Thyroid Cancer: Difference between revisions
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== Diagnostic Tests/Lab Tests/Lab Values == | == Diagnostic Tests/Lab Tests/Lab Values == | ||
Thyroid cancer is commonly diagnosed using a fine needle aspiration biopsy of a thyroid nodule. The biopsy can also be done after the nodule has been removed during surgery. <u>'''4'''</u> | Thyroid cancer is commonly diagnosed using a fine needle aspiration biopsy of a thyroid nodule. The biopsy can also be done after the nodule has been removed during surgery. <u>'''4'''</u> Lab tests generally do not help to find thyroid cancer. Thyroid tests such as TSH are usually normal even when a cancer is present. The best way to find a thyroid cancer is to make sure that your thyroid gland does not have nodules and is not enlarged. Neck examination by your doctor is the best way to do that. Often, thyroid nodules are discovered incidentally on imaging tests like CT scans and neck ultrasound done for completely unrelated reasons. The important points to remember are that cancers arising in thyroid nodules generally do not cause symptoms, thyroid tests are typically normal even when cancer is present, and the best way to find a thyroid nodule is to make sure your doctor checks your neck! | ||
== Etiology/Causes == | == Etiology/Causes == | ||
Revision as of 18:01, 20 March 2014
Original Editors - Adam Hooten & Andrew Stethen from Bellarmine University's Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems project.
Top Contributors - Adam Hooten, Andrew Stethen, Lucinda hampton, Kim Jackson, Vidya Acharya, WikiSysop, Elaine Lonnemann, 127.0.0.1, Wendy Walker and Adam Vallely Farrell
Definition/Description[edit | edit source]
The thyroid gland regulates hormones in the body that control heart rate, blood pressure, weight, and body temperature. Thyroid cancer forms in the thyroid gland and is broken down into four main types: papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic. Papillary thyroid cancer is the most common type and grows slowly in the follicular cells. Follicular thyroid cancer is slightly less common but also grows slowly in the follicular cells. Both forms look similar to normal thyroid tissue under a microscope and account for over 90% of all thyroid cancers. [1]These two forms are often curable when found under the age of 45. Medullary thyroid cancer develops in the C cells and is sometimes the result of a genetic syndrome. This cancer does not resemble normal thyroid tissue and accounts for almost 5% of thyroid cancers. This type can be controlled if it is diagnosed before metastasis. The anaplastic form of thyroid cancer is the least common at 2%, but it is fast growing and harder to treat.
Prevalence[edit | edit source]
Estimated new cases in the United States in 2013: 60,220.
Estimated deaths in the United States in 2013: 1,850.
Characteristics/Clinical Presentation[edit | edit source]
Generally, Thyroid cancer does not cause any symptoms, but a person may have a lump or nodule around the thyroid in the neck area.4 The most common sign of thyroid cancer is a nodule that may be noticed by a physician, or even the patient themselves as they put on a necklace, button a shirt or coat, or looking in the mirror. 4 On rare occasions, thyroid cancer may actually present with symptoms such as pain in the jaw, neck or ear areas. The nodule can compress the airway if it gets large enough wich can lead to difficulty breathing or swallowing and hoarsness. The patient may complain of a "tickle in the throat". 4 Lab tests generally do not help to find thyroid cancer. Thyroid tests such as TSH are usually normal even when a cancer is present. The best way to find a thyroid cancer is to make sure that your thyroid gland does not have nodules and is not enlarged. Neck examination by your doctor is the best way to do that. Often, thyroid nodules are discovered incidentally on imaging tests like CT scans and neck ultrasound done for completely unrelated reasons. The important points to remember are that cancers arising in thyroid nodules generally do not cause symptoms, thyroid tests are typically normal even when cancer is present, and the best way to find a thyroid nodule is to make sure your doctor checks your neck!
Associated Co-morbidities[edit | edit source]
add text here
Medications[edit | edit source]
Below is a list of cancer drugs that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for thyroid cancer. 3
Adriamycin PFS (Doxorubicin Hydrochloride)
Adriamycin RDF (Doxorubicin Hydrochloride)
Cabozantinib-S-Malate
Caprelsa (Vandetanib)
Cometriq (Cabozantinib-S-Malate)
Doxorubicin Hydrochloride
Nexavar (Sorafenib Tosylate)
Sorafenib Tosylate
Vandetanib
Diagnostic Tests/Lab Tests/Lab Values[edit | edit source]
Thyroid cancer is commonly diagnosed using a fine needle aspiration biopsy of a thyroid nodule. The biopsy can also be done after the nodule has been removed during surgery. 4 Lab tests generally do not help to find thyroid cancer. Thyroid tests such as TSH are usually normal even when a cancer is present. The best way to find a thyroid cancer is to make sure that your thyroid gland does not have nodules and is not enlarged. Neck examination by your doctor is the best way to do that. Often, thyroid nodules are discovered incidentally on imaging tests like CT scans and neck ultrasound done for completely unrelated reasons. The important points to remember are that cancers arising in thyroid nodules generally do not cause symptoms, thyroid tests are typically normal even when cancer is present, and the best way to find a thyroid nodule is to make sure your doctor checks your neck!
