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.../en/Axis_(anatomy) (accessed 26 June 2018)</ref> The axis is composed of a vertebral body, heavy pedicles, laminae, and transverse processes, which serve as att === Vertebral body ===

...ateral or posterolateral margins of the superior endplates of the cervical vertebral bodies, most commonly found at the levels of C3-C7 <ref name=":1">Moore KL, ...ral margins of the uncinate processes and the inferolateral portion of the vertebral body above <ref name=":1" />.

...transverse or spinous process, or simple compression fractures (&lt;25% of vertebral height). == 3. When the rule is not applicable, what denotes “known vertebral disease”? ==

...imately results in osteoporosis and [[Insufficiency Fracture|insufficiency fractures]].<ref name=":1">Demontiero O, Vidal C, Duque G. Aging and bone loss: new i * Osteoporosis: a major cause of [[Femoral Neck Hip Fracture|hip fractures]] in the elderly, a type of insufficiency fracture

=== Vertebral Bodies === ...ortical shell which surrounds cancellous bone. The posterior aspect of the vertebral body changes from slightly concave to slightly convex from L1 - L5 with an

* It lacks a vertebral body or a spinous process * Makes upto ~7% of cervical spine fractures

* Mobilize at all vertebral levels causing symptoms. ...cillate for 5–10 seconds) at each level, working from superior to inferior vertebral levels.

...'</ref> (when 10 equals worst pain imaginable and 0 equals no pain) or the vertebral bodies are collapsed more than 40%, then kyphoplasty or vertebroplasty is i ...yphosis<ref name="null">EMedicine Nonop treatment of vertebral compression fractures.http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/325872-treatment#TreatmentOtherTreatm

...T., Baker M.D., Morris P.P., Imaging and treatment of sacral insufficiency fractures (review), Am. J. Neuroradiology 31:201-10, February 2010.</ref><ref>Wild A. * This is what happens clinically with the sacrum during insufficiency fractures.

....gov/pmc/articles/PMC4836940/ Management of typical and atypical Hangman's fractures.] Global spine journal. 2016 May;6(03):248-56.</ref> ...ypical''' hangman's fracture, the fracture is in the posterior part of the vertebral body, on one or both sides. In contrary to what everyone thinks, the dens

...steoporosis (especially vertebral fractures and hyperkyphosis arising from vertebral bone loss), ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis and Scheuermann's diseas Compression fracture

...f either severe trauma or pathologic weakening of the bone, see image R L4 compression fracture. * [[Osteoporosis]] is the underlying cause of many lumbar fractures, especially in postmenopausal women.

Sternal [[Fracture|fractures]] Sternal fractures are frequently diagnosed using a lateral chest x-ray or CT scan of the ches

...res (High Voltage Low Amplitude spinal manipulations) the stretches to the vertebral artery are smaller in comparison to the stretches produced during range of • Bone disease – tumours, metastases, infection, fractures, bone weakness (long term steroids/osteomalacia, severe osteoporosis), seve

...to lesions in the spinal structures, including muscle, ligament, osseous / vertebral, and nerve injuries.<ref name=":2" />  The following table, adapted from H |Vertebral fracture

...al analysis. As the lumbosacral region is the most important region in the vertebral column in terms of mobility and weight bearing it is important to look at i ...lied externally to the vertebral column, it produces stresses to the stiff vertebral body and the relatively elastic [[Intervertebral disc|intervertebral disc (

...res are [https://www.physio-pedia.com/Insufficiency_Fracture insufficiency fractures], caused by normal stresses on abnormal bone, often indicating [[Introducti == Classification of Vertebral Fractures ==

...tress Fractures|pathological fractures]], [[Cauda Equina Syndrome|spinal]] compression, and [[bone]] pain, which are associated with poor prognosis<ref>Hiraga T. ...ression of adjacent structures by extraosseous soft tissue mass (e.g. cord compression)

...rity of these fractures occur without spinal cord injury. 20 to 40% of the fractures are associated with neurological injuries. ....com/science/article/pii/S0020138308002829 Epidemiology of traumatic spine fractures]. Injury. 2009 Feb 1;40(2):166-72.</ref> Minor trauma can also cause a thor

...vature of the thoracic spine is normal and present due to the shape of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs, ...of development of [[Osteoporotic Vertebral Fractures|vertebral compression fractures]]