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...trachea)<ref name=":0">Lang, J., 1993. ''Clinical anatomy of the cervical spine''. Stuttgart; New York: Thieme.</ref> is located at the anterior aspect of ...o, D., Lee, S. and Kim, I., 2013. ''Surgical Anatomy and Techniques to the Spine E-Book''. Elsevier Health Sciences.</ref>

...ortant role in back health. It also acts to both laterally flex the lumbar spine and assists with flexion and external rotation of the hip.<ref name=":2">Bo ...h it. Superficially, it originates along the lateral surface of the distal thoracic vertebrae and adjacent intervertebral discs. The deeper portion originates

...if warranted; [[Posture|postural]] issues: [[Cervical Examination|cervical spine]] alignment; nerve and muscle lengths; [[muscle]] strength. *Cervical spine and carpal bone mobilisation

...istance, photographically derived trunk flexion angle, and inclinometric [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis]] measure)<ref name=":3" />. It has also shown the ability t ...ormative data using a seated TWT<ref>Finsback C, Mannerkorpi K. Spinal and thoracic mobility-age-related reference values for healthy men and women. Nordisk fy

...he ULTT's are equivalent to the straight leg raise designed for the lumbar spine. ...d. To further sensitise the upper limb tests, side flexion of the cervical spine can be added<ref>Wells P. Cervical dysfunction and shoulder problems. Physi

...10.1186/1471-2474-8-90 Reliability of movement control tests in the lumbar spine.] BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2007 Dec;8(1):1-1.<ref name=":1" /> ...10.1186/1471-2474-8-90 Reliability of movement control tests in the lumbar spine.] BMC musculoskeletal disorders. 2007 Dec;8(1):1-1.</ref>

...evier; 2006</ref>&nbsp;and the medial border is about 6 cms lateral to the spine. ...inal” axis perpendicular to the axis running from the root of the scapular spine to the AC joint. &nbsp;

...elderly|falls]], assaults - most common injury is blunt [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] trauma, occurring in 50% of cases ...rams|home exercise plan]] eg postural exercises, deep breathing exercises, thoracic rotation exercises.

[[File:Osteoprosis of Spine.jpg|thumb|Osteoprosis of Spine]]The effects of bone structure changes may bring about: ...bral discs]], result in a curved and shortened spine and possible</span> [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|poor posture]], leads to pain, reduced mobility, and other mu

...ve the patient slump forward at the thoracic and [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar]] spine. If this position does not cause pain, have the patient flex the neck by pl [[Category:Lumbar Spine]]

...sses<ref name=":3">Spine Health Spinal Manipulation Available: https://www.spine-health.com/glossary/spinal-manipulation (accessed 13.6.2021)</ref>. ...back pain who demonstrate short-term improvement with spinal manipulation. Spine. 2002;27(24):2835-2843.</ref>Criteria included in the five factor predictor

An orthopaedic doctor will generally prescribe a back brace to keep the spine from developing more of a curve. There are several braces for sale in the m ...f><ref>Horng MH, Kuok CP, Fu MJ, Lin CJ, Sun YN. Cobb angle measurement of spine from X-ray images using convolutional neural network. Computational and mat

...id=30774207&log$=relatedreviews&logdbfrom=pmc t of forward head posture on thoracic shape and respiratory function]. Journal of physical therapy science. 2019; * Thoracic Kyphosis is a complication of the combination of slouched-forward shoulders

...; Arms bend at elbow or sway excessively forward - Potential Dysfunction: Thoracic or Shoulder mobility ...xcessively flexes for extends - Potential Dysfunction, hip mobility and/or thoracic mobility<ref>Webexercises [https://blog.webexercises.com/the-squat-assessme

...J, Kahle K. Diagnostic pitfalls in spine surgery: masqueraders of surgical spine disease. Neurosurgical Focus. 2011;31(4).</ref>. Although the percentage of *Back pain is usually mid thoracic and may radiate to the arm or axilla.

