Physical Fitness and Its Components: Difference between revisions
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== Introduction == | == Introduction == | ||
[[Physical Activity|Physical activity]] is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure. The energy expenditure can be measured in kilocalories. Physical activity in daily life can be categorized into occupational, sports, conditioning, household, or other activities. | [[Physical Activity|Physical activity]] is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure. The energy expenditure can be measured in kilocalories. Physical activity in daily life can be categorized into occupational, sports, conditioning, household, or other activities.<ref name=":0">Caspersen CJ, Powell KE, Christenson GM. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1424733/pdf/pubhealthrep00100-0016.pdf Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research.] Public health reports. 1985 Mar;100(2):126.</ref> | ||
[[Exercise -Therapeutic|Exercise]] is a subset of physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive and has as a final or an intermediate objective the improvement or maintenance of physical fitness. | [[Exercise -Therapeutic|Exercise]] is a subset of physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive and has as a final or an intermediate objective the improvement or maintenance of physical fitness.<ref name=":0" /> | ||
Physical fitness is a set of attributes that are either health- or skill-related. The degree to which people have these attributes can be measured with specific tests. Physical fitness measures are closely allied with disease prevention and health promotion, thus it is common and appropriate to measure components of physical fitness before preventive and rehabilitative programs. Physical fitness can be modified through regular physical activity and exercise. | Physical fitness is a set of attributes that are either health- or skill-related. Being physically fit has been defined as "the ability to carry out daily tasks with vigor and alertness, without undue fatigue and with ample energy to enjoy leisure-time pursuits and to meet unforeseen emergencies"<ref name=":0" /> The degree to which people have these attributes can be measured with specific tests. Physical fitness measures are closely allied with disease prevention and health promotion, thus it is common and appropriate to measure components of physical fitness before preventive and rehabilitative programs. <ref name=":1">American College of Sports Medicine's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription- 7th editions. Chapter 4- Health Related Physical Testing and Interpretation.</ref>Physical fitness can be modified through regular physical activity and exercise. Physical fitness components have been shown to have a significant positive relationship with enhanced outcomes in physical activity, including sports participation.<ref>Farley JB, Stein J, Keogh JW, Woods CT, Milne N. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158966/ The relationship between physical fitness qualities and sport-specific technical skills in female, team-based ball players: A systematic review.] Sports medicine-open. 2020 Dec;6(1):1-20.</ref> | ||
== Component of Physical Fitness == | == Component of Physical Fitness == | ||
There are total 11 component of physical fitness which can be broadly divided into health- related and skill-related. | |||
=== Health- related === | === Health- related === | ||
Good health have a strong relationship with health related components of physical fitness because it determines the ability of an individual to perform daily activities with vigor and demonstrate the capacities associated with low risk of premature development of the hypokinetic diseases. | Good health have a strong relationship with health related components of physical fitness because it determines the ability of an individual to perform daily activities with vigor and demonstrate the capacities associated with low risk of premature development of the hypokinetic diseases.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
The main aims of health-related fitness testing are : | The main aims of health-related fitness testing are : | ||
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* Providing data that are helpful for making clinical decision while prescribing exercises to address all fitness components | * Providing data that are helpful for making clinical decision while prescribing exercises to address all fitness components | ||
* Collecting baseline and follow up data that allow evaluation of progress by exercise program participants | * Collecting baseline and follow up data that allow evaluation of progress by exercise program participants | ||
