Intraveneous Drug Abuse: Difference between revisions
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== Medications == | == Medications<br> == | ||
Medications used to treat heroin abuse are as follows:<br> | |||
*Methadone- Methadone is a slow acting opioid agonist. Although it effects opioid receptors it does not produce a pronounced "high." Methadone also prevents symptoms of withdraw.<br> | |||
*Buprenorphine- A partial opioid agonist. Buprenorphrine relieves cravings without producing a "high" or other dangerous side effects. Buprenorphine also includes naloxone.<br> | |||
*Naloxone- An opioid antagonist. It blocks opiod action and is not sedating and does not cause dependence. | |||
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== Diagnostic Tests/Lab Tests/Lab Values <br> == | == Diagnostic Tests/Lab Tests/Lab Values <br> == |
Revision as of 01:00, 25 March 2014
Original Editors - Sarah Boone & Jeremy Randolph from Bellarmine University's Pathophysiology of Complex Patient Problems project.
Top Contributors - Jeremy Randolph, Sarah Boone, Lucinda hampton, Kim Jackson, Elaine Lonnemann, WikiSysop, Wendy Walker, Adam Vallely Farrell and Vidya Acharya
Definition/Description[edit | edit source]
Intraveneous (IV) drug use is the injection of chemicals into the body via a hypodermic needle into a vein. Drugs can also be injected under the skin (also called "skin popping" or directly into the muscle (intramuscular injection). Heroin is the illegal drug that is most commonly administered by intravenous injection but other drugs such as amphetamines, methamphetamines, and cocaine can be administered by IV injection. (http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/286976-overview as cite)
The DSM V defines substance abuse as:
1. Using a substance longer than intended
2. Desire for or unsuccessful efforts to reduce or cease use of the substance
3. Large amount of time trying to obtain, use, or recover from a substance
4. The use of the substance results in a failure to fufil life obligations
5. Use continues despite causing social disturbances (family, job, etc...)
6. Tolerance
7. Withdraw.
Prevalence
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A 2007 study showed that from 1979-2002 the overall all prevalence of IV drug abuse was 1.5%. The prevalence was highest in 35-49 year old age group with a rate 3.1%. IV drug use was higher in males(prevalence of 2.0%) than females(1.0%). It was also higher in caucasians (1.7%) than African Americans (0.8%) or Hispanics (1.1%). The study also showed that only 0.19% of subjects reported using IV drugs in the past year. (cite http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17242318)
Characteristics/Clinical Presentation[edit | edit source]
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Associated Co-morbidities[edit | edit source]
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Medications
[edit | edit source]
Medications used to treat heroin abuse are as follows:
- Methadone- Methadone is a slow acting opioid agonist. Although it effects opioid receptors it does not produce a pronounced "high." Methadone also prevents symptoms of withdraw.
- Buprenorphine- A partial opioid agonist. Buprenorphrine relieves cravings without producing a "high" or other dangerous side effects. Buprenorphine also includes naloxone.
- Naloxone- An opioid antagonist. It blocks opiod action and is not sedating and does not cause dependence.
Diagnostic Tests/Lab Tests/Lab Values
[edit | edit source]
Addiction or abuse of a drug cannot be determined by a lab test, but use of the drug can be determined by testing of biological specimens from a subject. Blood, urine, hair, saliva can all be used to determine whether a drug or metabolites of the drug are present. A urinalysis is the most commonly used way to determine drug use in sports and the work place.
The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) sets the guidelines for drug testing for federal agnecies and requires testing for:
- Amphetamines (including methamphetamines, ecstasy)
- THC
- Cocaine
- Opiates (heroin, opium, codeine, morphine)
- Phencyclidine (PCP)
Many employers commonly use an eight panel test which often includes the previously listed substances and the following:
- Barbiturates
- Benzodiazepines (tranquilizers like Valium and Xanax)
- Methaqualone (Quaaludes)
(Cite http://www.dol.gov/elaws/asp/drugfree/drugs/dt.asp)
Etiology/Causes[edit | edit source]
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Systemic Involvement[edit | edit source]
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Medical Management (current best evidence)[edit | edit source]
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Physical Therapy Management (current best evidence)[edit | edit source]
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Alternative/Holistic Management (current best evidence)[edit | edit source]
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Differential Diagnosis[edit | edit source]
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Case Reports/ Case Studies[edit | edit source]
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Resources
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Recent Related Research (from Pubmed)[edit | edit source]
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References[edit | edit source]
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