Etiology/Causes[edit | edit source]
The cause of thyroid cancer is unknown, however, people who have their thyroid gland exposed to high doses of radiation or have a family history of thyroid cancer are at a higher risk of developing thyroid cancer. The risk of thyroid cancer also increases as we age.4 High doses of radiation such as from reoccuring chest x-rays, especially in childhood, can lead to thyroid cancer. 4 Treatments and x-rays for Hodgkin'd disease and breast cancer have been shown to have a greater risk for thyroid cancer.4 Generally, exposure form routine x-rays such as a simple chest x-ray and dental x-rays have not been linked to increaseing the risk for thyroid cancer. 4 Radioactive iodine has also been linked to causing thyroid cancer. Examples of radioactive iodine causing thyroid cancer would include Chernobyl, a Russian nuclear power plant accident in 1986 and the tsunami related nuclear power plant disaster in 2011 in Japan. 4
Systemic Involvement[edit | edit source]
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Medical Management (current best evidence)[edit | edit source]
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Physical Therapy Management (current best evidence)[edit | edit source]
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Alternative/Holistic Management (current best evidence)[edit | edit source]
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Differential Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
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Case Reports/ Case Studies[edit | edit source]
Bouillet B, Petit J, Tison L, Beynat C, Brunot S, Baudoin N. The first case report of diaphragmatic paralysis as a paraneoplastic syndrome of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Clinical Endocrinology [serial online]. July 2011;75(1):143-145. Click Here for article.
http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=d38d7d1d-dbe5-4011-9075-51fbe4b4cb0c%40sessionmgr4004&vid=9&hid=4111
Goatman C, Goldsmith P, Antonopoulos V, Ali B. Metastasis of Colorectal Adenocarcinoma to the Thyroid: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Case Reports In Surgery [serial online]. January 2012;:1-3.
http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=d38d7d1d-dbe5-4011-9075-51fbe4b4cb0c%40sessionmgr4004&vid=11&hid=4111
Kainuma K, Kitoh R, Yoshimura H, Usami S. The first report of bilateral retropharyngeal lymph node metastasis from papillary thyroid carcinoma and review of the literature. Acta Oto-Laryngologica [serial online]. December 2011;131(12):1341-1348.
http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=d38d7d1d-dbe5-4011-9075-51fbe4b4cb0c%40sessionmgr4004&vid=10&hid=4111
Poggi M, Sorrentino F, Cianciulli P, et al. Malignancies in β-Thalassemia Patients: First Description of Two Cases of Thyroid Cancer and Review of the Literature. Hemoglobin [serial online]. August 2011;35(4):439-446.
http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=8&sid=d38d7d1d-dbe5-4011-9075-51fbe4b4cb0c%40sessionmgr4004&hid=4111
add links to case studies here (case studies should be added on new pages using the case study template)
Resources
[edit | edit source]
American Throid Association. http://www.thyroid.org/cancer-of-the-thyroid-gland/
Mayo Clinic. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thyroid-cancer/basics/definition/con-20043551
National Cancer Institute. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/thyroid
American Society of Clinical Oncology. http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/thyroid-cancer
Thyroid Cancer Survivors' Association. http://www.thyca.org/
Thyroid Cancer Center. http://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/thyroid-cancer
American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. https://www.aace.com/
Recent Related Research (from Pubmed)[edit | edit source]
see tutorial on Adding PubMed Feed
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References[edit | edit source]
see adding references tutorial.
- ↑ National Institutes of Health. Thyroid Cancer. National Cancer Institute.http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/thyroid. Accessed March 6, 2014.
1) National Institutes of Health. Thyroid Cancer. National Cancer Institute.http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/thyroid. Accessed March 6, 2014.
2) American Society of Clinical Oncology. Thyroid Cancer. Cancer.net. Reviewed 7/2013. http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/thyroid-cancer. Accessed March 6, 2014.
3) National Cancer Institute. Thyroid Cancer. Cancer.gov. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/druginfo/thyroidcancer. Accessed March 20, 2014.
4) American Thyroid Association. Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid.org. http://www.thyroid.org/cancer-of-the-thyroid-gland/. Accessed March 20, 2014.