* Motivating participants by establishing SMART goals | * Motivating participants by establishing [[Goal Setting in Rehabilitation|SMART]] goals | ||
* Stratifying cardiovascular risk | * Stratifying [[Cardiovascular Disease|cardiovascular]] risk<ref name=":1" /> | ||
There are five components of health-related physical fitness: | There are five components of health-related physical fitness: | ||
==== Body Composition ==== | ==== Body Composition ==== | ||
Body composition can be expressed as the relative percentage of body mass that is fat and fat-free tissue using a two-compartment model. It can be measured with both laboratory and field techniques that vary in terms of complexity, cost, and accuracy. Anthropometric methods are: Body mass index, Circumferences and Skinfold measurements. Hydrodensitometry weighing, plethysmography are some methods used in lab. | [[Body Composition|Body composition]] can be expressed as the relative percentage of body mass that is fat and fat-free tissue using a two-compartment model. It can be measured with both laboratory and field techniques that vary in terms of complexity, cost, and accuracy. Anthropometric methods are: [[Body Mass Index|Body mass index]], Circumferences and Skinfold measurements. Hydrodensitometry weighing, plethysmography are some methods used in lab.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
==== Muscular | ==== Muscular Fitness ==== | ||
It include muscular endurance and strength. They determine bone mass, glucose tolerance, musculotendinous integrity, and ability to carry out ADLs. Muscle function tests are very specific to the muscle group tested , the type of contraction, the velocity of muscle movement, the type of equipment, and the joint range of motion. | It include muscular endurance and strength. They determine bone mass, glucose tolerance, musculotendinous integrity, and ability to carry out ADLs. Muscle function tests are very specific to the muscle group tested , the type of contraction, the velocity of muscle movement, the type of equipment, and the joint range of motion.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
'''Muscular | '''Muscular Strength:''' It is the muscle's ability to exert force. It can be assessed either statically or dynamically . Static or isometric strength can be assessed by using various devices such as dynamometer and tensiometers. 1 repetition maximum (1- RM), the greatest resistance that can be moved through the full range of motion in a controlled manner with good posture, is the standard for dynamic strength assessment.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
'''Muscular | '''Muscular Endurance:''' It is the ability of muscle group to execute repeated contractions over a period of time sufficient to cause muscle fatigue, or to maintain a specific percentage of the maximal voluntary contraction for a prolonged period of time. Absolute muscular endurance is the total number of repetitions at a given amount of resistance is measured. Relative muscular endurance is the number of repetitions performed at a percentage of the 1 -RM (eg: 75%) which is in both pre- and post-testing.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
==== Cardiorespiratory | ==== Cardiorespiratory Endurance ==== | ||
Cardiorespiratory fitness is related to the ability to perform large muscle, dynamic, moderate to high intensity exercise for prolonged periods. The performance depends upon the functional state of the respiratory, cardiovascular, and skeletal muscle systems. the criterion measure of cardiorespiratory fitness is determined by maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). | Cardiorespiratory fitness is related to the ability to perform large muscle, dynamic, moderate to high intensity exercise for prolonged periods. The performance depends upon the functional state of the respiratory, cardiovascular, and skeletal muscle systems. the criterion measure of cardiorespiratory fitness is determined by maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max).<ref name=":1" /> | ||
==== Flexibility ==== | ==== Flexibility ==== | ||
