Thyroid Cancer

Welcome to PT 635 Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems This is a wiki created by and for the students in the School of Physical Therapy at Bellarmine University in Louisville KY. Please do not edit unless you are involved in this project, but please come back in the near future to check out new information!!

Original Editors - Adam Hooten & Andrew Stethen from Bellarmine University's Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems project.

Top Contributors - Adam Hooten, Andrew Stethen, Lucinda hampton, Kim Jackson, Vidya Acharya, WikiSysop, Elaine Lonnemann, Adam Vallely Farrell, 127.0.0.1 and Wendy Walker  

Definition/Description

The thyroid gland regulates hormones in the body that control heart rate, blood pressure, weight, and body temperature. Thyroid cancer forms in the thyroid gland and is broken down into four main types: papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic. Papillary thyroid cancer is the most common type and grows slowly in the follicular cells. Follicular thyroid cancer is slightly less common but also grows slowly in the follicular cells. Both forms look similar to normal thyroid tissue under a microscope and account for over 90% of all thyroid cancers. These two forms are often curable when found under the age of 45. Medullary thyroid cancer develops in the C cells and is sometimes the result of a genetic syndrome. This cancer does not resemble normal thyroid tissue and accounts for almost 5% of thyroid cancers. This type can be controlled if it is diagnosed before metastasis. The anaplastic form of thyroid cancer is the least common at 2%, but it is fast growing and harder to treat.

Prevalence

Estimated new cases in the United States in 2013: 60,220.

Estimated deaths in the United States in 2013: 1,850. 

Characteristics/Clinical Presentation

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Associated Co-morbidities

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Medications

Below is a list of cancer drugs that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for thyroid cancer. 3

Adriamycin PFS (Doxorubicin Hydrochloride)
Adriamycin RDF (Doxorubicin Hydrochloride)
Cabozantinib-S-Malate
Caprelsa (Vandetanib)
Cometriq (Cabozantinib-S-Malate)
Doxorubicin Hydrochloride
Nexavar (Sorafenib Tosylate)
Sorafenib Tosylate
Vandetanib

Diagnostic Tests/Lab Tests/Lab Values

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Etiology/Causes

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Systemic Involvement

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Medical Management (current best evidence)

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Physical Therapy Management (current best evidence)

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Alternative/Holistic Management (current best evidence)

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Differential Diagnosis

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Case Reports/ Case Studies

Bouillet B, Petit J, Tison L, Beynat C, Brunot S, Baudoin N. The first case report of diaphragmatic paralysis as a paraneoplastic syndrome of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Clinical Endocrinology [serial online]. July 2011;75(1):143-145. Click Here for article.
http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=d38d7d1d-dbe5-4011-9075-51fbe4b4cb0c%40sessionmgr4004&vid=9&hid=4111

Goatman C, Goldsmith P, Antonopoulos V, Ali B. Metastasis of Colorectal Adenocarcinoma to the Thyroid: A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Case Reports In Surgery [serial online]. January 2012;:1-3.
http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=d38d7d1d-dbe5-4011-9075-51fbe4b4cb0c%40sessionmgr4004&vid=11&hid=4111

Kainuma K, Kitoh R, Yoshimura H, Usami S. The first report of bilateral retropharyngeal lymph node metastasis from papillary thyroid carcinoma and review of the literature. Acta Oto-Laryngologica [serial online]. December 2011;131(12):1341-1348.
http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=d38d7d1d-dbe5-4011-9075-51fbe4b4cb0c%40sessionmgr4004&vid=10&hid=4111

Poggi M, Sorrentino F, Cianciulli P, et al. Malignancies in β-Thalassemia Patients: First Description of Two Cases of Thyroid Cancer and Review of the Literature. Hemoglobin [serial online]. August 2011;35(4):439-446.
http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=8&sid=d38d7d1d-dbe5-4011-9075-51fbe4b4cb0c%40sessionmgr4004&hid=4111

 

 add links to case studies here (case studies should be added on new pages using the case study template)

Resources

American Throid Association. http://www.thyroid.org/cancer-of-the-thyroid-gland/

Mayo Clinic. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/thyroid-cancer/basics/definition/con-20043551

National Cancer Institute. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/thyroid

American Society of Clinical Oncology. http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/thyroid-cancer

Thyroid Cancer Survivors' Association. http://www.thyca.org/

Thyroid Cancer Center. http://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/thyroid-cancer

American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists. https://www.aace.com/

Recent Related Research (from Pubmed)

see tutorial on Adding PubMed Feed

References

see adding references tutorial.

 

1) National Institutes of Health. Thyroid Cancer. National Cancer Institute.http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/types/thyroid. Accessed March 6, 2014.

2) American Society of Clinical Oncology. Thyroid Cancer. Cancer.net. Reviewed 7/2013. http://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/thyroid-cancer. Accessed March 6, 2014.

3)  National Cancer Institute. Thyroid Cancer. Cancer.gov. http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/druginfo/thyroidcancer. Accessed March 20, 2014.