...n early fetal development and in turn cause structural problems within the spine and spinal cord. These deformities can range from mild to severe and may ca ...ngenital spinal deformities Available:https://khavkinclinic.com/congential-spine-deformities/ (accessed 10.10.2021)</ref>

...ent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) can be defined as abnormal curvature of the spine with a [[Cobb's angle]] greater than 10 degrees, when measured in the coron ...t of the anterior. Vertebral bodies become distorted and rotate within the spine in order to make room for themselves due to the impediment of the anterior

...of her neck. Personal and familial history of hypothyroidism. Cervical and thoracic ROM limited in several directions. ...Cervical extension 35 degrees. Left cervical rotation 26 degrees. Thoracic spine flexion limited to 10 degrees. Side bending bilaterally limited to 15 degre

...lving upper limb parathaesia, weakness with reduced [[Thoracic Examination|thoracic movement]] and tenderness on palpation of the T4 vertebra.<ref>Miyuki Hirai A typical [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] vertebra has a total of six joints with neighboring vertebrae: four [[Joi

...and can be described as an exaggerated anterior curvature of the thoracic spine that is associated with aging<ref name="Jang et al." /> * Anterior curvature of the thoracic spine is normal and present due to the shape of the vertebral bodies and interver

...etching (neuropraxia,), tearing (called “avulsion” when the tear is at the spine, and “rupture” when it is not), or scarring (neuroma) of the brachial p # Avulsion, in which the nerve is severed from the spine.

...ination of active and passive movement (shoulder, cervical spine, thoracic spine), neurological exam, special tests, and palpation should be performed. Once * Spinal manipulation to cervical and thoracic spine

Long Thoracic C5-C6-C7&nbsp; | rowspan="2" align="center" width="25%" | Long Thoracic C5-C6-C7

* '''Mobility''' of the cervical spine. ...ive strain. Prolonged sitting posture affects the natural curvature of the spine, while also increasing the pressure on vertebral discs, ligaments, and musc

...pg|thumb|Figure 1. Thoracic kyphosis. ]][[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|Increased thoracic kyphosis]] (see Figure 1) * Lordosis of the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical spine]] inhibits laryngeal elevation and affects swallowing<ref>Sato K, Chitose S

...chronic_low_back_pain Outcome measures in chronic low back pain.] European Spine Journal. 2010 Sep 1;19(9):1484-94.</ref> ...chronic_low_back_pain Outcome measures in chronic low back pain.] European Spine Journal. 2010 Sep 1;19(9):1484-94.</ref>

...extends downwards from the [[brainstem]] through the central column of the spine. It is a relatively small bundle of tissue (weighing 35g and just about 1cm ...[[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] region and lowest in the [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] region. The spinal cord (similar to the brain) is protected by three laye

Spine AROM: *Thoracic Flexion=30 deg

*[[Thoracic Examination|Thoracic Spine Examination]]<br>

[[File:Thoracic grade 2 T6 PA mobilisations.png|right|frameless]] The [[Thoracic Anatomy|Thoracic Spine]] has a complex and often overlooked role within the body. It is a key area

...1;12(2):e053999.</ref>[[File:C-spine-picture.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Cervical spine]] == Cervical Spine Structure ==

* The [[sternum]] is a flat bone, located in the center of the anterior thoracic wall. It consists of three segments; manubrium (uppermost part) * Patients with severe thoracic kyphosis, [[Osteoporosis disease|osteoporosis]], or osteopenia can develop

...c pathologies. This article discusses the key anatomical structures of the thoracic vertebrae and rib cage, including the bony structures, articulations, ligam == Thoracic Spine Structure ==

...uxation, spinal cord injury without radiological abnormality, and multiple thoracic compression fracture<ref name=":0">Basu S (2012) Spinal injuries in childre # Only about 2% to 5% being spine injuries <ref>Cirak B, Ziegfeld S, Knight VM, Chang D, Avellino AM, Paidas

...l action of the posterior superior/posterior inferior reduces extension of thoracic vertebrae. Unilateral action rotates the spine to opposite side.

