and risks of mobile phones for refugees’ experience:] A scoping review. PloS one. 2019 Dec 2;14(12):e0225684.</ref> In exile, displaced persons may face issues of connectivity and surveillance.<ref name=":4" /> | |||
==== Connectivity ==== | ==== Connectivity ==== | ||
Access to the internet via Wi-Fi, SIM-cards and battery charging resources are unpredictable and fragile.<ref name=":4" />The ability to recharge the phone during the | Access to the internet via Wi-Fi, SIM-cards and battery charging resources are unpredictable and fragile.<ref name=":4" /> The ability to recharge the phone during the migration journey becomes a question of life or death. Many refugees report that they continually share, change and swap batteries with each other so as to not be disconnected.<ref name=":6" /> Once in a resettlement community, displaced persons may experience difficulty using their mobile phones due to: | ||
* financial limitations on | * financial limitations on connection services | ||
* difficulty of getting a sim-card due to their | * the difficulty of getting a sim-card due to their migration status | ||
* local communication infrastructure in host settlement<ref name=":5" /> | * local communication infrastructure in host settlement<ref name=":5" /> | ||
=== Surveillance === | === Surveillance === | ||
Digital surveillance of | Digital surveillance of displaced persons by both state and non-state actors can be accomplished through the use of smartphones. Displaced persons can be tracked by regimes with which they fled, and/or become victims of human traffickers.<ref name=":6" /> To counteract this surveillance, refugees report using pseudonyms and avatars to try and protect their identities and intended routes and destinations from the government of their home country and other hostile groups.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":3" /> | ||
== Summary == | |||
Mobile phone use provides opportunities for | Mobile phone use provides opportunities for displaced persons to develop educational, social, linguistic, digital skills. Most importantly, smartphones promote social inclusion via a virtual double bond with an individual's own culture and their new society.<ref name=":6" /> | ||
This video by bbcmediaaction summarises the benefits and risks of cell phone use during a | This video by bbcmediaaction summarises the benefits and risks of cell phone use during a displaced person's migration: | ||
{{#ev:youtube|m1BLsySgsHM}} | {{#ev:youtube|m1BLsySgsHM}} | ||
Revision as of 07:41, 5 March 2023
Top Contributors - Robin Tacchetti, Jess Bell, Stacy Schiurring, Kim Jackson and Vidya Acharya
Introduction[edit | edit source]
Mobile device usage has steadily increased with around 95% of the global population having mobile coverage. For marginalised individuals, mobile technologies help ensure more equitable resilience to disaster situations. Marginalised groups include people with disabilities, who are four times more likely to perish in disaster settings, and women, who have been identified as more vulnerable in disaster settings.[1] In low-income countries, women are 10% less likely to own a mobile phone due to availability, as well as cultural, social, religious and attitude's towards women's rights. This exclusion from the digital world negatively impacts a woman's opportunity to be rescued in dangerous situations.[2]
Humanitarian Crisis[edit | edit source]
In emergency humanitarian conditions, mobile phones can be used to inform and educate the public about the emergency and to disseminate information.[1] Communities living in harsh conditions can use their mobile phone apps or platforms to:
- access up-to date information
- stay in touch with each other
- report on life-threatening conditions that require emergency help
- connect with humanitarian facilities[2]
Mobile phones have become essential tools for refugees to "navigate their migration journeys [...] and the complexities of life during resettlement ".[3]
Displaced Persons[edit | edit source]
For displaced persons fleeing their country, modern communication can provide some level of emotional support.[4] Being able to store as much as possible in the mobile device also allows displaced persons to avoid carrying maps, cash, documents, torches and dictionaries.[5] Mobile phones not only enable displaced persons to keep in touch with their family at home, they also provide logistical information during dangerous and stressful journeys.[4] Specific logistical guidance is often needed regarding borders to cross, distance to cover, food, transportation and accommodation.[3] In addition to logistics and communication, mobile phone use can help provide refugees with information, surveillance, entertainment and diversions along their journey.[6] Refugees prioritise mobile ownership and connectivity as crucial for their safety.[3]
The video below by Ars Technica demonstrates how important the phone is for refugees:
Communication[edit | edit source]
Mobile access allows refugees to keep their friends and families updated about their journey. Texting or calling their loved ones provides emotional support through their perilous journey. Some refugees postpone communication until they reach their final destination. In this case, mobile phones might be used to document memories of their experiences to share at a later date.[3]
