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...ion (whilst paddling) increases the demands on the structures of the upper spine and associated soft tissues. ...nsion in the thoracic, increasing the demands of extension on the cervical spine.

* Neck pain with radiating pain ([[Cervical Radiculopathy|radicular]]). * [[Cervical Spondylosis|Degenerative changes]]

*[[Ankle & Foot Fractures|Ankle & Foot Fractures]] *[[Avulsion Fractures of the Ankle|Avulsion Fractures of the Ankle]]

...osis is an external aid that is used to correct and support the spine. The spine is a complex anatomical structure and is key to our function. It is not pos * Maintains alignment of spine

...[[Cervical Radiculopathy|cervical radiculopathy]] or [[Cervical Myelopathy|cervical myelopathy]]. ...ve changes in the cervical spine) but can also be the result of traumatic (fractures and instability) and inflammatory conditions or caused by herniated discs o

'''Os odontoideum''' (OO) is a rare anomaly of the second cervical vertebrae characterised by a separation of a portion of the [[odontoid proc The classification of the [[odontoid fractures]] is known as the Anderson/Alonzo classification:

...r occipital nerve.png|thumb|Posterior primary divisions of the upper three cervical nerves.]] ...of the greater occipital nerve. Autopsy study with clinical correlations. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1991 Apr;16(4):475-8</ref> to travel to the scalp and the

...extends downwards from the [[brainstem]] through the central column of the spine. It is a relatively small bundle of tissue (weighing 35g and just about 1cm ...west border of the first lumbar vertebra. It is enlarged at two sites, the cervical and lumbar region.

...tissue injuries lacking evidence for fractures.<ref>Bragg KJ, Varacallo M. Cervical Sprain. Available from: <nowiki>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK54101 ...Severity, Treatment, and Outcomes of Sciatica and Lumbar Spinal Stenosis, Spine.1996;21:2885-2892</ref> There are different grades ranging from I to IV, t

...ment of acute traumatic central cord syndrome: a narrative review.] Global spine journal. 2019 May;9(1_suppl):89S-97S.</ref> ...w of Epidemiology, Treatment and Prognostic Factors.] JSM Neurosurgery and Spine. 2016;4:1075.</ref>

[[File:Cervical vertebra.png|right|frameless]] ...d to as [[Cervical Radiculopathy|radiculopathy]] and [[Cervical Myelopathy|cervical spinal myelopathy]] respectively.

...n the superior [[Cervical Anatomy|cervical]] spine and the inferior lumbar spine. It consists of 12 vertebrae that are distinct in shape and function from v ...tched on their superior and inferior surfaces, in the articulated thoracic spine, these notches form the intervertebral foramina for the passage of the thor

* cervical dystonia, * cervical myelopathy,

...able from:https://www.smn.scot.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Vertebral-fractures-in-children.pdf [Accessed 11/3/2023].  </ref> === Cervical spine ===

...o a compressed nerve root in the [[Thoracic Anatomy|thoracic area]] of the spine. This is the least common location for radiculopathy. The symptoms often fo * The pinched nerve can occur at different areas along the thoracic spine

...stic Value of the Quebec Classification of Whiplash-Associated Disorders.] Spine. 2001:26(1):36–41.,</ref> It was developed as an objective tool to assist ...orders: Redefining Whiplash and Its Management" by the Quebec Task Force.] Spine. 1998:23(9):1043-1049. </ref>

...ed Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine">Ombregt, L. Applied Anatomy of the Lumbar Spine. Chapter 31 In: A System of Orthopaedic Medicine. Elsevier, 2013.</ref> ...shape and is larger than in the thoracic vertebrae but smaller than in the cervical vertebrae.

...dure that removes a portion of a vertebra called the lamina. It is a major spine operation with residual scar tissue and may result in post-laminectomy synd ...for bilateral decompression and open laminectomy. Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine. 2014 Aug 1;21(2):179-86.</ref><ref>Estefan M, GO CW. Laminectomy.</ref>

[[File:SPINE ANATOMY.jpg|thumb]] ...t can no longer support the weight of the body through that segment of the spine.

This guide gives a general overview of the anatomy of the thoracic spine. It also includes some facts regarding pathophysiology in this region. The sagittal plane alignment of the Thoracic spine is on average 35% (normal range is 20° to 50°).<ref name=":2" />