...man spine: 6 in the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] region (neck), 12 in the thoracic region (middle back), and 5 in the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar region]] (lower ...at deal of strength. They also provide a shock-absorbing effect within the spine and prevent the vertebrae from grinding together. They consist of three maj

...umatic pneumorrhachis: etiology, pathomechanism, diagnosis, and treatment. Spine J. 2011 Feb;11(2):153-7. doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2010.12.010. PMID: 21296300. ...its and a few cases are as a result of stab injuries to the lower cervical spine.<ref>Traumatic pneumorrhachis: 2 cases and review of the literature Hasan K

...osis is an external aid that is used to correct and support the spine. The spine is a complex anatomical structure and is key to our function. It is not pos * Maintains alignment of spine

...a fairly rigid structure. This is why the ribcage remains elevated and the spine in flexion in many children with Cerebral Palsy. They have difficulty to ex Erectors of the lumbar spine and rectus abdominus muscles are easy to recruit because they are superfici

...Clinical Center. http://www.umm.edu/programs/spine/health/guides/cervical-spine-anatomy. Accessed 21 april 2017.</ref><ref name="Gray">Gray H. Gray's Anato ...ar regions of the spine. Unlike the other parts of the spine, the cervical spine has transverse foramina in each vertebra for the vertebral arteries that su

...[Lymphatic System|lymphatic system]], [[Brachial Plexus|brachial plexus]], spine, second and third [[ribs]], stellate [[ganglion]], and the [[Sympathetic Ne ...ocated at the bottom of the cervical spine in connection with the thoracic spine and is related to the sympathetic nervous system. Invasion of this may resu

The '''lumbar plexus''' is a complex neural network formed by the lower thoracic and lumbar ventral nerve roots. They are formed where T12 to L5 exit the [ [[Category:Lumbar Spine]]

...-72. </ref> The five types of cancer that are most likely to spread to the spine are:<ref name=":2">Finucane L. Spinal Malignancy Course. Plus 2020. </ref> It is not entirely understood how MBD spreads, but its propensity for the spine is considered to be due to haematogenous spread via the venous or arterial

...f>WebMd. [https://www.webmd.com/back-pain/guide/spinal-stenosis#1 Cervical spine stenosis.] Available from: https://www.webmd.com/back-pain/guide/spinal-ste ...s most commonly in either the [[Lumbar|lumbar]] or cervical regions of the spine. Abnormalities that can lead to stenosis are twice as likely to be seen on

...nd have the necessary clinical reasoning skills to either clear the lumbar spine or diagnose lumbar pathology. ...J, Kahle K. Diagnostic pitfalls in spine surgery: masqueraders of surgical spine disease. Neurosurgical Focus. 2011;31(4).</ref> - so these too much be cons

The thoracic wall consists of the * 12 thoracic vertebrae posteriorly,

...ed Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine">Ombregt, L. Applied Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine. Chapter 31 In: A System of Orthopaedic Medicine. Elsevier, 2013.</ref> The vertebral foramen is triangular in shape and is larger than in the thoracic vertebrae but smaller than in the cervical vertebrae.

...Morris Disability Questionnaire and the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire. Spine 2000;25(24):3115-24</ref> ...y) to 24 (max. disability) depending on the questionnaire used. <ref name="Spine" /> Roland and Morris omitted describing the various levels of disability (

...ll of these conditions must be considered when assessing patients who have thoracic pain. ...ditional information on thoracic spine musculature is available [[Thoracic Spine Major Muscles|here]].

...ue originally developed by Blanch that involves a synchronized movement of thoracic extension, [[Glenohumeral Joint|glenohumeral joint]] (GHJ) flexion, scapula * shoulder (glenohumeral joint and scapulo-thoracic joint) and thoracic spine flexibility. <ref name=":0" />

== Cervico-Thoracic == ...s://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/publications/attachments/cp94b.pdf Acute Thoracic Spinal Pain] from the Australian Acute Musculoskeletal Pain Guidelines Grou

* The [[Pelvic Landmarks|posterior superior iliac spine.]] * The transverse processes of the [[Thoracic Vertebrae|thoracic vertebrae]].<ref>Study,com Multifidus Available:https://study.com/academy/l

