Thyroid Cancer: Difference between revisions

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== Etiology/Causes  ==
== Etiology/Causes  ==


The cause of thyroid cancer is unknown, however, people who have&nbsp;their&nbsp;thyroid gland exposed to radiation or have a family history of thyroid cancer are at a higher risk of&nbsp;thyroid cancer. The risk of thyroid cancer also increases as we age.<u>'''4'''</u>&nbsp;What causes thyroid cancer?<br>Thyroid cancer is more common in people who have a history of exposure to high doses of radiation, have a family history of thyroid cancer, and are older than 40 years of age. However, for most patients, we do not know the specific reason why thyroid cancers develop.<br>High dose radiation exposure, especially during childhood, increases the risk of developing thyroid cancer in susceptible patients. Prior to the 1960s X-ray treatments were often used for conditions such as acne, inflamed tonsils, adenoids, lymph nodes, or to treat enlargement of a gland in the chest called the thymus. All these treatments have been associated with an increased risk of developing thyroid cancer later in life. Even X-ray therapy used to treat serious cancers such as Hodgkin’s disease (cancer of the lymph nodes) or breast cancer has been associated with an increased risk for developing thyroid cancer if the treatment included exposure to the head, neck or chest. Routine X-ray exposure such as dental X-rays, chest X-rays, mammograms have not been shown to cause thyroid cancer.<br>Thyroid cancer can also be caused by radioactive iodine released during nuclear disasters such as the 1986 accident at the Chernobyl power plant in Russia or the 2011 nuclear disaster in Fukushima, Japan related to the tsunami. Children are usually the most affected and often develop cancers within a few years of exposure. However, even adults exposed during these accidents develop thyroid cancer with increased frequency, sometimes as many as 40 years later.<br>You can be protected from developing thyroid cancer in the event of a nuclear disaster by taking potassium iodide (see Nuclear Radiation and the Thyroid brochure). This prevents the absorption of radioactive iodine and has been demonstrated to reduce the risk of thyroid cancer. The American Thyroid Association recommends that anyone living within 200 miles of a nuclear accident be given potassium iodide. If you live in a state containing a nuclear reactor and want more information about potassium iodide
The cause of thyroid cancer is unknown, however, people who have&nbsp;their&nbsp;thyroid gland exposed to high doses of&nbsp;radiation or have a family history of thyroid cancer are at a higher risk of developing&nbsp;thyroid cancer. The risk of thyroid cancer also increases as we age.<u>'''4'''</u> High doses of radiation such as from reoccuring chest x-rays, especially in childhood, can lead to thyroid cancer. <u>'''5'''</u>&nbsp;Treatments and x-rays for Hodgkin'd disease and breast cancer have been shown&nbsp;to have&nbsp;a greater risk for thyroid cancer.<u>'''5'''</u>&nbsp;Generally,&nbsp;exposure form routine x-rays such as a&nbsp;simple chest x-ray and dental x-rays have not been linked to increaseing the risk for thyroid cancer. <u>'''5'''</u>&nbsp;Radioactive&nbsp;iodine has also been&nbsp;linked to causing thyroid cancer. Examples of radioactive iodine&nbsp;causing thyroid cancer&nbsp;would include&nbsp;Chernobyl, a Russian&nbsp;nuclear power plant accident in 1986&nbsp;and the tsunami related nuclear power plant disaster in 2011 in Japan. <u>'''5<br>'''</u>


== Systemic Involvement  ==
== Systemic Involvement  ==

Revision as of 17:43, 20 March 2014

Welcome to PT 635 Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems This is a wiki created by and for the students in the School of Physical Therapy at Bellarmine University in Louisville KY. Please do not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!!

Original Editors - Adam Hooten & Andrew Stethen from Bellarmine University's Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems project.

Top Contributors - Adam Hooten, Andrew Stethen, Lucinda hampton, Kim Jackson, Vidya Acharya, WikiSysop, Elaine Lonnemann, 127.0.0.1, Wendy Walker and Adam Vallely Farrell  

Definition/Description[edit | edit source]

The thyroid gland regulates hormones in the body that control heart rate, blood pressure, weight, and body temperature. Thyroid cancer forms in the thyroid gland and is broken down into four main types: papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic. Papillary thyroid cancer is the most common type and grows slowly in the follicular cells. Follicular thyroid cancer is slightly less common but also grows slowly in the follicular cells. Both forms look similar to normal thyroid tissue under a microscope and account for over 90% of all thyroid cancers. [1]These two forms are often curable when found under the age of 45. Medullary thyroid cancer develops in the C cells and is sometimes the result of a genetic syndrome. This cancer does not resemble normal thyroid tissue and accounts for almost 5% of thyroid cancers. This type can be controlled if it is diagnosed before metastasis. The anaplastic form of thyroid cancer is the least common at 2%, but it is fast growing and harder to treat.

Prevalence[edit | edit source]

Estimated new cases in the United States in 2013: 60,220.

Estimated deaths in the United States in 2013: 1,850. 