Social Inclusion[edit | edit source]
For refugees experiencing resettlement, the use of mobile technologies has been correlated with social inclusion and opportunities to gain access to information that supports daily life.[3] Being able to connect with loved ones at home while establishing new relationships in host communities helps create a sense of belonging. A mobile phone acts as a virtual space to develop transcultural connections bridging the cultural gap between the local culture and the displaced person.[7]
Social Network[edit | edit source]
Social media communication can connect migrants to fellow refugees in host countries providing them with logistical information about routes, transportation arrangements and accommodation. In addition, these networks provide general information to help displaced persons navigate the following settlement issues:
- appropriate behaviours
- style of dress
- rights
- citizenship
- support services
- employment
- community housing
- language learning programmes[7][3]
Health[edit | edit source]
Mobile technologies can be used in a variety of ways to facilitate health inclusion. Displaced persons use online platforms to access health information, health support groups and to communicate with health care providers.[7] Subsequently, providers can monitor a displaced person's health conditions virtually with the use of various apps.[3]
Politics[edit | edit source]
Mobile phone use allows refugees to exercise their right to engage in political discussion in both their home country and their host society. Social media allows them to voice their opinion, advocate for refugee rights, influence policy and politics and engage in both offline and online activism.[7]
Issues[edit | edit source]
Displaced persons may claim mobile phones are a lifeline, but there are inherent risks with their use during the journey to resettlement.[5] In exile, displaced persons may face issues of connectivity and surveillance.[6]
Connectivity[edit | edit source]
Access to the internet via Wi-Fi, SIM-cards and battery charging resources are unpredictable and fragile.[6] The ability to recharge the phone during the migration journey becomes a question of life or death. Many refugees report that they continually share, change and swap batteries with each other so as to not be disconnected.[5] Once in a resettlement community, displaced persons may experience difficulty using their mobile phones due to:
- financial limitations on connection services
- the difficulty of getting a sim-card due to their migration status
- local communication infrastructure in host settlement[7]
Surveillance[edit | edit source]
Digital surveillance of displaced persons by both state and non-state actors can be accomplished through the use of smartphones. Displaced persons can be tracked by regimes with which they fled, and/or become victims of human traffickers.[5] To counteract this surveillance, refugees report using pseudonyms and avatars to try and protect their identities and intended routes and destinations from the government of their home country and other hostile groups.[6][3]
Summary[edit | edit source]
Mobile phone use provides opportunities for displaced persons to develop educational, social, linguistic, digital skills. Most importantly, smartphones promote social inclusion via a virtual double bond with an individual's own culture and their new society.[5]
This video by bbcmediaaction summarises the benefits and risks of cell phone use during a displaced person's migration:
Resources[edit | edit source]
- Global Challenges Relating to the Refugee Experience
- Cultural Competence and Access to Healthcare for Displaced Persons
- Health Concerns for Displaced Persons
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Paul JD, Bee E, Budimir M. Mobile phone technologies for disaster risk reduction. Climate Risk Management. 2021 Jan 1;32:100296.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Akhmatova DM, Akhmatova MS. Promoting digital humanitarian action in protecting human rights: hope or hype. Journal of International Humanitarian Action. 2020 Dec;5(1):1-7.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Alencar A. Mobile communication and refugees: An analytical review of academic literature. Sociology Compass. 2020 Aug;14(8):e12802.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Eide E. Mobile flight: Refugees and the importance of cell phones. Nordic Journal of Migration Research. 2020 May 28;10(2).
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Mancini T, Sibilla F, Argiropoulos D, Rossi M, Everri M. The opportunities and risks of mobile phones for refugees’ experience: A scoping review. PloS one. 2019 Dec 2;14(12):e0225684.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Alencar A, Kondova K, Ribbens W. The smartphone as a lifeline: An exploration of refugees’ use of mobile communication technologies during their flight. Media, Culture & Society. 2019 Sep;41(6):828-44.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Dasuki S, Effah J. Mobile phone use for social inclusion: the case of internally displaced people in Nigeria. Information Technology for Development. 2022 Jul 3;28(3):532-57.