...een the active ([[Paraspinal Muscles|muscles]]), passive (osteoligamentous spine), and neural components is necessary to prevent [[Lumbar Instability|instab ...l movements result in various forces acting on the [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar spine]] and [[sacrum]], that is:

[[Category:Thoracic Spine]] [[Category:Thoracic Spine - Anatomy]]

* [[Thoracic Back Pain|Thoracic pain]] ...d flags presented in current low back pain guidelines: a review.] European Spine Journal. 2016 Sep 1;25(9):2788-802. </ref> or when clinicians should act<re

...cic spine of greater than 40°.<ref name=":3">Fon GT, Pitt MJ, Thies Jr AC. Thoracic kyphosis: range in normal subjects. American Journal of Roentgenology. 1980 ...accepted thresholds for defining either hyperkyphosis or “normal” thoracic spine changes associated with aging<ref name=":0">Kado DM, Prenovost K, Crandall

...s an observable deformity. Scoliosis is defined by the [[Cobb's angle]] of spine curvature in the coronal plane and is often accompanied by vertebral rotati * [[Congenital Spine Deformities|Congenital]] - present from birth due to defects of formation,

*[[Cervical Radiculopathy|Cervical radiculopathy]] and [[Thoracic Disc Syndrome]]<ref name="Macdermid et al" /> ...ersus region specific functional status measures on patients with cervical spine disorders. Physical Therapy, 1998;78:951-963</ref>.

...distributing the transmitted forces to the [[Thoracic Vertebrae|thoracic]] spine. ..., Exercise-induced rib stress fractures: potential risk factors related to thoracic muscle co-contraction and movement pattern; Scand J Med Sci 2006; 15:188-19

...reased flexion of the hips, and a compensatory hyperlordosis in the lumbar spine. ...re in other parts of the body, such as: [[Thoracic Hyperkyphosis|increased thoracic kyphosis]] and increased cervical lordosis.<ref name="Ishida" /><ref name="

The [[Lumbar Anatomy|lumbar spine]] supports much of the upper body's weight. [[Intervertebral disc|Intervert == Lumbar Spine Structure ==

...l examination and patient self-report measures for cervical radiculopathy. Spine 2003;28(1):52-62.</ref>:'''positive upper limb tension test A''' (ULTTa), ' ...cores ranged from 13% to 88%, 5 of 6 patients demonstrated normal cervical spine motion, and 4 of 6 patients did not test positive for any of the CPR criter

...dure that removes a portion of a vertebra called the lamina. It is a major spine operation with residual scar tissue and may result in post-laminectomy synd ...for bilateral decompression and open laminectomy. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine. 2014 Aug 1;21(2):179-86.</ref><ref>Estefan M, GO CW. Laminectomy.</ref>

== Scapula Spine Distance: SSD == ...s measured with the arms at the sides. The reference point on the thoracic spine is defined as the nearest spinous process. A difference of more than 1.0 cm

...ntroduces the anatomy of the canine front limb, also known as forelimb and thoracic limb. [[File:Canine thoracic limb lateral view.jpeg|left|thumb]] [[File:Canine bonnes of left forelimb.j

...e]] extending from the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] to [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] region on the posterior aspect of the neck and trunk. The human trapezius ...capula]], and to head [[balance]] through muscular control of the cervical spine.

...For example, a nerve root impingement in the [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] spine may result in pain and weakness in the forearm. Similarly, an impingement i ...rvical radiculopathy in the United States military: 2000 to 2009. Clinical Spine Surgery. 2012 Feb 1;25(1):17-22.</ref>. Private insurance is found to be th

...rior scalene muscle,]] passes over the dome of the pleura and enters the [[Thoracic Anatomy|thorax]] posterior to the subclavian vein. The right and left phren ...al pleura and can be injured while dissecting near the area of an internal thoracic artery.