Flexibility is the ability to move a joint through its complete range of motion. It is important in the ability to carry out ADLs and in athletic performance. It depends on a number of specific variables including distensibility of the joint capsule, adequate warm-up, and muscle viscosity. Flexibility is joint specific, thus, no single flexibility test can be used to evaluate total body flexibility. Goniometers, inclinometers, electrogoniometers, the Leighton flexometer and tape measures are some common devices to measure flexibility in degrees. | Flexibility is the ability to move a joint through its complete range of motion. It is important in the ability to carry out ADLs and in athletic performance. It depends on a number of specific variables including distensibility of the joint capsule, adequate warm-up, and muscle viscosity. Flexibility is joint specific, thus, no single flexibility test can be used to evaluate total body flexibility. Goniometers, inclinometers, electrogoniometers, the Leighton flexometer and tape measures are some common devices to measure flexibility in degrees. Sit and reach test is one of the flexibility test.<ref name=":1" /> | ||
=== Skill-related === | === Skill-related === | ||
It is also known as performance-related fitness | It is also known as performance-related fitness components. These components are pertaining with the athletic ability of an individual. | ||
==== Balance ==== | |||
[[Balance]] is the ability of an individual to maintain their line of gravity within their [[Base of Support|base of support.]] It can be classified into static and dynamic. Balance is control by three different system: somatosensory, visual and vestibular system. <ref>Dunsky A. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6873344/ The effect of balance and coordination exercises on quality of life in older adults: a mini-review.] Frontiers in aging neuroscience. 2019:318.</ref>It can be assessed by various outcome tools such as [[Berg Balance Scale|berg balance scale]], [[Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest)|BESTest,]] etc.<ref>Ragnarsdottir M. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/246557149_The_Concept_of_Balance The concept of balance.] Physiotherapy. 1996 Jun 1;82(6):368-75.</ref> | |||
== | ==== Coordination ==== | ||
It is the ability to use the senses, such as sight and hearing, together with body parts in performing motor tasks smoothly and accurately.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
== | ==== Power ==== | ||
It is the rate at which one is able to exert maximal force.<ref name=":2">Farley JB, Stein J, Keogh JW, Woods CT, Milne N. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7158966/ The relationship between physical fitness qualities and sport-specific technical skills in female, team-based ball players: A systematic review.] Sports medicine-open. 2020 Dec;6(1):1-20.</ref> | |||
==== Agility ==== | |||
[[Agility]] is defined as “a rapid whole-body movement with change of velocity or direction in response to a stimulus”.<ref name=":2" /> | |||
==== Reaction time ==== | |||
Reaction time is related to the time elapsed between stimulation and the beginning of the reaction to it.<ref name=":2" /> | |||
==== Speed ==== | |||
It relates to the ability to perform a movement within a short period of time. | |||
== Related pages == | |||
*[[Balance Training]] | |||
*[[Coordination Exercises]] | |||
*[[Aerobic Exercise]] | |||
*[[Strength Training]] | |||
*[[Stretching]] | |||
*[[Endurance Exercise]] | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
Revision as of 15:25, 25 May 2022
Original Editor - User Name
Top Contributors - A Aishwarya, Manisha Shrestha, Sai Kripa, Kim Jackson, Rucha Gadgil and Wanda van Niekerk
Introduction[edit | edit source]
Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure. The energy expenditure can be measured in kilocalories. Physical activity in daily life can be categorized into occupational, sports, conditioning, household, or other activities.[1]
Exercise is a subset of physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive and has as a final or an intermediate objective the improvement or maintenance of physical fitness.[1]
Physical fitness is a set of attributes that are either health- or skill-related. Being physically fit has been defined as "the ability to carry out daily tasks with vigor and alertness, without undue fatigue and with ample energy to enjoy leisure-time pursuits and to meet unforeseen emergencies"[1] The degree to which people have these attributes can be measured with specific tests. Physical fitness measures are closely allied with disease prevention and health promotion, thus it is common and appropriate to measure components of physical fitness before preventive and rehabilitative programs. [2]Physical fitness can be modified through regular physical activity and exercise. Physical fitness components have been shown to have a significant positive relationship with enhanced outcomes in physical activity, including sports participation.[3]
Component of Physical Fitness[edit | edit source]
There are total 11 component of physical fitness which can be broadly divided into health- related and skill-related.