Characteristics/Clinical Presentation[edit | edit source]

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Associated Co-morbidities[edit | edit source]

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Medications[edit | edit source]

Below is a list of cancer drugs that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for thyroid cancer. 3


Adriamycin PFS (Doxorubicin Hydrochloride)
Adriamycin RDF (Doxorubicin Hydrochloride)
Cabozantinib-S-Malate
Caprelsa (Vandetanib)
Cometriq (Cabozantinib-S-Malate)
Doxorubicin Hydrochloride
Nexavar (Sorafenib Tosylate)
Sorafenib Tosylate
Vandetanib

Diagnostic Tests/Lab Tests/Lab Values[edit | edit source]

Thyroid cancer is commonly diagnosed using a fine needle aspiration biopsy of a thyroid nodule. The biopsy can also be done after the nodule has been removed during surgery. 4 

Etiology/Causes[edit | edit source]

The cause of thyroid cancer is unknown, however, people who have their thyroid gland exposed to high doses of radiation or have a family history of thyroid cancer are at a higher risk of developing thyroid cancer. The risk of thyroid cancer also increases as we age.4 High doses of radiation such as from reoccuring chest x-rays, especially in childhood, can lead to thyroid cancer. 5 Treatments and x-rays for Hodgkin'd disease and breast cancer have been shown to have a greater risk for thyroid cancer.5 Generally, exposure form routine x-rays such as a simple chest x-ray and dental x-rays have not been linked to increaseing the risk for thyroid cancer. 5 Radioactive iodine has also been linked to causing thyroid cancer. Examples of radioactive iodine causing thyroid cancer would include Chernobyl, a Russian nuclear power plant accident in 1986 and the tsunami related nuclear power plant disaster in 2011 in Japan. 5

Systemic Involvement[edit | edit source]

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Medical Management (current best evidence)[edit | edit source]

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Physical Therapy Management (current best evidence)[edit | edit source]

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Alternative/Holistic Management (current best evidence)[edit | edit source]

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Differential Diagnosis[edit | edit source]

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Case Reports/ Case Studies[edit | edit source]

Bouillet B, Petit J, Tison L, Beynat C, Brunot S, Baudoin N. The first case report of diaphragmatic paralysis as a paraneoplastic syndrome of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Clinical Endocrinology [serial online]. July 2011;75(1):143-145. Click Here for article.
http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=d38d7d1d-dbe5-4011-9075-51fbe4b4cb0c%40sessionmgr4004&vid=9&hid=4111

Goatman C, Goldsmith P, Antonopoulos V, Ali B. Metastasis of Colorectal Adenocarcinoma to the Thyroid: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Case Reports In Surgery [serial online]. January 2012;:1-3.
http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=d38d7d1d-dbe5-4011-9075-51fbe4b4cb0c%40sessionmgr4004&vid=11&hid=4111

Kainuma K, Kitoh R, Yoshimura H, Usami S. The first report of bilateral retropharyngeal lymph node metastasis from papillary thyroid carcinoma and review of the literature. Acta Oto-Laryngologica [serial online]. December 2011;131(12):1341-1348.
http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=d38d7d1d-dbe5-4011-9075-51fbe4b4cb0c%40sessionmgr4004&vid=10&hid=4111

Poggi M, Sorrentino F, Cianciulli P, et al. Malignancies in β-Thalassemia Patients: First Description of Two Cases of Thyroid Cancer and Review of the Literature. Hemoglobin [serial online]. August 2011;35(4):439-446.
http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=8&sid=d38d7d1d-dbe5-4011-9075-51fbe4b4cb0c%40sessionmgr4004&hid=4111

 

 add links to case studies here (case studies should be added on new pages using the case study template)

Resources
[edit | edit source]

American Throid Association. http://www.thyroid.org/cancer-of-the-thyroid-gland/


Mayo Clinic. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thyroid-cancer/basics/definition/con-20043551


National Cancer Institute. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/thyroid


American Society of Clinical Oncology. http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/thyroid-cancer


Thyroid Cancer Survivors' Association. http://www.thyca.org/


Thyroid Cancer Center. http://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/thyroid-cancer


American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. https://www.aace.com/

Recent Related Research (from Pubmed)[edit | edit source]

see tutorial on Adding PubMed Feed

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References[edit | edit source]

see adding references tutorial.

  1. ↑ National Institutes of Health. Thyroid Cancer. National Cancer Institute.http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/thyroid. Accessed March 6, 2014.

 

1) National Institutes of Health. Thyroid Cancer. National Cancer Institute.http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/thyroid. Accessed March 6, 2014.

2) American Society of Clinical Oncology. Thyroid Cancer. Cancer.net. Reviewed 7/2013. http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/thyroid-cancer. Accessed March 6, 2014.

3)  National Cancer Institute. Thyroid Cancer. Cancer.gov. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/druginfo/thyroidcancer. Accessed March 20, 2014.

4) American Thyroid Association. Thyroid Cancer. Thyroid.org.http://www.thyroid.org/wp-content/uploads/patients/brochures/ThyroidCancerFAQ.pdf. Accessed March 20, 2014.

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