Four Square Step Test: Difference between revisions
Candace Goh (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
Candace Goh (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
||
Line 35: | Line 35: | ||
* Subjects who are unable to face forward during the entire sequence may turn before stepping into the next square and are timed accordingly. | * Subjects who are unable to face forward during the entire sequence may turn before stepping into the next square and are timed accordingly. | ||
* Any assistive device used during the test are noted down accordingly. | |||
== Equipment == | == Equipment == | ||
* Stopwatch | * Stopwatch | ||
* 4 canes | * 4 canes/ rods (approximately 100cm in length and 2.5cm in diameter<ref>McKee KE, Hackney ME. The Four Square Step Test in individuals with Parkinson's disease: Association with executive function and comparison with older adults. NeuroRehabilitation. 2014 Jan 1;35(2):279-89.</ref>) | ||
== Time to Administer == | == Time to Administer == | ||
Line 45: | Line 46: | ||
== Evidence == | == Evidence == | ||
The FSST may be an effective and valid tool for measuring dynamic balance and the subject's fall risk. It has been shown to have strong correlations with other measures of balance and mobility with good reliability shown in a number of populations.<ref>Moore M, Barker K. The validity and reliability of the four square step test in different adult populations: a systematic review. Systematic reviews. 2017 Dec;6(1):187. https://systematicreviewsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13643-017-0577-5 (accessed 12 March 2018).</ref><span style="font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal;" class="Apple-style-span"></span> | The FSST may be an effective and valid tool for measuring dynamic balance and the subject's fall risk. It has been shown to have strong correlations with other measures of balance and mobility with good reliability shown in a number of populations.<ref>Moore M, Barker K. The validity and reliability of the four square step test in different adult populations: a systematic review. Systematic reviews. 2017 Dec;6(1):187. https://systematicreviewsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13643-017-0577-5 (accessed 12 March 2018).</ref> | ||
==== Reliability ==== | |||
* Older adults/geriatrics | |||
* Stroke | |||
* Parkinson's Disease | |||
* Vestibular Disorders | |||
* Limb Loss/Amputation | |||
==== Validity ==== | |||
* Older adults/geriatrics | |||
* Stroke | |||
* Parkinson's Disease | |||
* Vestibular Disorders | |||
* Limb Loss/Amputation | |||
==== Cut-off scores ==== | |||
'''Older adults/geriatrics''' | |||
* > 15 seconds = increased risk of falls | |||
'''Stroke''' | |||
* > 15 seconds or failed attempt = increased risk of falls | |||
'''Parkinson's Disease''' | |||
* < 9.68 seconds = increased risk of falls | |||
'''Vestibular Disorders''' | |||
* > 12 seconds = increased risk of falls | |||
'''Limb Loss/Amputation''' | |||
* > 24 seconds = at risk for falls | |||
* | |||
<span style="font-size: 20px; font-weight: normal;" class="Apple-style-span"></span> | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
<references /> | <references /> | ||
[[Category:Special_Tests]] | [[Category:Special_Tests]] |
Revision as of 11:17, 25 March 2018
Original Editor - Candace Goh
Top Contributors - Candace Goh, Kim Jackson, Lucinda hampton, Vidya Acharya, Chelsea Mclene and George Prudden
Objective
[edit | edit source]
The Four Square Step Test (FSST) is used to assess dynamic stability and the ability of the subject to step over low objects forward, sideways, and backward.[1]
Intended Population[edit | edit source]
- Older adults/geriatrics
- Stroke
- Parkinson's Disease
- Vestibular Disorders
- Limb Loss/Amputation
Method of Use[edit | edit source]
Test Description:
- The subject is required to sequentially step over four canes set-up in a cross configuration on the ground.
- At the start of the test, the subject stands in Square 1 facing Square 2.
- The aim is to step as fast as possible into each square with both feet in the following sequence: Square 2, 3, 4, 1, 4, 3, 2, 1 (clockwise to counterclockwise)
- Test procedure may be demonstrated, one practice trial is allowed prior to administering the test.
- Two trials are then performed, and the better time (in seconds) is taken as the score.
- Timing starts when the first foot contacts the floor in Square 2 and finishes when the last foot comes back to touch the floor in Square 1.
- Instructions: “Try to complete the sequence as fast and as safely as possible without touching the sticks. Both feet must make contact with the floor in each square. If possible, face forward during the entire sequence.”[2][3]
- Repeat a trial if the subject:
- Fails to complete the sequence successfully
- Loses balance
- Makes contact with the cane
- Subjects who are unable to face forward during the entire sequence may turn before stepping into the next square and are timed accordingly.
- Any assistive device used during the test are noted down accordingly.
Equipment[edit | edit source]
- Stopwatch
- 4 canes/ rods (approximately 100cm in length and 2.5cm in diameter[4])
Time to Administer[edit | edit source]
Less than five minutes
Evidence[edit | edit source]
The FSST may be an effective and valid tool for measuring dynamic balance and the subject's fall risk. It has been shown to have strong correlations with other measures of balance and mobility with good reliability shown in a number of populations.[5]
Reliability[edit | edit source]
- Older adults/geriatrics
- Stroke
- Parkinson's Disease
- Vestibular Disorders
- Limb Loss/Amputation
Validity[edit | edit source]
- Older adults/geriatrics
- Stroke
- Parkinson's Disease
- Vestibular Disorders
- Limb Loss/Amputation
Cut-off scores[edit | edit source]
Older adults/geriatrics
- > 15 seconds = increased risk of falls
Stroke
- > 15 seconds or failed attempt = increased risk of falls
Parkinson's Disease
- < 9.68 seconds = increased risk of falls
Vestibular Disorders
- > 12 seconds = increased risk of falls
Limb Loss/Amputation
- > 24 seconds = at risk for falls
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ Shirley Ryan Ability Lab. Rehabilitation measure: four square step test. www.sralab.org/rehabilitation-measures/four-step-square-test (accessed 12 March 2018).
- ↑ Dite W, Temple VA. A clinical test of stepping and change of direction to identify multiple falling older adults. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2002 Nov 1;83(11):1566-71.
- ↑ Blennerhassett JM, Jayalath VM. The Four Square Step Test is a feasible and valid clinical test of dynamic standing balance for use in ambulant people poststroke. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 2008 Nov 1;89(11):2156-61.
- ↑ McKee KE, Hackney ME. The Four Square Step Test in individuals with Parkinson's disease: Association with executive function and comparison with older adults. NeuroRehabilitation. 2014 Jan 1;35(2):279-89.
- ↑ Moore M, Barker K. The validity and reliability of the four square step test in different adult populations: a systematic review. Systematic reviews. 2017 Dec;6(1):187. https://systematicreviewsjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13643-017-0577-5 (accessed 12 March 2018).