[edit | edit source]
Good health have a strong relationship with health related components of physical fitness because it determines the ability of an individual to perform daily activities with vigor and demonstrate the capacities associated with low risk of premature development of the hypokinetic diseases.[2]
The main aims of health-related fitness testing are :
- Educating clients about their present health-related fitness status in relationship to standard age and sex- matched normative values
- Providing data that are helpful for making clinical decision while prescribing exercises to address all fitness components
- Collecting baseline and follow up data that allow evaluation of progress by exercise program participants
- Motivating participants by establishing SMART goals
- Stratifying cardiovascular risk[2]
There are five components of health-related physical fitness:
Body Composition[edit | edit source]
Body composition can be expressed as the relative percentage of body mass that is fat and fat-free tissue using a two-compartment model. It can be measured with both laboratory and field techniques that vary in terms of complexity, cost, and accuracy. Anthropometric methods are: Body mass index, Circumferences and Skinfold measurements. Hydrodensitometry weighing, plethysmography are some methods used in lab.[2]
Muscular Fitness[edit | edit source]
It include muscular endurance and strength. They determine bone mass, glucose tolerance, musculotendinous integrity, and ability to carry out ADLs. Muscle function tests are very specific to the muscle group tested , the type of contraction, the velocity of muscle movement, the type of equipment, and the joint range of motion.[2]
Muscular Strength: It is the muscle's ability to exert force. It can be assessed either statically or dynamically . Static or isometric strength can be assessed by using various devices such as dynamometer and tensiometers. 1 repetition maximum (1- RM), the greatest resistance that can be moved through the full range of motion in a controlled manner with good posture, is the standard for dynamic strength assessment.[2]
Muscular Endurance: It is the ability of muscle group to execute repeated contractions over a period of time sufficient to cause muscle fatigue, or to maintain a specific percentage of the maximal voluntary contraction for a prolonged period of time. Absolute muscular endurance is the total number of repetitions at a given amount of resistance is measured. Relative muscular endurance is the number of repetitions performed at a percentage of the 1 -RM (eg: 75%) which is in both pre- and post-testing.[2]
Cardiorespiratory Endurance[edit | edit source]
Cardiorespiratory fitness is related to the ability to perform large muscle, dynamic, moderate to high intensity exercise for prolonged periods. The performance depends upon the functional state of the respiratory, cardiovascular, and skeletal muscle systems. the criterion measure of cardiorespiratory fitness is determined by maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max).[2]
Flexibility[edit | edit source]
Flexibility is the ability to move a joint through its complete range of motion. It is important in the ability to carry out ADLs and in athletic performance. It depends on a number of specific variables including distensibility of the joint capsule, adequate warm-up, and muscle viscosity. Flexibility is joint specific, thus, no single flexibility test can be used to evaluate total body flexibility. Goniometers, inclinometers, electrogoniometers, the Leighton flexometer and tape measures are some common devices to measure flexibility in degrees. Sit and reach test is one of the flexibility test.[2]
[edit | edit source]
It is also known as performance-related fitness components. These components are pertaining with the athletic ability of an individual.
Balance[edit | edit source]
Balance is the ability of an individual to maintain their line of gravity within their base of support. It can be classified into static and dynamic. Balance is control by three different system: somatosensory, visual and vestibular system. [4]It can be assessed by various outcome tools such as berg balance scale, BESTest, etc.[5]
Coordination[edit | edit source]
It is the ability to use the senses, such as sight and hearing, together with body parts in performing motor tasks smoothly and accurately.[1]
Power[edit | edit source]
It is the rate at which one is able to exert maximal force.[6]
Agility[edit | edit source]
Agility is defined as “a rapid whole-body movement with change of velocity or direction in response to a stimulus”.[6]
Reaction time[edit | edit source]
Reaction time is related to the time elapsed between stimulation and the beginning of the reaction to it.[6]
Speed[edit | edit source]
It relates to the ability to perform a movement within a short period of time.
Related pages[edit | edit source]
- Balance Training
- Coordination Exercises
- Aerobic Exercise
- Strength Training
- Stretching
- Endurance Exercise
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Caspersen CJ, Powell KE, Christenson GM. Physical activity, exercise, and physical fitness: definitions and distinctions for health-related research. Public health reports. 1985 Mar;100(2):126.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 American College of Sports Medicine's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription- 7th editions. Chapter 4- Health Related Physical Testing and Interpretation.
- ↑ Farley JB, Stein J, Keogh JW, Woods CT, Milne N. The relationship between physical fitness qualities and sport-specific technical skills in female, team-based ball players: A systematic review. Sports medicine-open. 2020 Dec;6(1):1-20.
- ↑ Dunsky A. The effect of balance and coordination exercises on quality of life in older adults: a mini-review. Frontiers in aging neuroscience. 2019:318.
- ↑ Ragnarsdottir M. The concept of balance. Physiotherapy. 1996 Jun 1;82(6):368-75.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Farley JB, Stein J, Keogh JW, Woods CT, Milne N. The relationship between physical fitness qualities and sport-specific technical skills in female, team-based ball players: A systematic review. Sports medicine-open. 2020 Dec;6(1):1-20.