...patient and places his thumbs directly under each posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS).<ref name="p2" /> ...tarting with flexing the neck, then the upper thoracic spine to the lumbar spine, and as far as possible while keeping the knees extended. The therapist wil

...r region of the cervical spine, from the superior nuchal line to the first thoracic spinous process".&nbsp;The Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Ne ...hould follow the usual [[Cervical Examination|examination for the cervical spine]]. However it is important to be aware of the differing impairments that i

...ven vertebrae as well as articulations with the occiput and upper thoracic spine, each with different axes of movement which can combine in a multitude of w Movements of the cervical spine are 1) constrained by the [[Anatomy cervical|anatomy]] of motion segments a

Information on a full cervical spine examination is discussed [[Cervical Examination|here]], including the subje * Cervical spine instability

...or equal to 5 degrees in 3 or more adjacent vertebral bodies. The thoracic spine is most commonly involved, although involvement can include the thoracolumb * The thoracic form is most common and has an apex between T7-T9.

...279-5#Sec7 Low back pain: critical assessment of various scales.] European Spine Journal. 2020 Mar;29:503-18.</ref>. ...ex. Part 1: cross-cultural adaptation, reliability, and validity. European spine journal. 2006 Feb;15:55-65.</ref>.

...amus of the 1st thoracic nerve. Branches from the 4th cervical and the 2nd thoracic ventral ramus may contribute. <ref name=":9" /> ...the brachial plexus can occur between the first rib and clavicle (known as thoracic outlet) and below pectoralis minor <ref name=":9">Anatomy.tv | 3D Human Ana

...ei=33D_Y-b6G8K1ywTR2b-ACw&scisig=AAGBfm0_NiE12NAJ6fxWp2LhTVd1yZ0_wA Canine Thoracic Costovertebral and Costotransverse Joints:] Three Case Reports of Dysfuncti ...rscapular pain], university of johannesburg, 2015 </ref> Together with the thoracic cage, the costovertebral and costotransverse joints provide stability.<ref

...ed by the compression of neurovascular structures as they pass through the thoracic outlet, leading to a spectrum of symptoms ranging from mild pain to limb-th ...nor RJ, Brasher PM, Travlos A. Botulinum toxin injection for management of thoracic outlet syndrome: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Pain. 2011 S

...ic adverse effects has been associated with manual therapy of the cervical spine. The most serious associated adverse events include [[Vascular Pathologies ...ssist physiotherapists to practice safe manual therapy within the cervical spine region with the awareness and knowledge to be able to manage the risks and

...exercise program without limitations from pain or lack of stability in his spine. Pt inquired about the possible effects of his Crohn’s Disease in correla * Posture: In standing patient displays increased thoracic kyphosis, forward head, protracted shoulders, increased lumbar lordosis as

[[Thoracic Spinal Nerves|Spinal nerves T7 to T12]] (ventral rami)&nbsp;. T7 innervates * Flexion of the trunk (flexion of thoracic and lumber spine), while it works by drawing pubic symphysis and sternum toward each other.

* In cervical and high thoracic SCI lesions, the synergy between [[Sympathetic Nervous System|sympathetic]] ...with [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] and high [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic]] spine injury); occurs at anytime from the onset of injury, frequently following a

# [[Cervical Anatomy|Cervical spine]] - extension and side flexion show the greatest reduction in ROM. ...t factors on lumbar segmental range of motion using multivariate analysis. Spine 33:1793-1799, 2008</ref>.

...tebrae|thoracic spine]] [[Fracture|fractures]] occur in the lower thoracic spine, with 60% to 70% of thoraco-lumbar fractures occurring in the T11 to L2 reg ...ury. 2009 Feb 1;40(2):166-72.</ref> Minor trauma can also cause a thoracic spine fracture in individuals who have a condition associated with loss of bone m

...ding of this anatomy is essential for assessment and treatment of cervical spine problems. ....gov/pmc/articles/PMC6356370/ (last accessed 28.1.2020)</ref> The cervical spine is subjected to extrinsic factors such as repetitive movements, whole body

...culus. Synapses with the excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the cervical spine. <ref name="Fitzgerald" /> * Innervates interneurons in the cervical and upper thoracic spine.&nbsp;<ref name="Gjelsvik">Gjelsvik BEB. The Bobath Concept in Adult Neurol

...107/.</ref>The longissimus capitis and longus colli stabilize the cervical spine anteriorly; injury to these muscles can occur with a high velocity whiplash Dorsal rami of cervical and thoracic spinal nerves (C6 to T4).<ref name="ae">http://www.anatomyexpert.com/struct

...ress, muscle tension, hormonal fluctuations, nerve compression or cervical spine or temporomandibular joint dysfunction <ref name=":0">Goodman CC, Heick J, ...r musculoskeletal cause (e.g., dysfunction of the cervical spine, thoracic spine, or temporomandibular joints; muscle tension, poor posture, nerve impingeme

...acts as a corset contributing to the inter-segmental control of the lumbar spine, rather than contributing in trunk flexion<ref name=":0" />. * Adjust the [[Pelvic Tilt|pelvis]] so that the lumbar spine is in the neutral position.

...br>These ossifications are mostly seen in the axial skeleton, of which the thoracic region is the main location <ref name="p1" /><ref name="p3" /><ref name="Ma ...">Giles LGF, Singer KP, Vol.3: Clinical anatomy and management of cervical spine pain. Butterworth Heinemann, 2001, second edition, p.103-104</ref><ref nam

...espiratory system (diaphragm).<ref>P. Holck et al. Anatomy of the cervical spine. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2010;130:29-32 [Level 1]</ref><ref>K.L. Moore et al ...uma 2012 [Level 2]</ref><ref name="Torretti">J.A. Torretti et al. Cervical spine trauma. Indian J Orthop. 2007;41(4):255-267 [Level 2]</ref><ref name="Prypu

* Running<ref>Morton DP, Aune T. Runner’s stitch and the thoracic spine. British journal of sports medicine. 2004 Apr 1;38(2):240-.</ref>

...dra SL, Fessler RG, Liu JC. Maximizing the potential of minimally invasive spine surgery in complex spinal disorders. Neurosurgical focus. 2008 Aug 1;25(2): ...be|_lUhQLFHriw|300}}<ref>Fortis Healthcare. Vertebroplasty & Kyphoplasty ( Spine Surgery) Neuro Surgery; Fortis Healthcare,India. Available from: http://www

This page introduces the Anatomy of Equine Spine and Head. ...pairs of ribs, out of a total of 18.<ref name=":1">Van der Walt A. Equine Spine and Head Presentation. Plus , 2021.</ref>

..., Kavishwar RA, Shetty AP, Shanmuganathan R. Spondylolysis of the Thoracic Spine with Instability: A Rare Cause for Myelopathy. JBJS Case Connector. 2022 Ja Follow this link for more on [[Thoracic Spondylolysis]]<br>

...s warranted to determine the extent and nature of the relationship between thoracic manipulation and shoulder pain. This case report indicates manipulations directed to the thoracic spine may be a useful adjunct to pragmatic treatment for patients with shoulder p

[[Lumbar]] Spine Fusion is an effective treatment option to stabilise the painful motion seg Today, most spine surgeons use pedicle screw constructs to immobilise the vertebrae rigidly w

...l., 2015).]][[Scoliosis]] can be described as an abnormal curvature of the spine. The [[Cobb's angle|Cobb angle]] (fig.2) and Risser sign are measures commo ...epidemiological study for 43,630 pupils in Niigata City, Japan.] European Spine Journal. 2011 Feb 1;20(2):274-9.</ref><ref name=":3">Joncas, J., Labelle, H

...'Keeffe, M., O'Sullivan, K., Lewis, J., & McCreesh, K. (2016). Is thoracic spine posture associated with shoulder pain, range of motion and function? A syst ...vements.<ref>Dunk, N. M., Callaghan, J. P., & McGill, S. M. (2005). Lumbar spine movement patterns during prolonged sitting differentiate low back pain deve

...e progressive, typically continuing after the growth of the individual and spine has ceased.<ref name=":0" />Its progressive nature is more often seen in co * Intraspinal and congenital abnormalities of the spine

...nly related symptoms are back pain, [[Kyphosis|kyphotic]] deformity of the spine, lower limb weakness, and [[paraplegia]].&nbsp;<ref name=":0">Radiopedia Tu Tuberculous spondylitis is one of the more common infections of spine in countries where TB is prevalent. Unfortunately, the incidence of Pott Di